Palestinian Islamic Jihad Explained

Islamic Jihad Movement
Arabic: حركة الجهاد الإسلامي في فلسطين
Dates:October 1981 – present
Founder:Abd Al Aziz Awda
Fathi Shaqaqi
Leader:Fathi Shaqaqi (19811995)
Ramadan Shalah (19952018)
Ziyad al-Nakhalah (2018present)
Area:Gaza Strip and Lebanon
Partof:Alliance of Palestinian Forces
Axis of Resistance
Allies:State allies:
[1]
[2]
Non-state allies:

Size:8,000 (2011)[3]
Wing1 Title:Paramilitary wing
Wing1:Al-Quds Brigades
Split From:Muslim Brotherhood
Country:Palestine
Designated As Terror Group By: Australia
Canada

Israel
New Zealand
United Kingdom
United States
Website:www.saraya.ps

The Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine (Arabic: حركة الجهاد الإسلامي في فلسطين, Harakat al-Jihād al-Islāmi fi Filastīn), commonly known simply as Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), is a Palestinian Islamist paramilitary organization formed in 1981.[4]

PIJ formed as an offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood and was influenced ideologically in its formation by the Islamic Revolution in Iran. It is a member of the Alliance of Palestinian Forces, which rejects the Oslo Accords and whose objective is the establishment of a sovereign Islamic Palestinian state.[5] It calls for the military destruction of Israel and rejects a two-state solution. The organization's financial backing has historically come mainly from Syria and Hezbollah.[6] [7] Since 2014, PIJ has seen its power steadily increase with the backing of funds from Iran.[8]

The armed wing of PIJ is Al-Quds Brigades (also known as "Saraya"), also formed in 1981, which is active in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, with its main strongholds in the West Bank being the cities of Hebron and Jenin. Its operations have included suicide bombings, attacks on Israeli civilians, as well as the firing of rockets into Israel, targeting civilians. PIJ has been designated a terrorist organization by the United States,[9] the European Union,[10] the United Kingdom,[11] Canada,[12] Australia,[13] New Zealand[14] [15] and Israel.[16]

History and background

PIJ was formally established in Gaza in 1981 by two Palestinian activists: Fathi abd al-Aziz Shaqaqi, a Rafah-based physician, and Shaykh Abd al-Aziz Awda, an Islamic preacher from the Jabaliyya refugee camp, as well as Ramadan Shalah, Bashir Moussa, and three other Palestinian radicals. Based in Egypt, Shaqaqi and Awda were originally members of the Muslim Brotherhood. Their views on the destruction of Israel led them in 1979 to establish Islamic Jihad-Shaqaqi Faction, a branch of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad.[17] and conducted operations out of Egypt. The Shaqaqi Faction was expelled from Egypt in 1981, following the assassination of Anwar Sadat, the 3rd President of Egypt, by the Egyptian Islamic Jihad.[18] Shaqaqi and Awda returned to Gaza where they formally established PIJ,[19] [20] from where it continued its operations.

The aim of the organization was the establishment of a sovereign Islamic Palestinian state within the geographic borders of pre-1948 Mandatory Palestine. Completely rejecting the political process, the organization professes that its goals can only be achieved through military means.[21] [22]

PIJ began its armed operations against Israel in 1984. In 1988, its leaders were exiled by Israel to Lebanon. While in Lebanon, the group received training, support and other backing from Hezbollah and its backers in Iran, and developed a close relationship with the organization. In 1990, the headquarters of PIJ moved to the Syrian capital, Damascus, where it continues to be based,[23] with offices in Beirut, Tehran, and Khartoum.

PIJ masterminded several suicide attacks in Israel,[24] and is considered by Israel the most extreme organization in its operational methods and commitment to the destruction of Israel.[25] By 1995 PIJ was, according to Robert Fisk, "perhaps the fiercest of all Israel's modern-day enemies."[26] There was a subsequent crackdown on the PIJ by Israel and the Palestinian National Authority which led to a significant weakening of the organization.[27]

On 20 February 2003, University of South Florida computer engineering professor Sami Al-Arian was arrested after being indicted on a terrorism-related charge. U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft alleged at a press conference that Al-Arian was the North American head of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad. On 6 December 2006, Sami Al-Arian was sentenced to 57 months in prison, pursuant to a plea bargain.[28] In November 2006 he was found guilty of civil contempt for refusing to testify before a federal grand jury and served 21 months in prison on that conviction. On 27 June 2014, the US Federal Government dropped all charges against Al-Arian.[29]

PIJ have allegedly used minors for its operations. On 29 March 2004, 15-year-old Tamer Khuweir of Rifidia, a suburb of Palestinian city Nablus in the West Bank, was captured by Israeli forces as he planned to carry out a suicide mission. His older brother claimed he was brainwashed and demanded the Palestinian Authority investigate the incident and arrest those responsible for it.[30]

On January 23, 1995, the founder of PIJ, Abd Al Aziz Awda, was indicted under United States law and added in 2006 to the United States FBI Most Wanted Terrorists list.[31]

In February 2012, the Hamas government in the Gaza Strip distanced itself from PIJ. During the March 2012 Gaza–Israel clashes, which followed the Israeli assassination of Popular Resistance Committees leader, Zuhir al-Qaisi, who bragged of kidnapping Gilad Shalit, PIJ and PRC opened attacks on Israel. Hamas refrained from joining PIJ and PRC in attacking Israel.[32] Over a hundred Palestinians were killed or injured in the ensuing violence, but no Hamas targets were killed.[33] The subsequent ceasefire was negotiated between Israel and the militant groups, not Hamas.

In May 2015, London-based Arabic newspaper Asharq al-Awsat reported that Iran had stopped funding PIJ due to the group's neutrality over the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen, throwing PIJ into a severe financial crisis. Iran had expected PIJ to condemn the intervention led by Saudi Arabia, Iran's chief regional rival. Palestinian newspaper al-Quds reported that Iran is now supporting an offshoot of PIJ called as-Sabirin (Arabic for "the patient ones"), headed by Islamic Jihad veteran Hisham Salem.[34]

Under the former leadership of Ramadan Shalah, the group would receive approximately US$70 million per year from the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps of Iran.[35]

Ideology, motives and beliefs

See main article: Ideology of Palestinian Islamic Jihad. Ramadan Shalah was interviewed by Scott Atran and Robert Axelrod in Damascus, Syria, on 15 December 2009. In the interview, he said that hope for a two-state solution was gone and that there was little international support for a one-state solution in which "Palestinians have rights in all of historic Palestine". Thus he advocated for armed struggle until Israel's defeat.

We are the indigenous people of the land. I was born in Gaza. My family, brothers and sisters, live in Gaza. But I am not allowed to visit them. But any American or Siberian Jew is allowed to take our land. There is no possibility today of a two-state solution. That idea is dead. And there is no real prospect of a one-state solution...

I will never, under any conditions, accept the existence of the state of Israel. I have no problem living with the Jewish people...

We have lived together in peace for centuries. And if Netanyahu were to ask if we can live together in one state, I would say to him: "If we have exactly the same rights as Jews to come to all of Palestine. If Khaled Meshaal and Ramadan Shalah can come whenever they want, and visit Haifa, and buy a home in Herzliyah if they want, then we can have a new language, and dialogue is possible."[36]

In 2009 interview with Al-Jazeera, PIJ leader Ramadan Abdullah Shallah rejected the two-state solution, said "the one-state solution is better than the two-state solution" and accused the Palestinian Authority of being complicit with the Israeli occupation.[37]

In a 2002 book, Yonah Alexander wrote that PIJ calls for the destruction of Israel, rejects the option of a peaceful settlement with Israel, and advocates the use of guerrilla tactics to achieve that aim. Israel's eradication is viewed as an essential prerequisite for addressing the challenges facing the Muslim world. It envisions laying the groundwork for a future scenario in which a significant Islamic Arabic army engages in military confrontation to achieve Israel's destruction. The PIJ has been accountable for some of the deadliest suicide attacks in Israel.[38]

The group is a Sunni Jihadist movement but includes other religious beliefs.[39]

Activities

See also: Palestinian domestic weapons production.

Militant activities

The Palestinian Islamic Jihad has claimed responsibility for many militant activities over the years and is responsible for more than 30 suicide bombings.[40] The international community considers the use of indiscriminate attacks on civilian populations[41] and the use of human shields[42] [43] as illegal under international law.[44]

The Palestinian Islamic Jihad pledges that armed resistance will continue as long as Israel maintains the occupation and conducts military operations against Palestinians. Nonetheless it states "the decision to end resistance belongs to that of the people". PIJ has employed suicide bombing as a tactic in realization that Palestinian military capabilities are outmatched by Israeli sophisticated weaponry. It's objectives are to "maximum[ize] amount of loss to the Israeli military". PIJ states that their policy is that targeting innocent civilians is prohibited. However, it allows for targeting Israeli civilians in response to Israeli targeting of Palestinian civilians. Nevertheless, PIJ states that in such scenarios they prioritize targeting the Israeli military over targeting civilians. Finally, PIJ states they reject any use of force against non-Israelis.[45]

List of attacks

Armored vehicles marked with TV are an invaluable protection for genuine journalists working in hostile environments. The FPA has long campaigned for the continued availability of armored vehicles for its members, despite official opposition in some quarters. The abuse of this recognized protection for the working journalist is a grave development and we condemn those that carried it out. Such an incident will reduce the protection offered by marked vehicles.[53]

During a press conference, an Islamic Jihad spokesperson Abu Ahmed denied that they had put press markings on the jeep used in the attack and said, "The Al-Quds Brigades used an armoured jeep resembling military armoured jeeps used by the Zionist intelligence services."[55]

Islamic Jihad has also deployed its own rocket, similar to the Qassam rocket used by Hamas, called the al-Quds rocket.

Social services

Islamic Jihad also control dozens of religious organizations in the Palestinian territories that are registered as NGOs and operate mosques, schools, and medical facilities that offer free services.[63] Like other Islamic associations, these are heavily scrutinized by the Palestinian National Authority who have shut some of them down.[63] In one Islamic Jihad kindergarten graduation, children dressed up in military uniforms, waved guns, shouted anti-Israel slogans, and spoke of blowing themselves up to kill "Zionists".[64] [65]

Islamic Jihad also operates dozens of summer camps for children. They have opened up 51 summer camps which attracted approximately 10,000 children in 2010.

We teach the children the truth. How the Jews persecuted the prophets and tortured them. We stress that the Jews killed and slaughtered Arabs and Palestinians every chance they got. Most important, the children understand that the conflict with the Jews is not over land, but rather over religion. As long as Jews remain here, between the [Jordan] river and the sea, they will be our enemy and we will continue to pursue and kill them. When they leave we won't hurt them.[66]

Notable PIJ members

Secretaries-General

Other members

See also

Further reading

Notes and References

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  3. Web site: Iran Backs Islamic Jihad's 8,000-Man Army in Gaza. Ben Gedalyahu. Ben. 7 November 2011. Israel National News. Arutz Sheva. 7 November 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111108151014/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/149498#.TrhgmnF4Vow. 8 November 2011. live.
  4. Book: Skare, Erik . A History of Palestinian Islamic Jihad Faith, Awareness, and Revolution in the Middle East . 2021-01-28 . Cambridge University Press . 9781108845069 . 3rd . 2 . en . 10.1017/9781108954440 . free.
  5. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1658443.stm BBC
  6. Web site: THE TERRORIST CONNECTION - IRAN, THE ISLAMIC JIHAD AND HAMAS. fas.org. 16 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20171212213527/https://fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/950500.htm. 12 December 2017. live.
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  19. http://www.police.govt.nz/sites/default/files/publications/statement-of-case-palestinian-islamic-jihad-terrorist-entity-11-oct-2010.pdf STATEMENT OF CASE TO DESIGNATE PALESTINIAN ISLAMIC JIHAD (PIJ) AS A TERRORIST ENTITY
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  74. News: יורשו של בהא אבו אל-עטא חוסל בדירת מסתור. מנהיג הארגון: "הולכים ללחימה". The successor of Baha Abu al-Ata was killed in a hiding place. The leader of the organization: "Going to fight". he. ליעד. אוסמו. אייל. ערביד. 5 August 2022. Ynet. 5 August 2022.
  75. News: IDF says it killed Islamic Jihad's southern command chief. Ynet. 6 August 2022.
  76. https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/app/uploads/2023/05/E_093_23.pdf

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