Paleoflora of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands should not be confused with Paleofauna of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands.
The paleoflora of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands includes all plant and fungi fossils preserved in the Eocene Okanagan Highlands Lagerstätten. The highlands are a series of Early Eocene geological formations which span an 1000km (1,000miles) transect of British Columbia, Canada and Washington state, United States and are known for the diverse and detailed plant fossils which represent an upland temperate ecosystem immediately after the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, and before the increased cooling of the middle and late Eocene to Oligocene. The fossiliferous deposits of the region were noted as early as 1873, with small amounts of systematic work happening in the 1880-90s on British Columbian sites, and 1920-30s for Washington sites. A returned focus and more detailed descriptive work on the Okanagan Highlands sites revived in the 1970s. The noted richness of agricultural plant families in Republic and Princeton floras resulted in the term "Eocene orchards" being used for the paleofloras.
The Eocene Okanagan Highlands hosted a diverse mix of temperate and tropical paleobiotic elements,[1] with the forests having the first significant proportions of temperate plants in North America.[2] The paleobotanical community was a mixture of plants found in subtropical evergreen and temperate deciduous forests. Included in the forest were a number of important modern temperate flowering plant families such as Betulaceae, Rosaceae, and Sapindaceae, plus the conifer family Pinaceae. Study of the deciduous plants from the highlands has documented the occurrence of heteromorphic leaves derived from sun versus shade conditions and long shoot or short shoot buds. The paleobotanical community of the Republic area has been noted as the most diverse floral community of the Okanagan highlands, with some estimates ranging to over 68 families and 134 genera being present.[3] The noted richness of Rosaceae fossils along with other important agricultural plant families found in the Republic and Princeton floras, including the genera that contain modern apples, blackberries, cherries, and serviceberries resulted in Wes Wher and Donald Hopkins (1994) coining the term "Eocene orchards".[4] [5] Fossil evidence from both Sorbus/Crataegus and Rhus leaves in the Republic sites indicate the area was a center for species overlap and active hybridization events.
The majority of the lake deposits are compression fossils in lake bed sediments grouped informally into "Northern", "Central", and "Southern" sites.[6] The Northern sites are composed of unnamed Ootsa Group formations which outcrop as the "Driftwood shales" near Smithers, British Columbia, sites now considered lost in the Quesnel, British Columbia area, and the "Horsefly shales", of an unnamed formation and unnamed group which outcrop around Horsefly, British Columbia. The Central sites represent Kamloops Group formations with the McAbee Fossil Beds, Tranquille River site and Falkland site, all in the Tranquille Formation, the Quichena site and Stump Lake site in the Coldwater Beds and outcrops of the Chu Chua Formation near Barriere, British Columbia. The Southern sites include the Princeton Group Allenby Formation sites surrounding Princeton, British Columbia, such as "Nine Mile Creek", "One Mile Creek", "Pleasant Valley", "Thomas Ranch", "Vermilian Bluffs", and "Whipsaw Creek". The most southerly of the Okanagan Highlands lakes, the Klondike Mountain Formation in Northern Ferry County, Washington include the "Boot Hill", "Corner Lot", "Gold Mountain", "Knob Hill", and "Mount Elizabeth" localities. Closely correlated with the Klondike Mountain Formation are the Penticton groups Kettle River, Marama and Marron Formations in the Boundary District along the Canada-United States border.[7]
There is debate as to the affiliation of the, now lost, Quesnel outcrops with the Greater Okanagan Highlands. Archibald et al. (2018) in the monograph overview of the Highlands Hymenoptera included them as part of the series. However the certainty for the placement was later questioned by Archibald and Cannings (2022) who opted to tentatively exclude Quesnel from the highlands while discussing the history of field collecting in the region.[8]
Additionally two important non-compression biotas are present in the Eocene Okanagan Highlands. A permineralized chert flora, the Princeton Chert is found along the Similkameen River interbedded with coal deposits of the Ashnola shale unit, Allenby Formation known for anatomically preserved plants.[9] In the Central sites, subbituminous coal of the Hat Creek Coal Formation around Hat Creek hosts an amber biota, the Hat Creek amber which preserves many small insects and plant fragments that would likely not be found in the compression biotas.[10] [11]
Two algae taxa of the protist order Ochrophyta have been described from the highlands, and are placed in the family Aulacoseiraceae, a member of the diatom order Bacillariophyceae,.[12] The third algae is identified as a living paleoendemic Mallomonas species now restricted to warmer climates in North America and Europe.[13]
| Family | Genus | species | Sites | Notes | Images | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aulacoseiraceae | Aulacoseira | "Undescribed" |
| An aulacoseiraceous diatom Not described to species | ||
| †Eoseira | †Eoseira wilsonii[14] |
| An aulacoseiraceous diatom | |||
| Mallomonadaceae | Mallomonas | Mallomonas intermedia |
| An mallomonadaceous synurid algae Extant, and considered a paleoendemic species for Canada |
A group of six mosses were described from the Allenby Formation by Kuc (1972,1974) representing the genera Ditrichites, Hypnites and Plagiopodopsis, with two species placed in the morphogenus Muscites. Further revision of the fossils was conducted by Milner (1980), who placed two species into the genus Plagiopodopsis and moved both species described as Palaeohypnum to other genera. One further moss has been described from Horsefly, and placed in the living genus Aulacomnium by Janssens et al (1979). Dillhoff et al. (2013) reference undescribed moss specimens from the Klondike Mountain Formation known from vegetative gametophytes, and George Poinar, Jr. et al. (1999) illustrated an undescribed specimen of moss entombed in Hat Creek Amber.[10]
| Family | Genus | species | Sites | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amblystegiaceae | †Hypnites | †Hypnites jovet-astiae[15] |
| An amblystegiaceous moss, First described as Palaeohypnum jovet-asti, moved to Hypnites jovet-astiae in 1980 | |
| †Hypnites steerei |
| An amblystegiaceous moss First described as Palaeohypnum steerei, moved to Hypnites steerei in 1980 | |||
| Aulacomniaceae | Aulacomnium | †Aulacomnium heterostichoides[16] |
| An aulacomniaceous moss | |
| Bartramiaceae | †Plagiopodopsis | †Plagiopodopsis eocenicus[17] |
| A bartramiaceous moss First described as Muscites eocenicus, moved to Plagiopodopsis eocenicus in 1980 | |
| ?Ditrichaceae | †Ditrichites | †Ditrichites fylesi[18] |
| A ditrichaceous moss | |
| Incertae sedis | †Muscites | †Muscites maycocki |
| A moss of uncertain placement | |
| †Muscites ritchiei |
| A moss of uncertain placement | |||
| Undescribed | Undescribed | Undescribed[19] [20] |
| Undescribed moss compression specimens | |
| Undescribed |
| Undescribed moss amber specimens | |||
Both an undescribed member of the fossil quillwort genus Isoetites[21] and the spikemoss genus Selaginella[22] have been found in the Klondike Mountain Formation, while an additional fossil deemed Cf. Selaginella was later reported from the Allenby Formation.
| Family | Genus | species | Sites | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isoetaceae | †Isoetites | Undescribed |
| A quillwort relative Not described | |
| Selaginellaceae | Selaginella | Undescribed |
| A spikemoss Not described | |
| Cf. Selaginella | Undescribed |
| A spikemoss from the Thomas Ranch site. Not described |
Four species of ferns and fern relatives have been described from the compression biotas and an additional four compression taxa that have been tentatively identified to family or genus. A series of four additional ferns have been described from premineralized specimens in the Princeton Chert and a fifth taxon is identified to genus.
| Family | Genus | species | Sites | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Athyriaceae | †Dickwhitea | †Dickwhitea allenbyensis[23] |
| An athyriaceous fern | |
| †Makotopteris | †Makotopteris princetonensis[24] |
| An athyriaceous fern | ||
| Blechnaceae | †Trawetsia | †Trawetsia princetonensis[25] |
| A blechnacious fern | |
| Woodwardia | †Woodwardia arctica[26] |
| A blechnacious fern First identified as Woodwardia maxoni[27] | ||
| Cystopteridaceae | Cf. Cystopteris | Undescribed |
| A possible bladder fern relative. Not identified to species | |
| Dennstaedtiaceae | Dennstaedtia | †Dennstaedtia christophelii[28] |
| A Hayscented fern First identified at Falkland as (?)Adiantum sp.2 | |
| †Dennstaedtiopsis | †Dennstaedtiopsis aerenchymata[29] |
| A dennstaedtioid fern | ||
| Equisetaceae | Equisetum | †Equisetum similkamense[30] [31] |
| A scouring rush Possibly a synonym of Equisetum boreale per Berry (1926). | |
| Equisetum | Undescribed[32] |
| A scouring rush. Not identified to species | ||
| Hymenophyllaceae | Hymenophyllum | †Hymenophyllum axsmithii |
| A filmy fern | |
| Lygodiaceae | Lygodium | Undescribed |
| A climbing fern. Not identified to species | |
| Osmundaceae | Osmunda | Undescribed[33] |
| An osmundaceous fern Not identified to species | |
| Pteridaceae | (?)Adiantum | Undescribed |
| A possible maidenhair fern Not identified to species Listed by Smith et al. (2012) as (?)Adiantum sp. 1 | |
| Salviniaceae | Azolla | †Azolla primaeva[34] [35] [36] |
| A mosquito fern, First described as Azollophyllum primaevum | |
| Undescribed |
| A mosquito fern, Not identified to species | |||
| Salvinia | Undescribed |
| A "watermoss" species. Not identified to species. | ||
| Thelypteridaceae | Cf. Phegopteris | Unidentified[37] |
| A northern beech fern species. Not described to species. Comparable to species of the P. connectilis group | |
Three major groups of gymnosperms are present in the Okanagan Highlands formations, with the most speciose being the pinophytes. The ginkgophytes are represented by two species of Ginkgo, while an undescribed Zamiaceae member is the sole cycadophyte.
| Family | Genus | Species | Sites | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ginkgoaceae | Ginkgo | Ginkgo biloba[40] |
| A ginkgo, Possibly belonging to †Ginkgo adiantoides instead. | |
| †Ginkgo dissecta |
| A ginkgo | |||
| Undescribed |
| A ginkgo Not described to species |
| Family | Genus | Species | Sites | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cunninghamioideae | Cunninghamia | Undescribed |
| A Cunninghamia Not described to species | |
| Cupressoideae | Calocedrus | Undescribed |
| An incense cedar Not described to species | |
| Chamaecyparis | Undescribed[41] [42] |
| A false cypress Not described to species Possibly in the Callitropsis nootkatensis lineage.[43] | ||
| †Cupressinocladus | †Cupressinocladus interruptus |
| A Cupressoid foliage morphotaxon. | ||
| Undescribed[44] |
| A Cupressoid foliage morphotaxon. Not described to species First identified as Chamaecyparis linguaefolia | |||
| Juniperus | Undescribed |
| A juniper Not described to species | ||
| Thuja | Undescribed |
| An arborvitae Not described to species | ||
| Cf. Calocedrus | Undescribed |
| An incense cedar relative Not described to genus/species | ||
| Cf. Thujopsis | Undescribed[45] |
| A Hiba relative Not described to genus/species | ||
| Sequoioideae | Metasequoia | †Metasequoia milleri[46] |
| A dawn redwood | |
| †Metasequoia occidentalis[47] [48] |
| A dawn redwood Older sources identified as:
| |||
| Undescribed |
| A dawn redwood Not described to species | |||
| Sequoia | †Sequoia affinis |
| A Redwood Reported by Brown (1935) from Republic as "Sequioa langsdorfii" | ||
| Undescribed |
| ||||
| Taiwanioideae | Taiwania | Undescribed |
| A Taiwania species not described to species | |
| Taxodioideae | Cryptomeria | Undescribed |
| A sugi Not described to species | |
| Glyptostrobus | †Glyptostrobus europaeus[49] |
| A Chinese swamp cypress | ||
| Undescribed |
| A Chinese swamp cypress Not described to species | |||
| Taxodium | †Taxodium dubium[50] |
| A bald cypress | ||
| Undescribed |
| A bald cypress not described to species | |||
| Incertae sedis | †Cupressinoxylon | †Cupressinoxylon dawsoni |
| A fossil cupressaceous? wood First described as Cupressoxylon dawsoni | |
| †Cupressinoxylon macrocarpoides |
| A fossil cupressaceous? wood First described as Cupressoxylon macrocarpoides | |||
| Family | Genus | Species | Sites | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abietoideae | Abies | †Abies milleri[51] |
| Oldest true fir described | |
| †Abies toxirivus[52] |
| A fir conescale morphospecies First named Pinus steenstrupiana in (1868) Moved to Abies steenstrupiana 1952 Moved to Abies toxirivus in 1959 | |||
| Undescribed |
| A true fir Not described to species | |||
| Keteleeria | Undescribed |
| A Keteleeria species Not described to species | ||
| Pseudolarix | Pseudolarix amabilis[53] |
| A golden larch originally identified as Pseudolarix americana, then as Pseudolarix arnoldii[54] | ||
| †Pseudolarix wehrii |
| A long bracted golden larch Originally described as Pseudolarix americana. | |||
| Undescribed |
| A golden larch Not described to species | |||
| Tsuga | Undescribed |
| A hemlock Not described to species | ||
| Laricoideae | Pseudotsuga | †Pseudotsuga miocena[55] |
| A Carbonized/petrified wood species Found in the Cariboo mine at ~ depth | |
| Piceoideae | Picea | †Picea columbiensis[56] |
| A spruce cone & needle species | |
| †Picea quilchenensis |
| A spruce needle species Penhallow (1908) notes it may actually belong to P. tranquilensis | |||
| †Picea tranquilensis |
| A spruce needle species Penhallow (1908) notes P. quilchenensis may be a synonym | |||
| Undescribed[57] |
| A spruce Not described | |||
| Pinoideae | Pinus | †Pinus allisonii[58] |
| A 2-needled Pine | |
| †Pinus andersonii |
| A 3-needled Pine | |||
| †Pinus arnoldii[59] [60] |
| A basal Pine, First described for ovulate cones A whole plant reconstruction includes the synonymized P. similkameenensis. | |||
| †Pinus columbiana |
| A permineralized pinaceous wood, compression cone species | |||
| †Pinus driftwoodensis[61] |
| A permineralized pinaceous cone | |||
| †Pinus latahensis |
| A 5-needle pine | |||
| †"Pinus macrophylla" |
| A 3 needle pine, jr homoym to Pinus macrophylla Lindley 1839 | |||
| †Pinus monticolensis |
| A pinaceous winged seed morphogenus | |||
| †Pinus princetonensis |
| A pinaceous cone | |||
| †Pinus tetrafolia |
| A possible 4 needled pine Noted by Berry as "highly improbable that this should represent a distinct botanic species" | |||
| †Pinus trunculus |
| A 3-needle pine | |||
| †Pinus tulameenensis |
| A 5-needle pine | |||
| Undescribed |
| A pine Not described to species |
| Name | Authority | Year | Family | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxaceae | Amentotaxus | Undescribed |
| A yew Not described to species | |
| Cf. Amentotaxus | Undescribed |
| A yew Not described to genus/species | ||
| Cephalotaxus | Unidentified |
| A yew Originally described placed in the Miocene Cephalotaxus bonseri[62] Not described to species | ||
| Taxus | Undescribed |
| A yew Not described to species | ||
| Cf. Taxus | Undescribed |
| A yew relative Not described to genus/species | ||
| Torreya | Undescribed |
| A plum-yew Not described to species | ||
| Cf. Torreya | Undescribed |
| A plum-yew relative Not described to genus/species | ||
| Unidentified | Unidentified |
| Cephalotaxaceous needles Not described to genus/species | ||
The basal angiosperms are represented by two Nymphaeales water-lily species Nuphar carlquistii[63] from the Republic and Princeton shales, plus Allenbya collinsonae from the Princeton Chert.[64] Wehr (1995) illustrated two fossils that were tentatively identified as fruits of the banana genus Ensete and the extinct myrtle genus Paleomyrtinaea respectively,[65] however further fossil finds resulted in the re-identification of the first as a N. carlquistii rhizome section, and the second is a seed mass from the same water-lily.
| Family | Genus | Species | Sites | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nelumbonaceae? | †Nelumbium | †Nelumbium pygmaeum |
| Possible lotus family leaves Synonym Nelumbo pygmaea (Dawson) Knowlton (1919) | |
| Unidentified |
| Fragmentary possible lotus family leaves Penhallow suggests possibly the same as N. pygmaeum. | |||
| Nelumbo | Unidentified |
| Lotus leaves Not described to gens or species | ||
| Nymphaeaceae | †Allenbya | †Allenbya collinsonae |
| A waterlily relative. Not to be confused with the odonate Allenbya | |
| Nuphar | †Nuphar carlquistii |
| A waterlily, Rhizome sections were first identified as Ensete. | ||
| Family | Genus | species | Sites | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lauraceae | Lindera | Undescribed |
| A spicewood species. Not described. | |
| Liriodendron | Undescribed |
| Tentative identification based on 2 partial specimens | ||
| †Litseaphyllum | Undescribed |
| A lauraceous form species. Not described | ||
| Ocotea | Undescribed |
| A stinkwood species. Not described | ||
| Phoebe | Undescribed |
| A Phoebe sp. Not described. | ||
| Sassafras | †Sassafras hesperia |
| A sassafras Formerly identified as Sassafras sellwyni | ||
| Undescribed[66] |
| A sassafras species Not described to species | |||
| Unidentified | Unidentified |
| Lauraceous leaves Not described to genus or species | ||
| Unidentified[67] |
| Lauraceous fruits Likely from a "self pruning" species Not described to genus or species. | |||
| Magnoliaceae | †Liriodendroxylon | †Liriodendroxylon princetonensis[68] |
| A Liriodendron-like wood. | |
| Magnolia | Undescribed |
| Magnolia leaves Republic fossils possibly Magnolia subgenus Talauma Not described to species | ||
| Saururaceae | Saururus | †Saururus tuckerae[69] |
| A lizard's-tail species | |
| incertae sedis | †Dillhoffia | †Dillhoffia cachensis[70] |
| A flower of uncertain floral relationship, possibly of Magnoliid affinity | |
| †Princetonia | †Princetonia allenbyensis[71] [72] |
| A possibly aquatic magnoliopsid flower of uncertain affiliation. | ||
| Family | Genus | species | Sites | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alismataceae | †Heleophyton | †Heleophyton helobieoides[73] |
| An aquatic or emergent water-plantain | |
| Amaryllidaceae | †Paleoallium | †Paleoallium billgenseli[74] |
| An onion relative | |
| Aponogetonaceae | Aponogeton | †Aponogeton longispinosum[75] |
| A Cape-pondweed pollen | |
| Araceae | †Keratosperma | †Keratosperma allenbyensis[76] |
| An arum family member | |
| Orontium | †Orontium wolfei[77] |
| A golden club | ||
| Arecaceae | †Uhlia | Uhlia allenbyensis[78] |
| A Coryphoid palm | |
| Cyperaceae | Carex | Undescribed |
| Sedge fruits Not described to species. | |
| Poaceae | †Phragmites | Undescribed |
| grass family leaves of uncertain nature. | |
| Potamogetonaceae | Potamogeton | Unidescribed |
| A possible Potamogeton species fruit. Not described to species | |
| Smilacaceae | Smilax | Undescribed |
| A greenbrier species. Not Described | |
| Typhaceae | Typha | Undescribed |
| A cattail species. Not described | |
| Cf. Iridaceae | †Pararisteapollis | †Pararisteapollis stockeyi[79] |
| A possible iridaceous pollen morphotype | |
| Incertae sedis | †Ethela | †Ethela sargentiana[80] |
| A cyperaceous or juncaceous poalean monocot | |
| †Soleredera | †Soleredera rhizomorpha[81] |
| A lilialean genus of uncertain placement | ||
| Family | Genus | species | Sites | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Menispermaceae | Calycocarpum | Undescribed |
| A moonseed Not described to species | |
| Platanaceae | †Langeranthus | †Langeranthus dillhoffiorum[82] |
| A plane tree relative fruiting head. | |
| †Langeria | †Langeria magnifica |
| A plane tree relative. Formerly identified as "Corylus" macquarrii and then a witch-hazel relative. | ||
| †Macginicarpa | Undescribed |
| A plane tree fruit taxon Not described to species | ||
| †Macginitiea | †Macginitiea gracilis |
| A plane tree relative | ||
| Undescribed |
| A sycamore relative Not described to species | |||
| †Platananthus | Undescribed |
| A sycamore stamen head Not described to species | ||
| Ranunculaceae | Clematis | Undescribed |
| A Clematis Not described to species | |
| Sabiaceae | Meliosma | Undescribed |
| A Meliosma species Not described to species | |
| Sabia | Undescribed |
| A Sabia species Not described to species | ||
| Schisandraceae | Kadsura | Undescribed |
| A kadsura species. Not described to species | |
| Trochodendraceae | †Paraconcavistylon | †Paraconcavistylon wehrii[83] |
| A Trochodendrale first described as "Concavistylon" wehrii moved to a new genus in 2020.[84] | |
| †Pentacentron | †Pentacentron sternhartae |
| A Trochodendrale | ||
| Tetracentron | †Tetracentron hopkinsii |
| A Trochodendrale, possibly the leaves of Pentacentron sternhartae | ||
| Unidentified |
| Tetracentron leaves Not described to species | |||
| Trochodendron | †Trochodendron drachukii[85] |
| A Trochodendron possibly the fruits of Trochodendron nastae | ||
| †Trochodendron nastae[86] |
| A Trochodendron Possibly the leaves of Trochodendron drachukii | |||
| Unidentified |
| Trochodendron fruits Not described to species | |||
| †Zizyphoides | Undescribed |
| A trochodendroid of uncertain placement. Leaves of the fruit taxon Nordenskioldia Not described to species. | ||
| Trochodendraceae? | †Nordenskioldia | Undescribed |
| A trochodendroid of uncertain placement. Not described to species. | |
| Family | Genus | species | Sites | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aquifoliaceae | Ilex | Undescribed |
| A holly Not described to species | |
| Araliaceae | Aralia | Undescribed |
| A spikenard species Not described. | |
| Cf. Aralia | Undescribed |
| A spikenard species foliage Not described. | ||
| Cf. †Paleopanax | Undescribed |
| A spikenard species fruit Not described. | ||
| Bignoniaceae | Undescribed | Undescribed |
| A catalpa family member Not described | |
| Cornaceae | Cornus | Undescribed |
| A dogwood species, Not described | |
| Ebenaceae | Unidentified | "Diospyros" dawsonii |
| A punitive persimmon relative. | |
| Ericaceae | Arbutus | Undescribed |
| A madrone relative Not described to species | |
| Rhododendron | Undescribed |
| A Rhododendron Not described to species | ||
| Cf. Rhododendron | Undescribed |
| A genus close to Rhododendron Not described to species | ||
| †Vaccinophyllum | †Vaccinophyllum quaestum |
| An ericaceous leaf morphogenus | ||
| Cf. Leucothoe | Undescribed |
| A doghobble relative Not described to species | ||
| Eucommiaceae | Eucommia | †Eucommia montana[87] |
| A "hard rubber tree" fruit | |
| †Eucommia rolandii |
| A "hard rubber tree" leaf | |||
| Garryaceae | Aucuba | Undescribed[88] |
| An Aucuba Not described to species Host to Incurvariidae (Aff. Incurvaria) moth feeding | |
| Hydrangeaceae | Hydrangea | Undescribed |
| A Hydrangea. Not described to species | |
| Philadelphus | Undescribed |
| A mock-orange Not described to species | ||
| Icacinaceae | †Palaeophytocrene | Unidentified |
| A Phytocrene relative Not described to species | |
| Nyssaceae | Diplopanax | †Diplopanax eydei[89] |
| A tuplo relative. | |
| †Tsukada | †Tsukada davidiifolia |
| A dove-tree relative Host to Cecidomyiidae gall midges. | ||
| Oleaceae | Fraxinus | †Fraxinus eoemarginata[90] |
| An ash species with notched samara apex. | |
| Cf. †Fraxinus rupinarum |
| An ash species with rounded samara apex. | |||
| undescribed |
| A possible ash relative. Not described to species due to preservation. | |||
| Schoepfiaceae? | Schoepfia? | †"Schoepfia" republicensis |
| A possible Schoepfia relative, First described as "Cornus acuminata. | |
| Theaceae | ?Gordonia | Undescribed |
| Possible Gordonia fruits Not described to genus or species. | |
| †Ternstroemites | "Species A" |
| A theaceous species similar to Gordonia Not described to species Host to Cecidomyiidae gall midges. | ||
| "Species B" |
| A theaceous species similar to Cleyera Not described to species |
| Family | Genus | species | Sites | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elaeocarpaceae | Sloanea | Undescribed |
| An elaeocarpaceous fruit Not described to species | |
| Salicaceae | Populus | †Populus acuminatafolia |
| A cottonwood leaf species | |
| Undescribed |
| cottonwood leaves and branches Not described to species First identified as †Populus lindgreni at Republic | |||
| Pseudosalix | Undescribed |
| A willow relative Not described to species | ||
| Salix | †Salix kamloopsiana |
| A willow species | ||
| †Salix orbicularis |
| A willow leaf morphospecies | |||
| †Salix tulameenensis |
| A willow fruit morphospecies | |||
| Undescribed |
| A willow Not described to species | |||
| Sapindus | Undescribed |
| A soap berry leaf Not described to species | ||
| Undescribed | Undescribed |
| Possible Salicaceous leaves Not described to genus or species | ||
| Family | Genus | species | Sites | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Betulaceae | †Alnites | †Alnites curta |
| A betulaceous relative. | |
| Alnus | †Alnus cremastogynoides |
| An alder. | ||
| †Alnus crispoides |
| An alder. Deemed nomen nudum by LaMotte (1952) | |||
| †Alnus kefersteinii |
| An alder. | |||
| †Alnus parvifolia |
| An alder. First described as Betula parvifolia (1926) Previously identified as A. corralina (pro part.), A. elliptica and Carpinus grandis (pro part.) | |||
| Undescribed |
| An alder species Not described to species | |||
| Betula | †Betula leopoldae[91] |
| An birch species | ||
| Undescribed |
| Birch leaves and cones Not described to species | |||
| Carpinus | †Carpinus perryae[92] |
| A hornbeam | ||
| Corylus | Corylus johnsonii |
| A hazel nut | ||
| Unidentified |
| A hazel nut leaf morphospecies Not described to species | |||
| †Corylites | Undescribed |
| A hazel nut relative Not described to species | ||
| †Palaeocarpinus | †Palaeocarpinus barksdaleae |
| An extinct coryloid relative | ||
| †Palaeocarpinus dentatus |
| An extinct coryloid relative. First described as Carpolithes dentatus | |||
| †Palaeocarpinus stonebergae |
| An extinct coryloid relative | |||
| Undescribed |
| A Palaeocarpinus species Not described to species by modern studies formerly grouped under Carpolithes dentatus | |||
| Cf. Corylus | Undescribed |
| A hazel nut Not described to species | ||
| Undescribed | Undescribed |
| A betulaceous taxon Not described to species | ||
| Celtidaceae | Pteroceltis | Undescribed |
| A cannabaceous fruit Not described | |
| Fagaceae | †Castaneophyllum | undescribed |
| An fagaceous morphogenus Not described to species | |
| †Dryophyllum | Undescribed |
| An extinct fagaceous leaf morphotype. Not described to species | ||
| †Fagopsis | †Fagopsis longifolia |
| Moved from Planera longifolia by Hollick (1909) | ||
| †Fagopsis undulata |
| An extinct beech relative | |||
| undescribed |
| An extinct beech relative Not described to species | |||
| Fagus | †Fagus langevinii[93] |
| A beech | ||
| Undescribed |
| A beech | |||
| Quercus | †Quercus uglowi |
| An oak leaf species | ||
| undescribed[94] |
| An oak Not described to species | |||
| Cf. †Castaneophyllum | undescribed |
| An fagaceous morphogenus Not described to species | ||
| Juglandaceae | Carya | Carya dawsoni |
| A punitive hickory First described as Hicoria dawsoni (1926) | |
| Carya stanleyanum |
| A punitive hickory First described as Dryophyllum stanleyanum (1895) | |||
| Undescribed |
| A possible hickory Not described to species | |||
| †Cruciptera | †Cruciptera simsonii[95] |
| A walnut family relative. | ||
| Juglans | Undescribed |
| A walnut family relative. Not described to species. | ||
| Pterocarya | Undescribed |
| A wingnut relative. Not described to species. | ||
| Undescribed | Undescribed |
| Juglandaceous leaves Not described to genus or species | ||
| Moraceae | Ficus? | Undescribed |
| Fragmentary fig? leaves Not described | |
| Morus | Undescribed |
| A mulberry, two types known. Not described to species | ||
| Myricaceae | Comptonia | †Comptonia columbiana[96] [97] |
| A comptonia species | |
| †Comptonia predryandroides |
| A comptonia species | |||
| †Comptonia quilchenensis |
| A comptonia species Described from a single poorly preserved leaf | |||
| Undescribed |
| A comptonia species not identified to species Possibly C. columbiana or C. predryandroides | |||
| Myrica | †Myrica uglowi |
| A bayberry species | ||
| Undescribed |
| A possible bayberry Not described to species | |||
| Polygalaceae | †Deviacer | Undescribed |
| A milkwort relative Not described to species | |
| Rhamnaceae | Ceanothus | Undescribed |
| A ceanothus leaf Not described to species | |
| Paliurus | Undescribed |
| A Paliurus leaf Not described to species | ||
| Rhamnus | †Rhamnus quilchenensis |
| A buckthorn species. | ||
| Rosaceae | Amelanchier | Undescribed |
| A service berry Not described to species | |
| Crataegus | †Crataegus tranquillensis |
| A hawthorn leaf | ||
| †Crataegus tulameensis |
| A hawthorn fruit | |||
| Cf. Crataegus | Undescribed |
| A hawthorn relative Not described to species | ||
| ?Holodiscus | Undescribed |
| Possible oceanspray leaves Not described to species | ||
| Malus | Cf. Malus idahoensis |
| An apple Not described to species | ||
| Aff. Malus | Undescribed |
| A maloid species possibly apple or pear Not described to specie | ||
| Neviusia | †Neviusia dunthornei[98] |
| A snow-wreath | ||
| Undescribed |
| A snow-wreath Not described to species | |||
| Oemleria | †Oemleria janhartfordae[99] |
| An Osoberry | ||
| †Paleorosa | †Paleorosa similkameenensis[100] |
| A rose family flower | ||
| "Paraprunus" | Undescribed |
| An amygdaloid leaf morphotaxon Not described to genus/species Host to Cynipidae gall wasps The name "Paraprunus" is nomen nudum | ||
| Photinia | †Photinia pageae |
| A Christmas-berry relative | ||
| Undescribed |
| A Christmas-berry relative | |||
| Aff. Physocarpus | Undescribed |
| A possible nine-bark Not described to species Possibly stem Neillieae[101] | ||
| Prunus | †Prunus allenbyensis[102] |
| A prunoid wood. | ||
| †Prunus cathybrownae |
| A cherry flower | |||
| "Princeton chert species 1" |
| A prunoid seed. Not described to species | |||
| "Princeton chert species 2" |
| A prunoid seed. Not described to species | |||
| "Princeton chert species 3" |
| A prunoid seed. Not described to species | |||
| "Republic species 1" |
| A prunoid leaf. Not described to species | |||
| "Republic species 2" |
| A prunoid leaf. Not described to species | |||
| "Republic species 3" |
| A prunoid leaf. Not described to species | |||
| undescribed |
| A prunoid leaf. Not described to species | |||
| Cf. Prunus | undescribed |
| Amygdaloid leaves and flowers of prunoid affinity. Not described to species | ||
| Pyracantha | Undescribed |
| A firethorn sp. Tentative record, Not described to species. | ||
| Pyrus | Undescribed |
| A pear Not described to species | ||
| Cf. Pyrus | Undescribed |
| A maloid species possibly apple or pear Not described to species | ||
| Rubus | Undescribed |
| A blackberry Not described to species | ||
| Sorbus? | †"Sorbus" decorifolia |
| A punitive sorbus | ||
| Aff. Sorbus | Undescribed |
| A rowan relative Not described to species. | ||
| Aff. Spiraea | Undescribed |
| A bridal wreath Not described to species. | ||
| †Stonebergia | †Stonebergia columbiana[103] |
| A sorbarieous genus | ||
| Family | Genus | species | Sites | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anacardiaceae | Rhus | †Rhus boothillensis[104] |
| A sumac hybridized with the other Klondike Mountain Formation Rhus species | |
| †Rhus garwellii |
| A sumac with leaflets on short petiolules hybridized with the other Klondike Mountain Formation Rhus species | |||
| †Rhus malloryi |
| A sumac with leaflets on short petiolules hybridized with the other Klondike Mountain Formation Rhus species | |||
| †Rhus republicensis |
| A sumac with sessile leaflets hybridized with the other Klondike Mountain Formation Rhus species | |||
| Undescribed |
| A sumac species Not described to species | |||
| Burseraceae | †Barghoornia | †Barghoornia oblongifolia |
| An extinct Bursera relative | |
| Lythraceae | Decodon | †Decodon allenbyensis[105] |
| A swamp loosestrife | |
| Undescribed |
| A swamp loosestrife Not described to species | |||
| Malvaceae | Craigia | †Craigia oregonensis[106] |
| A Craigia species | |
| Undescribed |
| A Craigia species Not described to species | |||
| †Florissantia | †Florissantia quilchenensis |
| A Florissantia species | ||
| Undescribed |
| A Florissantia species Not described to species | |||
| Hibiscus | Undescribed |
| A hibiscus Not described to species | ||
| †Plafkeria | Undescribed |
| A linden relative Not described to species Host to Cecidomyiidae gall midges. | ||
| Tilia | †Tilia johnsoni |
| A Linden | ||
| Undescribed[107] |
| A Linden relative Not described to species | |||
| Myrtaceae | †Paleomyrtinaea | †Paleomyrtinaea princetonensis[108] |
| A Myrtaceous fruit | |
| Simaroubaceae | †Ailanthophyllum | †Ailanthophyllum incertum |
| A leaf of simaroubaceous affinity. | |
| Sapindaceae | Acer | Acer dubium |
| single fruit missing a seed. Provisionally named by Penhallow (1902) Deemed nomen nudum by LaMotte (1952) | |
| †Acer hillsi[109] |
| A maple samara. | |||
| †Acer princetonense |
| A maple samara morphospecies. | |||
| †Acer republicense |
| A maple samara morphospecies. | |||
| †Acer rousei |
| A maple samara morphospecies. | |||
| †Acer spitzi |
| A maple samara morphospecies. | |||
| †Acer stewarti |
| A maple leaf and samara species. | |||
| †Acer stockeyae |
| A maple samara morphospecies. | |||
| †Acer stonebergae |
| A maple samara morphospecies. | |||
| †Acer toradense |
| A maple samara morphospecies. | |||
| †Acer washingtonense |
| A maple leaf and samara species. | |||
| †Acer wehri |
| A maple samara morphospecies. | |||
| Undescribed |
| Maple leaves and seeds. Not described to species Leaves host to Cynipidae gall wasps | |||
| Aesculus | Undescribed[110] |
| A horse chestnut Not described to species. Possible nuts with a "hard and resisting shell" were reported by Penhallow (1908) from the Tulameen River. | ||
| †Bohlenia | †Bohlenia americana |
| A soap berry genus | ||
| † Cf. Bohlenia insignis |
| A soap berry genus First described as Myrica uglowi | |||
| Undescribed |
| A soap berry genus Not described | |||
| Dipteronia | †Dipteronia brownii[111] |
| A Dipteronia species | ||
| Koelreuteria | †Koelreuteria dilcheri |
| A Koelreuteria species | ||
| Undescribed | A Koelreuteria species | ||||
| †Wehrwolfea | †Wehrwolfea striata[112] |
| A possible dodonaecous soapberry family flower | ||
| Cf. Boniodendron | †"Koelreuteria" arnoldii[113] |
| A sapindaceous species first described as a Koelreuteria species, considered Cf. Boniodendron by Wang et al. (2012). | ||
| Ulmaceae | †Cedrelospermum | Undescribed |
| An elm relative Not described to species | |
| †Ulminium | †Ulminium columbianum |
| An elm wood species. Moved from Ulmus columbiana in 1922[114] | ||
| Ulmus | †Ulmus chuchuanus[115] |
| An elm Originally named Ulmus columbianus Leaves and fruits first tentatively identified as Chaetaptelea and Zelkova | ||
| †Ulmus okanaganensis |
| An elm | |||
| †Ulmus protoamericana |
| An elm wood species. | |||
| †Ulmus protoracemosa |
| An elm wood species. | |||
| Undescribed |
| Elm leaves or fruits Not described to species | |||
| Family | Genus | species | Sites | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cercidiphyllaceae | Cercidiphyllum | †Cercidiphyllum obtritum |
| A katsura with suggested affinity to †Joffrea, First described as "Populus" obtrita | |
| Unidentified | Unidentified |
| A katsura relative with suggested affinity to †Joffrea or †Nyssydium | ||
| Grossulariaceae | Ribes | Undescribed[116] |
| A current fruit Not described | |
| Undescribed |
| A current Not described to species Two morphotypes present at Republic | |||
| Hamamelidaceae | Corylopsis | †Corylopsis reedae[117] |
| A winter-hazel | |
| Undescribed |
| A winter-hazel Not described to species | |||
| Fothergilla | †Fothergilla malloryi |
| A witch alder | ||
| Iteaceae | Itea | Undescribed |
| A Virginia willow species Not described to species. | |
| Cf. Itea | undescribed |
| A Virginia willow-like leaf Not described to genus or species. | ||
| Vitaceae | Ampelocissus | †"Ampelocissus" similkameenensis[118] [119] |
| A grape family fruit of uncertain generic placement | |
| incertae sedis | "Type 1" |
| A grape family fruit of uncertain generic placement Not described | ||
| "Type 2" |
| A grape family fruit of uncertain generic placement Not described | |||
| Unidentified | Unidentified |
| Vitoideae leaves/seeds In the Ampelocissus/Cissus/Vitis group Not described to species | ||
| Family | Genus | species | Sites | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Incertae sedis | †Averrhoites | Undescribed |
| A leaf morphotype of uncertain affiliation Not described to species | |
| incertae sedis | †Calycites | †Calycites ardtunensis |
| A winged fruit of unidentified affinities | |
| Incertae sedis | †Chaneya | †Chaneya tenuis[120] |
| A sapindalean flower of uncertain affiliations | |
| Incertae sedis | †Eorhiza | †Eorhiza arnoldii[121] [122] |
| A semi-aquatic dicot of uncertain affinity. | |
| Incertae sedis | †Lagokarpos | †Lagokarpos lacustris[123] |
| A fruit of uncertain affiliation | |
| Incertae sedis | †Pistillipollenites | †Pistillipollenites macgregorii[124] |
| A palynomorph uncertain affiliation produced by Pistillipollianthus wilsoni flowers. | |
| Incertae sedis | †Pistillipollianthus | †Pistillipollianthus wilsoni |
| A flower of uncertain affiliation producer of the Pistillipollenites macgregorii palynomorph. | |
| Incertae sedis | †Pteroheterochrosperma | †Pteroheterochrosperma horseflyensis[125] |
| A winged fruit of uncertain affinity First placed as Ulmus minuta by Penhallow (1908) Also found in the Kishenehn Formation | |
| incertae sedis | †Pteronepelys | †Pteronepelys wehrii[126] |
| A samara of uncertain affinities. | |
| incertae sedis | †Republica | †Republica hickeyi |
| An incertae sedis angiosperm possibly of hamamelid affiliations | |
| Incertae sedis | incertae sedis | †"Acer" negundifolium |
| Leaf fragments of a "problematic nature" First named Acerites negundifolium (1891) Wolfe and Tanai (1986) rejected the placement in Acer | |
A number of fungi have been preserved within the Princeton Chert, though only three have been formally described as of 2024. The first instance of ectomycorrhizae in the fossil record was reported by LePage et al. (1997) who documented mycorrhizal rootlets associated with Pinus roots.
| Order | Genus | species | Sites | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dothideales | †Palaeoserenomyces | †Palaeoserenomyces allenbyensis |
| An ascomycetan fungus on the host palm Uhlia allenbyensis | |
| Jahnulales | Xylomyces | undescribed[127] |
| A jahnulalean fungi. Noted to be similar to Xylomyces giganteus. In situ decomposer of Eorhiza arnoldii | |
| Microascales | Culcitalna | undescribed |
| A microascalean fungi. Noted to be similar to Culcitalna achraspora. In situ decomposer of Eorhiza arnoldii | |
| Thielaviopsis | undescribed |
| A microascalean fungi. Noted to be similar to Thielaviopsis basicola. In situ decomposer of Eorhiza arnoldii | ||
| Pleosporales | †Cryptodidymosphaerites | †Cryptodidymosphaerites princetonensis[128] |
| An ascomycetan fungus hosted on Uhlia allenbyensis | |
| †Monodictysporites | †Monodictysporites princetonensis[129] |
| An ascomycotan fungus hosted on Dennstaedtiopsis aerenchymata | ||
| Undescribed | Undescribed | Undescribed[130] |
| Ectomycorrhizae associated with Pinus roots Similar to the modern genera Rhizopogon and Suillus | |
A number of taxa identified or described by Penhallow (1902, 1906, 1908) and Berry (1926) have not received much or any modern attention, resulting in uncertainty of taxon affiliation, identification, or synonymy. Many late 1800's to early 1900's identifications of Okanagan highlands fossils were made based on geologic age assumptions ranging between the Miocene to Pliocene, and often specimens were grouped into species bins for taxa first described from Europe.
| Family | Species | Reporting Author | Sites | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adoxaceae | †"Viburnum antiquum" | Berry, 1926 |
| First named as a viburnum leaf morphotype British Columbian specimens rejected from species by Manchester 2002 | |
| †Viburnum dentoni | Penhallow, 1908 |
| A viburnum leaf morphotype | ||
| Araliaceae | Aralia acerifolia | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Fragmentary leaves. jr synonym of Macginitiea nobilis. | |
| Aralia notata | Penhallow, 1902 |
| Fragmentary leaves. jr synonym of Macginitiea nobilis. | ||
| Betulaceae | Alnus alaskana | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Fragmentary leaves Type locality Kootznahoo islands, Alaska (Miocene?) | |
| Alnus carpinoides | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Fragmentary leaves Type locality Bridge Creek, Oregon (Miocene?) | ||
| Alnus serrulata fossilis | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Fragmentary leaves "Miocene of Western North America" | ||
| Betula angustifolia | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Leaves. Type locality Bridge Creek, Orgeon | ||
| Betula heterodonta | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Leaves and one possible cone. Type locality Bridge Creek, Oregon | ||
| Betula macrophylla | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Fragmetary leaves with cones. Type locality Europe | ||
| Betula stevensoni | Penhallow, 1902 |
| Fragmentary leaves Type locality Laramie, Wyoming | ||
| Carpinus grandis | Dawson, 1890 |
| |||
| Corylus americana | Penhallow, 1908 |
| A hazel nut | ||
| Cercidiphyllaceae | †Cercidiphyllum arcticum[131] [132] | Dawson, 1879 |
| A katsura leaf morphotype Moved from Trochodendroides arctica (1926) Also includes:
| |
| Jenkinsella arctica [133] | Berry, 1926 |
| A katsura like fruit morphospecies Moved from Leguminosites arachioides IncludesLeguminosites borealis, (illegitimate jr syn) | ||
| Cornaceae | †Cornophyllum nebrascensis [134] | Penhallow, 1908 |
| A punitive dogwood relative First reported as "Cornus newberryi" | |
| †Cornus suborbifera ? | Penhallow, 1908 |
| A dogwood | ||
| Cupressaceae | †Thuja interrupta | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality Fort Union Formation, North Dakota An arborvite species | |
| Cyperaceae | †Cyperacites haydenii | Penhallow, 1907 |
| A monocot of uncertain affinity | |
| Ericaceae | Andromeda delicatula | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Two Ericaceae? leaves Type locality Green River Formation | |
| Fagaceae | †Castanea castanaefolia | Penhallow, 1902 |
| Fragmentary leaves. | |
| †Castanea intermedia? | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Single fragmentary specimen | ||
| †Castanopsis perplexa | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Single fragmentary specimen Specimen published as Salix perplexa | ||
| †Quercus castanopsis | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality Fort Union Formation, Montana An oak leaf morphotype. | ||
| †Quercus consimilis | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality Bridge Creek Flora, Orgeon An oak leaf morphotype. | ||
| †Quercus dallii | Dawson, 1891 |
| Type locality Cook Inlet, Alaska An oak leaf morphotype. | ||
| †Quercus groenlandica | Berry, 1926 |
| Type locality Greenland | ||
| †Quercus penhallowi | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality Fort Union Formation, North Dakota An oak leaf morphotype. First identified under the homonym Quercus laurifolia (Newberry) | ||
| Ginkgoaceae | †Ginkgo digitata | Penhallow, 1908 |
| A ginkgo leaf mophospecies. | |
| Juglandaceae | †Carya antiquorum | Penhallow, 1908 |
| A Carya leaf morphospecies | |
| †Juglans nigella | Dawson, 1876 |
| Type locality Cook Inlet, Alaska A walnut leaf morphospecies. | ||
| †Juglans occidentalis | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality Green River Formation, Wyoming A walnut leaf morphospecies. | ||
| †Juglans rhamnoides | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality Evanston, Utah A walnut leaf morphospecies. | ||
| Lauraceae | †Cinnamomum affine | Dawson, 1890 |
| A cinnamon leaf morphospecies | |
| Malvaceae | †Pterospermites alaskana | Berry, 1926 |
| Type locality Keni Formation A leaf morphospecies of possible sterculioid affinity | |
| Moraceae | Ficus asarifolia? | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality Most Basin Bílina Czech Republic A possible fig leaf morphospecies. | |
| Ficus asiminaefolia | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality "Rock Corral", California A possible fig leaf morphospecies. | ||
| Ficus decandolleana | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality Monod, Switzerland A possible fig leaf morphospecies. | ||
| Ficus populina | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality Monod, Switzerland A possible fig leaf morphospecies. | ||
| Ficus ungeri | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality Green River Formation, Whyoming A possible fig leaf morphospecies. | ||
| Musaceae | Musophyllum complicatum | Penhallow, 1908 Berry, 1926 |
| A monocot morphogenus | |
| Myricaceae | †Comptonia dryandroides | Penhallow, 1908 |
| A Comptonia leaf morphospecies | |
| †Comptonia partita | Penhallow, 1908 |
| A Comptonia leaf morphospecies Possibly closely allied to C. columbiana | ||
| †Myrica (?) personata | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality Fossil, Oregon A bayberry species | ||
| Onocleaceae | †Onoclea hebridica | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality Isle of Mull, UK A bead fern Listed as "Onoclea sensibilis" sensu Newberry | |
| Osmundaceae | †Osmunda heeri | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality Rivaz, Switzerland A royal fern | |
| Pinaceae | †Pinus lardyana | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality Switzerland A pine cone morphospecies | |
| Poaceae | †Phragmites alaskana | Berry, 1926 |
| A grass/sedge leaf morphogenus | |
| †Poacites tenuistriatus | Berry, 1926 |
| A grass/sedge leaf morphogenus | ||
| Potamogetonaceae | Potamogeton (?) verticillatus | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality Florissant, Colorado A punitive Potamogeton leaf morphospecies. | |
| Rhamnaceae | †Rhamnus belmontensis | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality Laramie, Colorado A buckthorn species First identified under the homonym Rhamnus elegans Newberry | |
| †Rhamnus eridani | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality Disco Island, Greenland, A buckthorn species | ||
| †Rhamnus gaudini | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality Switzerland, A buckthorn species | ||
| Rosaceae | †Prunus (?) merriami | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality Mascall Formation, Oregon A punitive cherry leaf morphospecies | |
| Rutaceae | †Zanthoxylum spireaefolium | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality Florissant, Colorado A rutaceous leaf morphospecies | |
| Salicaceae | †Populus cordata | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality Fort Union Formation, Montana A cottonwood leaf morphotype. | |
| †Populus latior | Dawson, 1879 |
| Type locality Europe A cottonwood leaf morphotype. Includes one subspecies P. l. cordifolia. | ||
| †Populus mutabilis crenata | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality Switzerland A cottonwood leaf morphotype. | ||
| †Populus polymorpha | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality Bridge Creek, Oregon A cottonwood leaf morphotype. | ||
| †Populus zaddachi | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality Samland, Russia A cottonwood leaf morphotype. | ||
| †Salix varians | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality Europe A willow species | ||
| Sapindaceae | †Acer chaneyi | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality Mascall Formation, Oregon A single incomplete leaf. First identified as Acer trilobatum productum | |
| Taxaceae | †Taxites olriki | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality Atanekerdluk, Greenland A yew needle morphospecies. | |
| Typhaceae | †Typha lesquereuxi | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality Florissant, Colorado A cattail morphospecies | |
| Ulmaceae | †Planera lingualis | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality Fort Union Formation, Wyoming A planera species First identified under the homonym Planera crenata (Newberry) | |
| †Ulmus minuta | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality Germany An elm species | ||
| †Ulmus speciosa | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality Bridge Creek, Oregon An elm species | ||
| †Ulmus tenuinervis | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality Middle Park, Colorado An elm species | ||
| Vitaceae | †Vitis alaskana ? | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality Admiralty Inlet, Alaska A grape leaf morphospecies Tentatively identified under the homonym Vitis rotundifolia (Newberry) | |
| †Vitis olriki ? | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality Atanekerdluk, Greenland A grape leaf morphospecies Tentatively identified under the homonym Vitis rotundifolia (Newberry) | ||
| Incertae sedis | †"Acer" grahamensis | Berry, 1926 |
| Type locality Port Graham, Alaska Fragmentary leaf fossils rejected from Acer by Wolfe & Tanai (1986) First identified as Acer macropterum (Heer) | |
| †Leguminosites arachioides | Penhallow, 1908 |
| Type locality is Evanston, Wyoming A fruit of uncertain family affinity | ||