| Kapampangan | |
| Also Known As: | Pampangan Capampáñgan |
| Nativename: | Pampanga; Kapampangan: Amánung Kapangpángan, Pampanga; Kapampangan: Amánung Sísuan |
| Pronunciation: | pronounced as /kəːpəmˈpaːŋən/ |
| States: | Philippines |
| Region: | Central Luzon (entirety of Pampanga, southern Tarlac, northeastern Bataan, western Bulacan, southwestern Nueva Ecija, southeastern parts of Zambales) |
| Ethnicity: | Kapampangan |
| Speakers: | 2.8 million |
| Ref: | [1] |
| Date: | 2010 |
| Speakers2: | 7th most spoken native language in the Philippines[2] |
| Familycolor: | Austronesian |
| Fam2: | Malayo-Polynesian |
| Fam3: | Philippine |
| Fam4: | Central Luzon |
| Script: | Latin (Kapampangan alphabet) Kulitan |
| Nation: | Angeles City[3] [4] [5] |
| Minority: | Regional language of the Philippines |
| Agency: | Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino |
| Iso2: | pam |
| Iso3: | pam |
| Glotto: | pamp1243 |
| Glottorefname: | Pampanga |
| Imagescale: | 0.7 |
| Map: | Kapampangan language maximum extent.png |
| Mapscale: | 1 |
| Notice: | IPA |
Kapampangan, Capampáñgan, or Pampangan is an Austronesian language, and one of the eight major languages of the Philippines. It is the primary and predominant language of the entire province of Pampanga and southern Tarlac, on the southern part of Luzon's central plains geographic region, where the Kapampangan ethnic group resides. Kapampangan is also spoken in northeastern Bataan, as well as in the provinces of Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, and Zambales that border Pampanga. It is further spoken as a second language by a few Aeta groups in the southern part of Central Luzon.[6] The language is known honorifically as ('breastfed, or nurtured, language').[7]
Kapampangan is assigned the ISO 639-2 three-letter code pam, but not an ISO 639-1 two-letter code.
Kapampangan is one of the Central Luzon languages of the Austronesian language family. Its closest relatives are the Sambalic languages of Zambales province and the Bolinao language spoken in the towns of Bolinao and Anda in Pangasinan. These languages share the same reflex pronounced as //j// of the proto-Malayo-Polynesian *R.[8] Kapampangan mistakenly sounds like a distant Tagalog dialect at first sight to the unfamiliar, but both languages are distantly related, as Tagalog is a Central Philippine language.
Kapampangan is derived from the root word ('riverbank'). The language was historically spoken in the Kingdom of Tondo, ruled by the Lakans.
A number of Kapampangan dictionaries and grammar books were written during the Spanish colonial period. wrote two 18th-century books about the language: (first published in 1729) and (first published in 1732). Kapampangan produced two 19th-century literary giants; was noted for and, and playwright wrote in 1901. "Crissotan" was written by Amado Yuzon, Soto's 1950s contemporary and Nobel Prize nominee for peace and literature, to immortalize his contribution to Kapampangan literature.
Kapampangan is predominantly spoken in the province of Pampanga and southern Tarlac (Bamban, Capas, Concepcion, San Jose, Gerona, La Paz, Victoria and Tarlac City). It is also spoken in border communities of the provinces of Bataan (Dinalupihan, Hermosa and Orani), Bulacan (Baliuag, San Miguel, San Ildefonso, Hagonoy, Plaridel, Pulilan and Calumpit), Nueva Ecija (Cabiao, San Antonio, San Isidro, Gapan and Cabanatuan) and Zambales (Olongapo City and Subic). In Mindanao, a significant Kapampangan-speaking minority also exists in Cagayan de Oro, Davao City and South Cotabato, specifically in General Santos and the municipalities of Polomolok and Tupi. According to the 2000 Philippine census, 2,312,870 people (out of the total population of 76,332,470) spoke Kapampangan as their native language. As of 2020, the language is ranked to be the eighth leading language spoken at home in the Philippines with only 639,687 households still speaking the language.[9]
Standard Kapampangan has 21 phonemes: 15 consonants and five vowels; some western dialects have six vowels. Syllabic structure is relatively simple; each syllable contains at least one consonant and a vowel.
Standard Kapampangan has five vowel phonemes:
There are four main diphthongs: pronounced as //aɪ//, pronounced as //oɪ//, pronounced as //aʊ//, and pronounced as //iʊ//. In most dialects (including standard Kapampangan), pronounced as //aɪ// and pronounced as //aʊ// are reduced to pronounced as //ɛ// and pronounced as //o// respectively.
Monophthongs have allophones in unstressed and syllable-final positions:
In the chart of Kapampangan consonants, all stops are unaspirated. The velar nasal occurs in all positions, including the beginning of a word. Unlike other languages of the Philippines but similar to Ilocano, Kapampangan uses /h/ only in words of foreign origin.
| Bilabial | Dental / Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| Stop | voiceless | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |
| voiced | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| Fricative | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| Tap/Trill | pronounced as /link/ ~ pronounced as /link/ | ||||||
| Approximant | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
Stress is phonemic in Kapampangan. Primary stress occurs on the last or the next-to-last syllable of a word. Vowel lengthening accompanies primary or secondary stress, except when stress occurs at the end of a word. Stress shift can occur, shifting to the right or left to differentiate between nominal or verbal use (as in the following examples):
Stress shift can also occur when one word is derived from another through affixation; again, stress can shift to the right or the left:
In Kapampangan, the proto-Philippine schwa vowel pronounced as /
Proto-Philippine pronounced as /
Kapampangan is a VSO or Verb-Subject-Object language. However, the word order can be very flexible and change to VOS (Verb-Object-Subject) and SVO (Subject-Verb-Object). Just like other Austronesian languages, Kapampangan is also an agglutinative language where new words are formed by adding affixes onto a root word (affixation) and the repetition of words, or portions of words (reduplication), (for example: ('child') to ('children')). Root words are frequently derived from other words by means of prefixes, infixes, suffixes and circumfixes. (For example: ('food') to ('to eat') to ' ('eating') to ('being eaten')).
Kapampangan can form long words through extensive use of affixes, for example:, 'a group of people having their noses bleed at the same time',, 'everyone loves each other',, 'can speak Kapampangan', and, 'until to fall in love'. Long words frequently occur in normal Kapampangan.
Kapampangan nouns are not inflected, but are usually preceded by case markers. There are three types of case markers: absolutive (nominative), ergative (genitive), and oblique.
Unlike English and Spanish (which are nominative–accusative languages) and Inuit and Basque (which are ergative–absolutive languages), Kapampangan has Austronesian alignment (in common with most Philippine languages). Austronesian alignment may work with nominative (and absolutive) or ergative (and absolutive) markers and pronouns.
Absolutive or nominative markers mark the actor of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb. Ergative or genitive markers mark the object (usually indefinite) of an intransitive verb and the actor of a transitive one. It also marks possession. Oblique markers, similar to prepositions in English, mark (for example) location and direction. Noun markers are divided into two classes: names of people (personal) and everything else (common).
| Common singular | ing | -ng, ning | king | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Common plural | ding, ring | ring | karing | |
| Personal singular | i(y) | -ng | kang | |
| Personal plural | di, ri | ri | kari |
Examples:
Kapampangan pronouns are categorized by case: absolutive, ergative, and oblique.
| Absolutive (independent) | Absolutive (enclitic) | Ergative | Oblique | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person singular | ,, | , | |||
| 1st person dual | , | ||||
| 1st person plural inclusive | , | , | , | , | |
| 1st person plural exclusive | , | , | , | ||
| 2nd person singular | |||||
| 2nd person plural | , | , | , | ||
| 3rd person singular | , | , | |||
| 3rd person plural | , |
Genitive pronouns follow the word they modify. Oblique pronouns can replace the genitive pronoun, but precede the word they modify.
The dual pronoun and the inclusive pronoun refer to the first and second person. The exclusive pronoun refers to the first and third persons.
Kapampangan differs from many Philippine languages in requiring the pronoun even if the noun it represents, or the grammatical antecedent, is present.
The pronouns and have special forms when they are used in conjunction with the words ('there is/are') and ('there is/are not').
Both and are correct. The plural form ('they are') is and . Both and are correct in the plural form. The singular forms are and .
Kapampangan pronouns follow a certain order after verbs (or particles, such as negation words). The enclitic pronoun is always followed by another pronoun (or discourse marker:
Pronouns also combine to form a portmanteau pronoun:
Portmanteau pronouns are not usually used in questions and with the word :
In the following chart, blank entries denote combinations which are deemed impossible. Column headings denote pronouns in the absolutive case, and the row headings denote the ergative case.
(1 sing) | – | – | – | | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(2 sing) | – | – | – | ||||||
(3 sing) | |||||||||
(1 dual) | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
(1p inc) | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
(1p exc) | – | – | – | | |||||
(2 p) | – | – | – | ||||||
(3 p) | | | | |
Kapampangan's demonstrative pronouns differ from other Philippine languages by having separate forms for singular and plural.
| Absolutive | Ergative | Oblique | Locative | Existential | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |||
| Nearest to speaker (this, here) | , | |||||||||
| Near speaker & addressee (this, here) | , | |||||||||
| Nearest addressee (that, there) | , | |||||||||
| Remote (yon, yonder) | , | |||||||||
The demonstrative pronouns and (and their respective forms) both mean 'this', but each has distinct uses. usually refers to something abstract, but may also refer to concrete nouns: ('this music'), ('this is what we do'). is always concrete: ('this book'), ('this is Juan's dog').
In their locative forms, is used when the person spoken to is not near the subject spoken of; is used when the person spoken to is near the subject spoken of. Two people in the same country will refer to their country as, but will refer to their respective towns as ; both mean 'here'.
The plural forms of a demonstrative pronoun and its existential form (for the nearest addressee) are exceptions. The plural of is ; the plural of is ; the plural of is, and the plural of is . The existential form of is .
Kapampangan verbs are morphologically complex, and take a variety of affixes reflecting focus, aspect and mode. The language has Austronesian alignment, and the verbs change according to triggers in the sentence (better known as voices). Kapampangan has five voices: agent, patient, goal, locative, and cirumstantial. The circumstantial voice prefix is used for instrument and benefactee subjects.
The direct case morphemes in Kapampangan are (which marks singular subjects) and, for plural subjects. Non-subject agents are marked with the ergative-case ; non-subject patients are marked with the accusative-case -ng, which is cliticized onto the preceding word.[10]
DIR:direct case morphemeCT:cirumstantial trigger
Speakers of other Philippine languages find Kapampangan verbs difficult because some verbs belong to unpredictable verb classes and some verb forms are ambiguous. The root word ('write') exists in Tagalog and Kapampangan:
The object-focus suffix -an represents two focuses; the only difference is that one conjugation preserves -an in the completed aspect, and it is dropped in the other conjugation:
Other Philippine languages have separate forms; Tagalog has -in and -an, Bikol and most of the Visayan languages have -on and -an, and Ilokano has -en and -an due to historical sound changes in the proto-Philippine /*e/.
A number of actor-focus verbs do not use the infix -um-, but are usually conjugated like other verbs which do (for example, ('to do'), ('to immerse'), ('to dance'), ('to take off'), ('to smoke'), ('to fetch'), ('to step') and ('to accompany'). Many of these verbs undergo a change of vowel instead of taking the infix -in- (completed aspect). In the actor focus (-um- verbs), this happens only to verbs with the vowel pronounced as //u// in the first syllable; ('to take off') is conjugated ('will take off'), ('is taking off'), and ('took off').
This change of vowel also applies to certain object-focus verbs in the completed aspect. In addition to pronounced as //u// becoming pronounced as //i//, pronounced as //a// becomes pronounced as //e// in certain cases (for example, ['brought something'], ['worked on something'] and ['bought']).
There is no written distinction between the two mag- affixes; may mean 'is speaking' or 'will speak', but there is an audible difference. pronounced as /[mɐɡsaliˈtaʔ]/ means 'will speak' while pronounced as /[ˌmaːɡsaliˈtaʔ]/ means 'is speaking'.
| Actor focus | -um- | CV- | -ín- |
|---|---|---|---|
| Actor focus | – | CV- | -in- -i- |
| Actor focus | m- | mVm- | min- me- mi- |
| Actor focus | mag- | mág- | mig-, meg- |
| Actor focus | ma- | má- | me- |
| Actor focus | maN- | máN- | meN- |
| Object focus | -an | CV- ... -an | -in- -i- -e- |
| Object focus Benefactive focus | i- | iCV- | i- -in- i- -i- i- -e- |
| Object focus Locative focus | -an | CV- ... -an | -in- ... -an -i- ... -an -e- ... -an |
| Instrument focus | ipaN- | páN- | piN-, peN |
| Reason focus | ka- | ká- | ke- |
used optionally in yes-and-no questions and other types of questions
conditional particle expressing an unexpected event; if
reporting (hearsay) particle indicating that the information is second-hand; he said, she said, they said, it was said, allegedly, reportedly, supposedly
expresses hope or an unrealized condition (with verb in completed aspect); also used in conditional aspect
expresses uncertainty or an unrealized idea; perhaps, probably, seems
limiting particle; only, just
now, already, yet, anymore
still, else
used in making contrasts and to soften requests and emphasis
expresses cause; because, because of
used in affirmations or emphasis and to soften imperatives; indeed
realization particle, indicating that the speaker has realized (or suddenly remembered) something
Examples:
'I was told that it is lucky.'
To express existence (there is, there are) and possession (to have), the word is used:
They also have a conscience.
Kapampangan has two negation words: and . negates verbs and equations, and means 'no' or 'not':
is the opposite of :
is sometimes used instead of :
is used to ask how something is. Frequently used as a greeting ('How are you?'), it is derived from the Spanish
means 'what': ('What are you doing?')
means 'who':
, meaning 'where', is used to ask about the location of an object and not used with verbs:
means 'why':
means 'whose' or 'whom':
means 'how many':
means 'when':
means 'how':
means 'how much':
means 'to what degree':
means 'which':
Kapampangan borrowed many words from Chinese (particularly Cantonese and Hokkien), such as:
Due to the influence of Buddhism and Hinduism, Kapampangan also acquired words from Sanskrit. A few examples are:
The language has also absorbed many Spanish loanwords due to the 333 years of presence of the Spaniards in the Kapampangan speaking provinces. Hence, Spanish Days of the Week, Months, and Numbers are used in Kapampangan respectively. Many Spanish expressions, basic nouns, verbs, and phrases are also present in the Language. Such as, ("Kómusta?") from Spanish, "cómo estás" which means 'how are you?'. (this common expression can also be found in other Philippine Languages, such as Tagalog, Bisaya, Hiligaynon, etc. Other examples are:
See also: Reforms of Kapampangan orthography. Kapampangan, like most Philippine languages, uses the Latin alphabet. Before the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, it was written in old Kapampangan writing. Kapampangan is usually written in one of three different writing systems: sulat Baculud, sulat Wawa and a hybrid of the two, Amung Samson.[11]
The first system (also known as or in the system) is based on Spanish orthography, a feature of which involved the use of the letters ⟨c⟩ and ⟨q⟩ to represent the phoneme pronounced as //k// (depending on the vowel sound following the phoneme). ⟨C⟩ was used before pronounced as //a//, pronounced as //o// and pronounced as //u// (ca, co and cu), and ⟨q⟩ was used with ⟨u⟩ before the vowels pronounced as //e// and pronounced as //i// (que, qui). The Spanish-based orthography is primarily associated with literature by authors from Bacolor and the text used on the Kapampangan .[11]
The second system, the, is an "indigenized" form which preferred ⟨k⟩ over ⟨c⟩ and ⟨q⟩ in representing the phoneme pronounced as //k//. This orthography, based on the Abakada alphabet was used by writers from Guagua and rivaled writers from the nearby town of Bacolor.[11]
The third system, hybrid orthography, intends to resolve the conflict in spelling between proponents of the and . This system was created by former Catholic priest Venancio Samson during the 1970s to translate the Bible into Kapampangan. It resolved conflicts between the use of ⟨q⟩ and ⟨c⟩ (in) and ⟨k⟩ (in) by using ⟨k⟩ before ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ (instead of [qu]⟩ and using ⟨c⟩ before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ (instead of ⟨k⟩). The system also removed ⟨ll⟩ and ⟨ñ⟩ (from Spanish), replacing them with ⟨ly⟩ and ⟨ny⟩.[11]
Orthography has been debated by Kapampangan writers, and orthographic styles may vary by writer. The system has become the popular method of writing due to the influence of the Tagalog-based Filipino language (the national language) and its orthography. The system is used by the Akademyang Kapampangan and the poet Jose Gallardo.[11]
Pampanga; Kapampangan: Bapu Reyna, Indung Mamakalulu, bie ampon yumu, manga panaligan mi, Bapu Reyna, ikang ausan mi, ikeng pepalakuan a anak nang Eva; ikang pangisnawan ming malalam, daralung ke manga tatangis keni king karinan ning luwa. Ngamu na Reyna, Patulunan mi, balicdan mu kami karing mata mung mapamakalulu, ampon nung mapupus, pangalako mu queti sulip, pakit me kekami i(y) Hesus, a bungang masampat ning atian mu. O malugud! O mapamakalulu! O Santa Maria Birhen a mayumu! Ipanalangin mu kami, O Santang Indu ning Dios. Ba’keng sukat makinabang karing pengaku nang Hesukristong Ginu tamu.
Numbers:
Sentences: