Oto-Pamean languages explained

Oto-Pamean
Region:	Mexico
Familycolor:	American
Fam1:	Oto-Manguean
Fam2:	Western ?
Fam3:	Oto-Pame–Chinantecan ?
Child1:	Otomian
Child2:	Matlatzinca
Child3:	Chichimeca Jonaz
Child4:	Pame
Glotto:	otop1242
Glottorefname:	Otopamean
Map:	Otopamean languages.png

The Oto-Pamean languages are a branch of the Oto-Manguean languages that includes languages of the Otomi-Mazahua, Matlatzinca, and Pamean language groups all of which are spoken in central Mexico. Like all Oto-Manguean languages, the Oto-Pamean languages are tonal languages, though most have relatively simple tone systems.^[1] Unlike many Oto-Manguean languages that tend towards an isolating typology, they are morphologically complex headmarking languages with complex systems of conjugational classes both for verbs and nouns, and in the Pamean languages there are highly complex patterns of suppletion.

Classification

• Otomian
  • Otomi
    • Northwestern Otomi
    • Tilapa Otomi
    • Sierra Otomi
    • Central Mexican Otomi
    • Toluca Otomi
    • Tlaxcala Otomi
  • Mazahua
    • 12 different varieties
• Matlatzincan
  • Ocuilteco/Tlawika
  • Matlatzinca de Oxtotilpan
• Pame
  • Northern Pame
  • Central Pame
  • Southern Pame †
• Chichimeco Jonaz^{[2] [3] [4]}

Proto-language

Proto-Oto-Pamean
Familycolor:	American
Target:	Oto-Pamean languages

Four vowels with nasalization contrast are reconstructed for Proto-Oto-Pamean by Bartholomew (1989):^[5]

• *a, *e, *i, *o
• *ã, *ẽ, *ĩ, *õ

Lexical reconstructions of Proto-Oto-Pamean by Bartholomew (1989) are given below, along with synchronic Oto-Pamean languages:^[5]

English gloss	Proto-Oto-Pamean						Chichimeco
chile	ʔi	ʔi	mi	ʔei	ʔiʔi	mi	ʔe
blood	kʰi	kʰi	či-hyabi	kkʰi	kʰiʔi	nči-hya	kʰe
squirrel	mi-nã	minã	mini	meigŋ		mi
tell	si-p	šipʰi	ši	sep	šipʰi		se
pull	kiʔHC-mʔ	kʰɨʔmi	kɨɨza	kkeʔedn	kʰɨbʔɨ	nkɨbi	keʔenʔ
chin	kʰiHC-nʔ	kʰɨni	nčɨri	kʰwelʔ	kʔɨdʔɨ	nčɨli
beans	kʰiHC-ʔ	kʰɨ	čʰɨ	nkʰweʔ	kʰɨʔɨ	čʰɨ	kʰeʔ
louse	tʔo	tʔoni	tʔo	lʔo	tʔoʔo	tʔo	rʔo
house	tʔo-s	tʔoši 'bed'	tʔoši 'supper'	lʔos	tʔošɨ 'bed'		rʔos
stone	=to	do	nto	to	ndo	nto	ro
flower	=toHC-n	dəni	təni	togŋ	ndəhnə	ndə	ro
hen	ʔoHC-n	ʔəni	ʔəni	ʔogŋ	ʔənə	ʔə
hear	ʔoHC-t	ʔəde	ʔəti	ʔoʔ	ʔərə	ʔəti	ʔo
water	=teh	dege	tawi	tæ	ndehe	nta	ri
to weave	pe	pe	pa	ppæ	peʔe	mpa	pi
mouth	ne	ne	na	næ	neʔe	ši-na 'lips'	ni
people	te	te	ta	læ	teʔe	tạ
spider	me-s	meše	maši	mæs	meše	maši
to cough	hyeh	hehe	hyewi 'a cold'	hhæ	hehe	he
a cold	t-heh	tʰehe	hyewi	ri-tʰyæʔæ	tʰe
one	nʔa	ʔna	dawi	nda	daha	la	ntʔa
plain	mʔa-tʰa	ʔmatʰa	bati	nibia	bʔatʰɨ	bati
horse	pah-nʔ	pʰani	pari	wahalʔ	pʰadʔɨ	bali
straw mat	pĩh-ʔ	ši-mpʰĩ	mpʰiwi	ppẽhiʔ	pʰi-ngwa	pʰi
drunken	tĩ, *nĩ	ntĩ	nimi		tĩʔi	ni
to look	nõ	nũ	nu	nnõʔo	nũʔu	nu 'wake up'	nũʔu
to tie up	tõ-tʔ/cʔ	tũtʔi	tuncʔi 'know'	ttocʔ 'knot'	tũntʔɨ	tuncʔi	tucʔ 'knot'
to die	tũ	tũ	tuwi	ttõ	tũʔu	tu	rũ
owner	mʰõ	ʰmũ	mʰu	mʰõʔ	ʰmũʔu	mʰu	mʰũ
to steal	pẽ	pæ̃	pewi	ppæ̃	pẽ	pe	ppĩ
	mʰẽ	ʰmæ̃	mʰewi	mʰæ̃		mʰe
	tʰẽ-t	tʰæ̃di	tʰeti	lʰæ̃ʔæ	tʰẽʒẽ	tʰenti	rʔĩhi
	tʔẽ-m	tʔæ̃i	tʔemi	lʔæ̃ŋ	tʔẽʰme	tʔe	rʔĩ
to roast	hã-s	hãši	həši	hãs	hãša	həši	hüs
to say	mã-m	mã	məmi	mmãŋ	mãmã	mə	mã
to know	pã-t	pãdi	pəya	ppã 'visit'	pãra	mpəya	pã 'see'
to buy	tao-m	tɔi	tami	ttaogŋ	tɔmɨ	ta	ta
mucus	mʔao-s	ʔmɔši	maši 'nose'	mbaos	bʔɔšɨ	maši 'nose'
to ask	ʔao-nʔ	ʔɔni	ʔari	ʔahodnʔ	ʔɔnɨ	ʔali	ʔan
to try	cao	cɔ	copi	cʔaoʔ	sɔʔɔ	co
	cʔao-n	cʔɔni	cʔoni	cʔaogŋ	sʔɔhnɨ	cʔo
to stand up	mʔao-mʔ	ʔmɔi			bʔɔbʔɨ	nbohobi
white	tʔoa-s	tʔaši	tʔoši	ddoa	tʔɔšɨ		nuʔu
plow	tʔoa-p	tʔabi	tʔopi		tʔɔbi	tʔopi	rʔu
bat	coa-cʔ	cacʔi	cocʔi	čoacʔ		cocʔi
foot	koa	gwa	kwahtu	koa	ngwaʔa		gu
wing	hoa	hwa	nʰowi	hoa	hwaʔa	nʰo
	nʔoa	ʔwada		ddoa	ʔwadɨ	nlooti	nʔu
bitter	kʰão	kʰũ	čʰə	kʰão	kʰõʔo	čʰə	kʰã
to sing	tãoh	tũhu	təwi	ndão	tõho	tə
moon	mʔão-ʔ		mbə	mʔãoʔ		bə	mʔãʔ
night	são-m	šũi	šəmi	são	šõmɨ	lšũ	sã
shadow	são-t/mʔ	šũdi	šubi	sãot	šõrɨ	čʰubi
corn	tʰõa	tʰã	tʰuwi	lʰõa	tʰõʔo	tʰu
cornfield	nhõa-ʰm	hwãhi	nomi	nʰõa	hwãʰma	nu	nʰũ
to confess	kõah-	kʰwãni	kunya	kkõaho	kʰwãmʔa
to beat	paih-ʔmʔ	pʰæʔmi	papi	ppahiʔ	pʰæʔbʔi		pe
to abandon	hai-k/mʔ	hægi	habi	haigŋ	hæzi	habi	he
abandoned	hi-ai-k	hyægi	heči	nʰiagŋ	hyæzi	heči	hi
hand	nʔi-ai	ʔyæ	ye	nʔia	dyʔæʔæ	ye	nʔi
liver	nia	ya	ya 'heart'	nia		ya 'heart'
to dance	nãih-mʔ	nẽi	nəbi	nnãhiʔ	nẽmʔe	nəhəbi	nẽheʔ
to nurse	coi	cɨ	čuʔu	ciʔ	siʔi	ci	čüʔ
to ride horseback	teog	təge		llæogŋ	čəgə	nde
to burn	ceo	nze	ceti		zərə
meat	nkoeHC	ngə		ŋgwæʔ	nge		gu
star	coeHC	cə	nceʔe		sehe	ce
cold	coe	cæ	ce	cæ	sæʔæ	ce	či
to split wood	coe-nʔ	cæni	seri	ccæʔædn		celi	čin
fly	ʔõi	ʔwæ̃	ʔu	ʔẽi	ʔwæ	ngwi	ʔẽ
hunger	tʰõi	tʰũhu		lʰõi	tʰĩʰmi	tʰu
squash	mõih-ʔ	mũ	muhu	mõhiʔ	mũʔu	muʰli	mũhuʔ
sand	mĩo-m	-mũ	mumi	mmẽoŋ		mu
full	nĩo-t	yũdi	nuti	næ̃	ñiʒi	nuti
three	nʰĩo	hyũ	hyu	nʰõʔ	ʰñĩʔi	hyu	nʰũ

Notes and References

1. Arellanes, F., Carranza, L., Peón, M. E. C., Fidencio, V., Guerrero, A., Knapp, M., & Romero, A. Hacia una tipología tonal de las lenguas otopames. RAÍCES, 1(2), 3.
2. https://www.academia.edu/23764748/The_Oto-Pamean_Languages Palancar, Enrique L. 2016. Oto-Pamean
3. Bartholomew, Doris. 1965. The Reconstruction of Oto-Pamean (Mexico). PhD Dissertation. Tulane University.
4. Soustelle, J., 1937. La Famille Otomi-Pame du Mexique Central. Travaux et Mémoires de l̂Institut d̂Ethnologie. Paris: Université de Paris.
5. Bartholomew, Doris A. 1989. The Proto Otopamean vowel system and the development of Matlatzinca. In Mary Ritchie Key and Henry M. Hoenigswald (eds.), General and Amerindian ethnolinguistics: in remembrance of Stanley Newman, 345–363. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.