Paleoflora of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands explained

Paleoflora of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands should not be confused with Paleofauna of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands.

The paleoflora of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands includes all plant and fungi fossils preserved in the Eocene Okanagan Highlands Lagerstätten. The highlands are a series of Early Eocene geological formations which span an 1000km (1,000miles) transect of British Columbia, Canada and Washington state, United States and are known for the diverse and detailed plant fossils which represent an upland temperate ecosystem immediately after the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, and before the increased cooling of the middle and late Eocene to Oligocene. The fossiliferous deposits of the region were noted as early as 1873, with small amounts of systematic work happening in the 1880-90s on British Columbian sites, and 1920-30s for Washington sites. A returned focus and more detailed descriptive work on the Okanagan Highlands sites revived in the 1970s. The noted richness of agricultural plant families in Republic and Princeton floras resulted in the term "Eocene orchards" being used for the paleofloras.

Paleoflora

The Eocene Okanagan Highlands hosted a diverse mix of temperate and tropical paleobiotic elements,[1] with the forests having the first significant proportions of temperate plants in North America.[2] The paleobotanical community was a mixture of plants found in subtropical evergreen and temperate deciduous forests. Included in the forest were a number of important modern temperate flowering plant families such as Betulaceae, Rosaceae, and Sapindaceae, plus the conifer family Pinaceae. Study of the deciduous plants from the highlands has documented the occurrence of heteromorphic leaves derived from sun versus shade conditions and long shoot or short shoot buds. The paleobotanical community of the Republic area has been noted as the most diverse floral community of the Okanagan highlands, with some estimates ranging to over 68 families and 134 genera being present.[3] The noted richness of Rosaceae fossils along with other important agricultural plant families found in the Republic and Princeton floras, including the genera that contain modern apples, blackberries, cherries, and serviceberries resulted in Wes Wher and Donald Hopkins (1994) coining the term "Eocene orchards".[4] [5] Fossil evidence from both Sorbus/Crataegus and Rhus leaves in the Republic sites indicate the area was a center for species overlap and active hybridization events.

Extent

The majority of the lake deposits are compression fossils in lake bed sediments grouped informally into "Northern", "Central", and "Southern" sites.[6] The Northern sites are composed of unnamed Ootsa Group formations which outcrop as the "Driftwood shales" near Smithers, British Columbia, sites now considered lost in the Quesnel, British Columbia area, and the "Horsefly shales", of an unnamed formation and unnamed group which outcrop around Horsefly, British Columbia. The Central sites represent Kamloops Group formations with the McAbee Fossil Beds, Tranquille River site and Falkland site, all in the Tranquille Formation, the Quichena site and Stump Lake site in the Coldwater Beds and outcrops of the Chu Chua Formation near Barriere, British Columbia. The Southern sites include the Princeton Group Allenby Formation sites surrounding Princeton, British Columbia, such as "Nine Mile Creek", "One Mile Creek", "Pleasant Valley", "Thomas Ranch", "Vermilian Bluffs", and "Whipsaw Creek". The most southerly of the Okanagan Highlands lakes, the Klondike Mountain Formation in Northern Ferry County, Washington include the "Boot Hill", "Corner Lot", "Gold Mountain", "Knob Hill", and "Mount Elizabeth" localities. Closely correlated with the Klondike Mountain Formation are the Penticton groups Kettle River, Marama and Marron Formations in the Boundary District along the Canada-United States border.[7]

There is debate as to the affiliation of the, now lost, Quesnel outcrops with the Greater Okanagan Highlands. Archibald et al. (2018) in the monograph overview of the Highlands Hymenoptera included them as part of the series. However the certainty for the placement was later questioned by Archibald and Cannings (2022) who opted to tentatively exclude Quesnel from the highlands while discussing the history of field collecting in the region.[8]

Chert and amber

Additionally two important non-compression biotas are present in the Eocene Okanagan Highlands. A permineralized chert flora, the Princeton Chert is found along the Similkameen River interbedded with coal deposits of the Ashnola shale unit, Allenby Formation known for anatomically preserved plants.[9] In the Central sites, subbituminous coal of the Hat Creek Coal Formation around Hat Creek hosts an amber biota, the Hat Creek amber which preserves many small insects and plant fragments that would likely not be found in the compression biotas.[10] [11]

Diatoms

Two algae taxa of the protist order Ochrophyta have been described from the highlands, and are placed in the family Aulacoseiraceae, a member of the diatom order Bacillariophyceae,.[12] The third algae is identified as a living paleoendemic Mallomonas species now restricted to warmer climates in North America and Europe.[13]

FamilyGenusspeciesSitesNotesImages
AulacoseiraceaeAulacoseira"Undescribed"
  • Horsefly
An aulacoseiraceous diatom
Not described to species
EoseiraEoseira wilsonii[14]
  • Horsefly
An aulacoseiraceous diatom
MallomonadaceaeMallomonasMallomonas intermedia
  • Horsefly
An mallomonadaceous synurid algae
Extant, and considered a paleoendemic species for Canada

Bryophytes

A group of six mosses were described from the Allenby Formation by Kuc (1972,1974) representing the genera Ditrichites, Hypnites and Plagiopodopsis, with two species placed in the morphogenus Muscites. Further revision of the fossils was conducted by Milner (1980), who placed two species into the genus Plagiopodopsis and moved both species described as Palaeohypnum to other genera. One further moss has been described from Horsefly, and placed in the living genus Aulacomnium by Janssens et al (1979). Dillhoff et al. (2013) reference undescribed moss specimens from the Klondike Mountain Formation known from vegetative gametophytes, and George Poinar, Jr. et al. (1999) illustrated an undescribed specimen of moss entombed in Hat Creek Amber.[10]

FamilyGenusspeciesSitesNotesImages
AmblystegiaceaeHypnitesHypnites jovet-astiae[15]
  • Princeton
An amblystegiaceous moss,
First described as Palaeohypnum jovet-asti,
moved to Hypnites jovet-astiae in 1980
Hypnites steerei
  • Princeton
An amblystegiaceous moss
First described as Palaeohypnum steerei,
moved to Hypnites steerei in 1980
AulacomniaceaeAulacomniumAulacomnium heterostichoides[16]
  • Horsefly
An aulacomniaceous moss
BartramiaceaePlagiopodopsisPlagiopodopsis eocenicus[17]
  • Princeton
A bartramiaceous moss
First described as Muscites eocenicus,
moved to Plagiopodopsis eocenicus in 1980
?DitrichaceaeDitrichitesDitrichites fylesi[18]
  • Princeton
A ditrichaceous moss
Incertae sedisMuscitesMuscites maycocki
  • Princeton
A moss of uncertain placement
Muscites ritchiei
  • Princeton
A moss of uncertain placement
UndescribedUndescribedUndescribed[19] [20]
  • Falkland
  • Horsefly
  • Princeton
  • Republic
Undescribed moss compression specimens
Undescribed
  • Hat Creek
Undescribed moss amber specimens

Lycophytes

Both an undescribed member of the fossil quillwort genus Isoetites[21] and the spikemoss genus Selaginella[22] have been found in the Klondike Mountain Formation, while an additional fossil deemed Cf. Selaginella was later reported from the Allenby Formation.

FamilyGenusspeciesSitesNotesImages
IsoetaceaeIsoetitesUndescribed
  • Republic
A quillwort relative
Not described
SelaginellaceaeSelaginellaUndescribed
  • Republic
A spikemoss
Not described
Cf. SelaginellaUndescribed
  • Princeton
A spikemoss from the Thomas Ranch site.
Not described

Pteridophytes

Four species of ferns and fern relatives have been described from the compression biotas and an additional four compression taxa that have been tentatively identified to family or genus. A series of four additional ferns have been described from premineralized specimens in the Princeton Chert and a fifth taxon is identified to genus.

FamilyGenusspeciesSitesNotesImages
AthyriaceaeDickwhiteaDickwhitea allenbyensis[23]
  • Princeton Chert
An athyriaceous fern
MakotopterisMakotopteris princetonensis[24]
  • Princeton Chert
An athyriaceous fern
BlechnaceaeTrawetsiaTrawetsia princetonensis[25]
  • Princeton Chert
A blechnacious fern
WoodwardiaWoodwardia arctica[26]
  • Chu Chua
A blechnacious fern
First identified as Woodwardia maxoni[27]
CystopteridaceaeCf. CystopterisUndescribed
  • Republic
A possible bladder fern relative.
Not identified to species
DennstaedtiaceaeDennstaedtiaDennstaedtia christophelii[28]
  • Falkland
  • Republic
A Hayscented fern
First identified at Falkland as (?)Adiantum sp.2
DennstaedtiopsisDennstaedtiopsis aerenchymata[29]
  • Princeton Chert
A dennstaedtioid fern
EquisetaceaeEquisetumEquisetum similkamense[30] [31]
  • Chu chua
  • Princeton
A scouring rush
Possibly a synonym of Equisetum boreale per Berry (1926).
EquisetumUndescribed[32]
  • Falkland
  • Hat Creek
  • Republic
A scouring rush.
Not identified to species
HymenophyllaceaeHymenophyllumHymenophyllum axsmithii
  • Republic
A filmy fern
LygodiaceaeLygodiumUndescribed
  • Republic
A climbing fern.
Not identified to species
OsmundaceaeOsmundaUndescribed[33]
  • Driftwood
  • Horsefly
  • Princeton
  • Princeton Chert
An osmundaceous fern
Not identified to species
Pteridaceae(?)AdiantumUndescribed
  • Falkland
A possible maidenhair fern
Not identified to species
Listed by Smith et al. (2012) as (?)Adiantum sp. 1
SalviniaceaeAzollaAzolla primaeva[34] [35] [36]
  • Princeton
  • Quilchena
  • Republic
  • Stump Lake
A mosquito fern,
First described as Azollophyllum primaevum
Undescribed
  • Driftwood
  • Falkland
  • Horsefly
A mosquito fern,
Not identified to species
SalviniaUndescribed
  • Republic
    (Mt Elizabeth)
A "watermoss" species.
Not identified to species.
ThelypteridaceaeCf. PhegopterisUnidentified[37]
  • Driftwood
A northern beech fern species.
Not described to species.
Comparable to species of the P. connectilis group

Gymnosperms

Three major groups of gymnosperms are present in the Okanagan Highlands formations, with the most speciose being the pinophytes. The ginkgophytes are represented by two species of Ginkgo, while an undescribed Zamiaceae member is the sole cycadophyte.

Gingkophytes

FamilyGenusSpeciesSitesNotesImages
GinkgoaceaeGinkgoGinkgo biloba[40]
  • Chu chua
  • Falkland
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Republic
  • Tranquille
A ginkgo,
Possibly belonging to †Ginkgo adiantoides instead.
Ginkgo dissecta
  • Falkland
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Republic
A ginkgo
Undescribed
  • Chu Chua
  • Driftwood
  • Hat Creek
  • Horsefly
  • Quilchena
A ginkgo
Not described to species

Conifers

Cupressaceae

FamilyGenusSpeciesSitesNotesImages
CunninghamioideaeCunninghamiaUndescribed
  • Driftwood
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Republic
A Cunninghamia
Not described to species
CupressoideaeCalocedrusUndescribed
  • Quilchena
  • Republic
An incense cedar
Not described to species
ChamaecyparisUndescribed[41] [42]
  • Driftwood
  • Falkland
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Quilchena
  • Republic
A false cypress
Not described to species
Possibly in the Callitropsis nootkatensis lineage.[43]
CupressinocladusCupressinocladus interruptus
  • Falkland
A Cupressoid foliage morphotaxon.
Undescribed[44]
  • Princeton
A Cupressoid foliage morphotaxon.
Not described to species
First identified as Chamaecyparis linguaefolia
JuniperusUndescribed
  • Hat Creek (pollen)
  • Horsefly
  • McAbee (pollen)
  • Princeton
A juniper
Not described to species
ThujaUndescribed
  • Driftwood
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Quilchena
  • Republic
An arborvitae
Not described to species
Cf. CalocedrusUndescribed
  • McAbee
An incense cedar relative
Not described to genus/species
Cf. ThujopsisUndescribed[45]
  • Driftwood
  • McAbee
  • Republic
A Hiba relative
Not described to genus/species
SequoioideaeMetasequoiaMetasequoia milleri[46]
  • Princeton Chert
A dawn redwood
Metasequoia occidentalis[47] [48]
  • Chu Chua
  • Driftwood
  • Falkland
  • Horsefly
  • Kettle River
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Quilchena
  • Republic
  • Tranquille
A dawn redwood
Older sources identified as:
  • "Sequoia" angustifolia
  • S." brevifolia
  • "S." heerii
  • "S." langsdorfii (in part)
  • "S." nordenskiöldi
  • Taxodium distichum miocenum (in part)
  • Taxodium occidentale
Undescribed
  • Hat Creek
A dawn redwood
Not described to species
SequoiaSequoia affinis
  • Falkland
  • Princeton
  • Republic
A Redwood
Reported by Brown (1935) from Republic as "Sequioa langsdorfii"
Undescribed
  • Chu Chua
  • Driftwood
  • Horsefly
  • McAbee
  • Quilchena
TaiwanioideaeTaiwaniaUndescribed
  • Republic
A Taiwania species
not described to species
TaxodioideaeCryptomeriaUndescribed
  • McAbee
  • Republic
A sugi
Not described to species
GlyptostrobusGlyptostrobus europaeus[49]
  • Chu Chua
  • Horsefly
  • Kamloops
  • Stump Lake
  • Princeton
A Chinese swamp cypress
Undescribed
  • Falkland(?)
  • Hat Creek
  • Quilchena
  • Republic
A Chinese swamp cypress
Not described to species
TaxodiumTaxodium dubium[50]
  • Chu Chua
  • Falkland
  • Republic
A bald cypress
Undescribed
  • Chu Chua
  • Hat Creek (pollen)
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Quilchena
A bald cypress
not described to species
Incertae sedisCupressinoxylonCupressinoxylon dawsoni
  • Horsefly
A fossil cupressaceous? wood
First described as Cupressoxylon dawsoni
Cupressinoxylon macrocarpoides
  • Kettle River
A fossil cupressaceous? wood
First described as Cupressoxylon macrocarpoides

Pinaceae

FamilyGenusSpeciesSitesNotesImages
AbietoideaeAbiesAbies milleri[51]
  • Falkland
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Republic
Oldest true fir described
Abies toxirivus[52]
  • Chu Chua
  • Quilchena
A fir conescale morphospecies
First named Pinus steenstrupiana in (1868)
Moved to Abies steenstrupiana 1952
Moved to Abies toxirivus in 1959
Undescribed
  • Driftwood
  • Horsefly
  • Quilchena
A true fir
Not described to species
KeteleeriaUndescribed
  • Quilchena
A Keteleeria species
Not described to species
PseudolarixPseudolarix amabilis[53]
  • Chu Chua
  • Driftwood
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Stump Lake
A golden larch
originally identified as Pseudolarix americana,
then as Pseudolarix arnoldii[54]
Pseudolarix wehrii
  • Princeton
  • Republic
A long bracted golden larch
Originally described as Pseudolarix americana.
Undescribed
  • Driftwood
  • Falkland
  • Horsefly
  • Quilchena
A golden larch
Not described to species
TsugaUndescribed
  • Driftwood
  • Horsefly
  • McAbee (pollen)
  • Princeton
  • Quilchena
  • Republic
A hemlock
Not described to species
LaricoideaePseudotsugaPseudotsuga miocena[55]
  • Horsefly
A Carbonized/petrified wood species
Found in the Cariboo mine at ~ depth
PiceoideaePiceaPicea columbiensis[56]
  • Kettle River
A spruce cone & needle species
Picea quilchenensis
  • Quilchena
A spruce needle species
Penhallow (1908) notes it may actually belong to P. tranquilensis
Picea tranquilensis
  • Tranquille
A spruce needle species
Penhallow (1908) notes P. quilchenensis may be a synonym
Undescribed[57]
  • Driftwood
  • Falkland
  • Horsefly
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Quilchena
  • Republic
A spruce
Not described
PinoideaePinusPinus allisonii[58]
  • Princeton Chert
A 2-needled Pine
Pinus andersonii
  • Princeton Chert
A 3-needled Pine
Pinus arnoldii[59] [60]
  • Princeton Chert
A basal Pine,
First described for ovulate cones
A whole plant reconstruction
includes the synonymized P. similkameenensis.
Pinus columbiana
  • Kettle River
A permineralized pinaceous wood, compression cone species
Pinus driftwoodensis[61]
  • Driftwood
A permineralized pinaceous cone
Pinus latahensis
  • Princeton
  • Republic
A 5-needle pine
"Pinus macrophylla"
  • Republic
A 3 needle pine, jr homoym to Pinus macrophylla Lindley 1839
Pinus monticolensis
  • Princeton
  • Republic
A pinaceous winged seed morphogenus
Pinus princetonensis
  • Princeton Chert
A pinaceous cone
Pinus tetrafolia
  • Republic
A possible 4 needled pine
Noted by Berry as
"highly improbable that this should represent a distinct botanic species"
Pinus trunculus
  • Chu Chua
  • Horsefly
  • Quilchena
  • Princeton
  • Tranquille
  • Stump Lake
A 3-needle pine
Pinus tulameenensis
  • Princeton
A 5-needle pine
Undescribed
  • Chu Chua
  • Driftwood
  • Falkland
  • Horsefly
  • McAbee
  • Quilchena
A pine
Not described to species

Taxaceae

NameAuthorityYearFamilyNotesImages
TaxaceaeAmentotaxusUndescribed
  • Princeton
  • Republic
A yew
Not described to species
Cf. AmentotaxusUndescribed
  • Driftwood
  • McAbee
  • Quilchena
A yew
Not described to genus/species
CephalotaxusUnidentified
  • Republic
A yew
Originally described placed in the Miocene Cephalotaxus bonseri[62]
Not described to species
TaxusUndescribed
  • Hat Creek (pollen)
  • Horsefly
  • Princeton (pollen)
  • Republic
A yew
Not described to species
Cf. TaxusUndescribed
  • McAbee
A yew
relative
Not described to genus/species
TorreyaUndescribed
  • Horsefly
A plum-yew
Not described to species
Cf. TorreyaUndescribed
  • Driftwood
  • McAbee
  • Quilchena
  • Republic
A plum-yew relative
Not described to genus/species
UnidentifiedUnidentified
  • Falkland
Cephalotaxaceous needles
Not described to genus/species

Angiosperms

Nymphaeales

The basal angiosperms are represented by two Nymphaeales water-lily species Nuphar carlquistii[63] from the Republic and Princeton shales, plus Allenbya collinsonae from the Princeton Chert.[64] Wehr (1995) illustrated two fossils that were tentatively identified as fruits of the banana genus Ensete and the extinct myrtle genus Paleomyrtinaea respectively,[65] however further fossil finds resulted in the re-identification of the first as a N. carlquistii rhizome section, and the second is a seed mass from the same water-lily.

FamilyGenusSpeciesSitesNotesImages
Nelumbonaceae?NelumbiumNelumbium pygmaeum
  • Horsefly
  • Princeton
Possible lotus family leaves
Synonym Nelumbo pygmaea (Dawson) Knowlton (1919)
Unidentified
  • Princeton
Fragmentary possible lotus family leaves
Penhallow suggests possibly the same as N. pygmaeum.
NelumboUnidentified
  • Falkland
Lotus leaves
Not described to gens or species
NymphaeaceaeAllenbyaAllenbya collinsonae
  • Princeton Chert
A waterlily relative.
Not to be confused with the odonate Allenbya
NupharNuphar carlquistii
  • Princeton
  • Republic
A waterlily,
Rhizome sections were first identified as Ensete.

Magnoliids

FamilyGenusspeciesSitesNotesImages
LauraceaeLinderaUndescribed
  • Princeton
A spicewood species.
Not described.
LiriodendronUndescribed
  • Chu Chua
Tentative identification based on 2 partial specimens
LitseaphyllumUndescribed
  • Republic
A lauraceous form species.
Not described
OcoteaUndescribed
  • Republic
A stinkwood species.
Not described
PhoebeUndescribed
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Republic
A Phoebe sp.
Not described.
SassafrasSassafras hesperia
  • Chu Chua
  • Falkland
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Republic
A sassafras
Formerly identified as Sassafras sellwyni
Undescribed[66]
  • Driftwood
  • Horsefly
  • Quilchena
A sassafras species
Not described to species
UnidentifiedUnidentified
  • Falkland
Lauraceous leaves
Not described to genus or species
Unidentified[67]
  • Princeton chert
Lauraceous fruits
Likely from a "self pruning" species
Not described to genus or species.
MagnoliaceaeLiriodendroxylonLiriodendroxylon princetonensis[68]
  • Princeton Chert
A Liriodendron-like wood.
MagnoliaUndescribed
  • Princeton
  • Republic
Magnolia leaves
Republic fossils possibly Magnolia subgenus Talauma
Not described to species
SaururaceaeSaururusSaururus tuckerae[69]
  • Princeton Chert
A lizard's-tail species
incertae sedisDillhoffiaDillhoffia cachensis[70]
  • McAbee
  • Republic
A flower of uncertain floral relationship, possibly of Magnoliid affinity
PrincetoniaPrincetonia allenbyensis[71] [72]
  • Princeton Chert
A possibly aquatic magnoliopsid
flower of uncertain affiliation.

Monocots

FamilyGenusspeciesSitesNotesImages
AlismataceaeHeleophytonHeleophyton helobieoides[73]
  • Princeton Chert
An aquatic or emergent water-plantain
AmaryllidaceaePaleoalliumPaleoallium billgenseli[74]
  • Princeton
  • Republic
An onion relative
AponogetonaceaeAponogetonAponogeton longispinosum[75]
  • Princeton chert
A Cape-pondweed pollen
AraceaeKeratospermaKeratosperma allenbyensis[76]
  • Princeton Chert
An arum family member
OrontiumOrontium wolfei[77]
  • Princeton
  • Republic
A golden club
ArecaceaeUhliaUhlia allenbyensis[78]
  • Princeton Chert
A Coryphoid palm
CyperaceaeCarexUndescribed
  • Horsefly
  • Quilchena
Sedge fruits
Not described to species.
PoaceaePhragmitesUndescribed
  • Kettle River
  • Princeton
grass family leaves of uncertain nature.
PotamogetonaceaePotamogetonUnidescribed
  • Kettle River
A possible Potamogeton species fruit.
Not described to species
SmilacaceaeSmilaxUndescribed
  • Republic
A greenbrier species.
Not Described
TyphaceaeTyphaUndescribed
  • Hat Creek Coal
  • Republic
A cattail species.
Not described
Cf. IridaceaePararisteapollisPararisteapollis stockeyi[79]
  • Princeton Chert
A possible iridaceous pollen morphotype
Incertae sedisEthelaEthela sargentiana[80]
  • Princeton chert
A cyperaceous or juncaceous poalean monocot
SolerederaSoleredera rhizomorpha[81]
  • Princeton Chert
A lilialean genus of uncertain placement

Eudicots

"Basal eudicots"

FamilyGenusspeciesSitesNotesImages
MenispermaceaeCalycocarpumUndescribed
  • Republic
A moonseed
Not described to species
PlatanaceaeLangeranthusLangeranthus dillhoffiorum[82]
  • Republic
A plane tree relative fruiting head.
LangeriaLangeria magnifica
  • Chu Chua
  • McAbee
  • Quilchena
  • Republic
A plane tree relative.
Formerly identified as "Corylus" macquarrii and then a witch-hazel relative.
MacginicarpaUndescribed
  • Princeton
  • Republic
A plane tree fruit taxon
Not described to species
MacginitieaMacginitiea gracilis
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Republic
A plane tree relative
Undescribed
  • Driftwood
  • Falkland
  • Horsefly
  • Quilchena
A sycamore relative
Not described to species
PlatananthusUndescribed
  • Republic
A sycamore stamen head
Not described to species
RanunculaceaeClematisUndescribed
  • Horsefly
  • Republic
A Clematis
Not described to species
SabiaceaeMeliosmaUndescribed
  • Republic
A Meliosma species
Not described to species
SabiaUndescribed
  • Republic
A Sabia species
Not described to species
SchisandraceaeKadsuraUndescribed
  • Republic
A kadsura species.
Not described to species
TrochodendraceaeParaconcavistylonParaconcavistylon wehrii[83]
  • McAbee
  • Republic
A Trochodendrale
first described as "Concavistylon" wehrii
moved to a new genus in 2020.[84]
PentacentronPentacentron sternhartae
  • Republic
A Trochodendrale
TetracentronTetracentron hopkinsii
  • Princeton
  • Republic
A Trochodendrale,
possibly the leaves of Pentacentron sternhartae
Unidentified
  • Falkland
Tetracentron leaves
Not described to species
TrochodendronTrochodendron drachukii[85]
  • McAbee
A Trochodendron
possibly the fruits of Trochodendron nastae
Trochodendron nastae[86]
  • McAbee
  • Republic
A Trochodendron
Possibly the leaves of Trochodendron drachukii
Unidentified
  • Falkland
Trochodendron fruits
Not described to species
ZizyphoidesUndescribed
  • Driftwood
  • Falkland
  • Horsefly
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Republic
A trochodendroid of uncertain placement.
Leaves of the fruit taxon Nordenskioldia
Not described to species.
Trochodendraceae?NordenskioldiaUndescribed
  • McAbee?
  • Princeton
  • Republic
A trochodendroid of uncertain placement.
Not described to species.

"Superasterids"

FamilyGenusspeciesSitesNotesImages
AquifoliaceaeIlexUndescribed
  • Republic
A holly
Not described to species
AraliaceaeAraliaUndescribed
  • Republic
A spikenard species
Not described.
Cf. AraliaUndescribed
  • McAbee?
A spikenard species foliage
Not described.
Cf.PaleopanaxUndescribed
  • McAbee?
A spikenard species fruit
Not described.
BignoniaceaeUndescribedUndescribed
  • Republic
A catalpa family member
Not described
CornaceaeCornusUndescribed
  • Chu Chua
  • Horsefly
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Quilchena
  • Republic
A dogwood species,
Not described
EbenaceaeUnidentified"Diospyros" dawsonii
  • Chu Chua
A punitive persimmon relative.
EricaceaeArbutusUndescribed
  • Republic
A madrone relative
Not described to species
RhododendronUndescribed
  • Republic
A Rhododendron
Not described to species
Cf. RhododendronUndescribed
  • McAbee
A genus close to Rhododendron
Not described to species
VaccinophyllumVaccinophyllum quaestum
  • Princeton
An ericaceous leaf morphogenus
Cf. LeucothoeUndescribed
  • Republic
A doghobble relative
Not described to species
EucommiaceaeEucommiaEucommia montana[87]
  • Quilchena
  • Republic
A "hard rubber tree" fruit
Eucommia rolandii
  • Quilchena
A "hard rubber tree" leaf
GarryaceaeAucubaUndescribed[88]
  • Republic
An Aucuba
Not described to species
Host to Incurvariidae (Aff. Incurvaria) moth feeding
HydrangeaceaeHydrangeaUndescribed
  • Republic
A Hydrangea.
Not described to species
PhiladelphusUndescribed
  • Republic
A mock-orange
Not described to species
IcacinaceaePalaeophytocreneUnidentified
  • Quilchena
  • Republic
A Phytocrene relative
Not described to species
NyssaceaeDiplopanaxDiplopanax eydei[89]
  • Princeton Chert
A tuplo relative.
TsukadaTsukada davidiifolia
  • Princeton
  • Republic
A dove-tree relative
Host to Cecidomyiidae gall midges.
OleaceaeFraxinusFraxinus eoemarginata[90]
  • Quilchena
An ash species with notched samara apex.
Cf.Fraxinus rupinarum
  • Quilchena
An ash species with rounded samara apex.
undescribed
  • McAbee
A possible ash relative.
Not described to species due to preservation.
Schoepfiaceae?Schoepfia?"Schoepfia" republicensis
  • Republic
A possible Schoepfia relative,
First described as "Cornus acuminata.
Theaceae?GordoniaUndescribed
  • Falkland
  • Republic
Possible Gordonia fruits
Not described to genus or species.
Ternstroemites"Species A"
  • McAbee
  • Quilchena
  • Republic
A theaceous species similar to Gordonia
Not described to species
Host to Cecidomyiidae gall midges.
"Species B"
  • Falkland
  • Republic
A theaceous species similar to Cleyera
Not described to species

"Superrosids"

Fabids COM clade
FamilyGenusspeciesSitesNotesImages
ElaeocarpaceaeSloaneaUndescribed
  • Republic
An elaeocarpaceous fruit
Not described to species
SalicaceaePopulusPopulus acuminatafolia
  • Chu chua
A cottonwood leaf species
Undescribed
  • Driftwood
  • McAbee
  • Quilchena
  • Republic
cottonwood leaves and branches
Not described to species
First identified as †Populus lindgreni at Republic
PseudosalixUndescribed
  • Driftwood
  • Republic
A willow relative
Not described to species
SalixSalix kamloopsiana
  • Kamloops
A willow species
Salix orbicularis
  • Quilchena
A willow leaf morphospecies
Salix tulameenensis
  • Princeton
A willow fruit morphospecies
Undescribed
  • McAbee
  • Princeton (pollen)
  • Republic
A willow
Not described to species
SapindusUndescribed
  • Princeton
A soap berry leaf
Not described to species
UndescribedUndescribed
  • Falkland
Possible Salicaceous leaves
Not described to genus or species
Fabids nitrogen‑fixing clade
FamilyGenusspeciesSitesNotesImages
BetulaceaeAlnitesAlnites curta
  • Horsefly
  • Quilchena
  • Princeton
A betulaceous relative.
AlnusAlnus cremastogynoides
  • Chu Chua
An alder.
Alnus crispoides
  • Chu Chua
An alder.
Deemed nomen nudum by LaMotte (1952)
Alnus kefersteinii
  • Chu Chua
An alder.
Alnus parvifolia
  • Chu Chua
  • Falkland
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Quilchena
  • Republic
An alder.
First described as Betula parvifolia (1926)
Previously identified as A. corralina (pro part.), A. elliptica and Carpinus grandis (pro part.)
Undescribed
  • Chu Chua
  • Driftwood
  • Horsefly
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Quilchena
An alder species
Not described to species
BetulaBetula leopoldae[91]
  • Chu Chua
  • Falkland
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Quilchena
  • Republic
An birch species
Undescribed
  • Driftwood
  • Falkland
  • Horsefly
  • Kettle River
  • Quilchena
  • Tranquille
Birch leaves and cones
Not described to species
CarpinusCarpinus perryae[92]
  • Republic
A hornbeam
CorylusCorylus johnsonii
  • Republic
A hazel nut
Unidentified
  • Falkland(?)
  • Princeton
A hazel nut leaf morphospecies
Not described to species
CorylitesUndescribed
  • Chu Chua
  • Driftwood
  • Horsefly
  • Princeton
  • Quilchena
  • Republic
A hazel nut relative
Not described to species
PalaeocarpinusPalaeocarpinus barksdaleae
  • Republic
An extinct coryloid relative
Palaeocarpinus dentatus
  • Horsefly
  • Quilchena
  • Stump Lake
  • Tranquille
An extinct coryloid relative.
First described as Carpolithes dentatus
Palaeocarpinus stonebergae
  • Princeton
An extinct coryloid relative
Undescribed
  • Driftwood
  • Horsefly
  • McAbee
  • Republic
A Palaeocarpinus species
Not described to species by modern studies
formerly grouped under Carpolithes dentatus
Cf. CorylusUndescribed
  • McAbee (pollen)
A hazel nut
Not described to species
UndescribedUndescribed
  • Hat Creek Coal
A betulaceous taxon
Not described to species
CeltidaceaePteroceltisUndescribed
  • Republic
A cannabaceous fruit
Not described
FagaceaeCastaneophyllumundescribed
  • Princeton
  • Republic
An fagaceous morphogenus
Not described to species
DryophyllumUndescribed
  • Quilchena
An extinct fagaceous leaf morphotype.
Not described to species
FagopsisFagopsis longifolia
  • Horsefly
  • Princeton
  • Tranquille
Moved from Planera longifolia by Hollick (1909)
Fagopsis undulata
  • Princeton
  • Republic
An extinct beech relative
undescribed
  • Driftwood
  • Horsefly
An extinct beech relative
Not described to species
FagusFagus langevinii[93]
  • Falkland
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Republic
A beech
Undescribed
  • Chu Chua
A beech
QuercusQuercus uglowi
  • Chu Chua
An oak leaf species
undescribed[94]
  • Driftwood
  • Falkland
  • Horsefly
  • McAbee (pollen)
  • Quilchena
  • Princeton
  • Republic
An oak
Not described to species
Cf.Castaneophyllumundescribed
  • Quilchena
An fagaceous morphogenus
Not described to species
JuglandaceaeCaryaCarya dawsoni
  • Chu Chua
A punitive hickory
First described as Hicoria dawsoni (1926)
Carya stanleyanum
  • Chu Chua
  • Quilchena
A punitive hickory
First described as Dryophyllum stanleyanum (1895)
Undescribed
  • Chu Chua
  • Horsefly
  • McAbee (pollen)
  • Quilchena
  • Republic
A possible hickory
Not described to species
CrucipteraCruciptera simsonii[95]
  • Republic
A walnut family relative.
JuglansUndescribed
  • McAbee (pollen)
  • Princeton
  • Quilchena
  • Republic
A walnut family relative.
Not described to species.
PterocaryaUndescribed
  • McAbee (pollen)
  • Princetona
  • Republic
A wingnut relative.
Not described to species.
UndescribedUndescribed
  • Falkland
Juglandaceous leaves
Not described to genus or species
MoraceaeFicus?Undescribed
  • Horsefly
  • Princeton
Fragmentary fig? leaves
Not described
MorusUndescribed
  • Republic
A mulberry, two types known.
Not described to species
MyricaceaeComptoniaComptonia columbiana[96] [97]
  • Falkland
  • Kamloops
  • McAbee
  • Quilchena
  • Princeton
  • Republic
A comptonia species
Comptonia predryandroides
  • Chu Chua
A comptonia species
Comptonia quilchenensis
  • Quilchena
A comptonia species
Described from a single poorly preserved leaf
Undescribed
  • Chu Chua
A comptonia species
not identified to species
Possibly C. columbiana or C. predryandroides
MyricaMyrica uglowi
  • Chu Chua
A bayberry species
Undescribed
  • Horsefly
A possible bayberry
Not described to species
PolygalaceaeDeviacerUndescribed
  • Falkland
  • Horsefly
  • Quilchena
  • Republic
A milkwort relative
Not described to species
RhamnaceaeCeanothusUndescribed
  • Princeton
A ceanothus leaf
Not described to species
PaliurusUndescribed
  • Princeton
A Paliurus leaf
Not described to species
RhamnusRhamnus quilchenensis
  • Horsefly
  • Quilchena
A buckthorn species.
RosaceaeAmelanchierUndescribed
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Quilchena
  • Republic
A service berry
Not described to species
CrataegusCrataegus tranquillensis
  • Tranquille
A hawthorn leaf
Crataegus tulameensis
  • Princeton
A hawthorn fruit
Cf. CrataegusUndescribed
  • Falkland
  • Horsefly
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Republic
A hawthorn relative
Not described to species
?HolodiscusUndescribed
  • Falkland
Possible oceanspray leaves
Not described to species
MalusCf. Malus idahoensis
  • Falkland
An apple
Not described to species
Aff. MalusUndescribed
  • Republic
A maloid species possibly apple or pear
Not described to specie
NeviusiaNeviusia dunthornei[98]
  • Princeton
A snow-wreath
Undescribed
  • Republic
A snow-wreath
Not described to species
OemleriaOemleria janhartfordae[99]
  • Republic
An Osoberry
PaleorosaPaleorosa similkameenensis[100]
  • Princeton Chert
A rose family flower
"Paraprunus"Undescribed
  • Republic
An amygdaloid leaf morphotaxon
Not described to genus/species
Host to Cynipidae gall wasps
The name "Paraprunus" is nomen nudum
PhotiniaPhotinia pageae
  • Falkland
  • Republic
A Christmas-berry relative
Undescribed
  • Princeton
A Christmas-berry relative
Aff. PhysocarpusUndescribed
  • Princeton
  • Republic
A possible nine-bark
Not described to species
Possibly stem Neillieae[101]
PrunusPrunus allenbyensis[102]
  • Princeton Chert
A prunoid wood.
Prunus cathybrownae
  • Republic
A cherry flower
"Princeton chert species 1"
  • Princeton Chert
A prunoid seed.
Not described to species
"Princeton chert species 2"
  • Princeton Chert
A prunoid seed.
Not described to species
"Princeton chert species 3"
  • Princeton Chert
A prunoid seed.
Not described to species
"Republic species 1"
  • Republic
A prunoid leaf.
Not described to species
"Republic species 2"
  • Republic
A prunoid leaf.
Not described to species
"Republic species 3"
  • Republic
A prunoid leaf.
Not described to species
undescribed
  • Chu Chua
  • Falkland(?)
  • Princeton
  • Quilchena
A prunoid leaf.
Not described to species
Cf. Prunusundescribed
  • Falkland
  • McAbee
Amygdaloid leaves and flowers of prunoid affinity.
Not described to species
PyracanthaUndescribed
  • Republic
A firethorn sp.
Tentative record, Not described to species.
PyrusUndescribed
  • Horsefly
A pear
Not described to species
Cf. PyrusUndescribed
  • Republic
A maloid species possibly apple or pear
Not described to species
RubusUndescribed
  • Princeton
  • Republic
A blackberry
Not described to species
Sorbus?"Sorbus" decorifolia
  • Chu Chua
A punitive sorbus
Aff. SorbusUndescribed
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Republic
A rowan relative
Not described to species.
Aff. SpiraeaUndescribed
  • Falkland
  • Princeton
  • Republic
A bridal wreath
Not described to species.
StonebergiaStonebergia columbiana[103]
  • Princeton
A sorbarieous genus
Malvids
FamilyGenusspeciesSitesNotesImages
AnacardiaceaeRhusRhus boothillensis[104]
  • Republic
A sumac
hybridized with the other Klondike Mountain Formation Rhus species
Rhus garwellii
  • Republic
A sumac with leaflets on short petiolules
hybridized with the other Klondike Mountain Formation Rhus species
Rhus malloryi
  • Falkland
  • Republic
A sumac with leaflets on short petiolules
hybridized with the other Klondike Mountain Formation Rhus species
Rhus republicensis
  • Republic
A sumac with sessile leaflets
hybridized with the other Klondike Mountain Formation Rhus species
Undescribed
  • Falkland
  • McAbee?
  • Quilchena
  • Princeton
A sumac species
Not described to species
BurseraceaeBarghoorniaBarghoornia oblongifolia
  • Republic
An extinct Bursera relative
LythraceaeDecodonDecodon allenbyensis[105]
  • Princeton Chert
A swamp loosestrife
Undescribed
  • Princeton
  • Republic
A swamp loosestrife
Not described to species
MalvaceaeCraigiaCraigia oregonensis[106]
  • Princeton
A Craigia species
Undescribed
  • Republic
A Craigia species
Not described to species
FlorissantiaFlorissantia quilchenensis
  • Falkland
  • McAbee
  • Quilchena
  • Republic
A Florissantia species
Undescribed
  • Driftwood
  • Horsefly
  • Princeton
A Florissantia species
Not described to species
HibiscusUndescribed
  • Republic
A hibiscus
Not described to species
PlafkeriaUndescribed
  • Republic
A linden relative
Not described to species
Host to Cecidomyiidae gall midges.
TiliaTilia johnsoni
  • Republic
A Linden
Undescribed[107]
  • Princeton
  • Quilchena
  • Republic
A Linden relative
Not described to species
MyrtaceaePaleomyrtinaeaPaleomyrtinaea princetonensis[108]
  • Princeton Chert
A Myrtaceous fruit
SimaroubaceaeAilanthophyllumAilanthophyllum incertum
  • Tranquille
A leaf of simaroubaceous affinity.
SapindaceaeAcerAcer dubium
  • Horsefly
single fruit missing a seed.
Provisionally named by Penhallow (1902)
Deemed nomen nudum by LaMotte (1952)
Acer hillsi[109]
  • Republic
A maple samara.
Acer princetonense
  • Princeton
A maple samara morphospecies.
Acer republicense
  • Republic
A maple samara morphospecies.
Acer rousei
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
A maple samara morphospecies.
Acer spitzi
  • Republic
A maple samara morphospecies.
Acer stewarti
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
A maple leaf and samara species.
Acer stockeyae
  • Princeton
A maple samara morphospecies.
Acer stonebergae
  • Princeton
  • Republic
A maple samara morphospecies.
Acer toradense
  • Princeton
  • Republic
A maple samara morphospecies.
Acer washingtonense
  • Republic
A maple leaf and samara species.
Acer wehri
  • Chu Chua
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Quilchena
  • Republic
A maple samara morphospecies.
Undescribed
  • Chu Chua
  • Driftwood
  • Falkland
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Quilchena
Maple leaves and seeds.
Not described to species
Leaves host to Cynipidae gall wasps
AesculusUndescribed[110]
  • Falkland
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Republic
A horse chestnut
Not described to species.
Possible nuts with a "hard and resisting shell" were reported by Penhallow (1908) from the Tulameen River.
BohleniaBohlenia americana
  • Falkland
  • Republic
A soap berry genus
Cf. Bohlenia insignis
  • Chu Chua
A soap berry genus
First described as Myrica uglowi
Undescribed
  • Falkland
  • Quilchena
A soap berry genus
Not described
DipteroniaDipteronia brownii[111]
  • Chu Chua
  • Driftwood
  • Falkland
  • Horsefly
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Quilchena
  • Republic
A Dipteronia species
KoelreuteriaKoelreuteria dilcheri
  • Republic
A Koelreuteria species
UndescribedA Koelreuteria species
WehrwolfeaWehrwolfea striata[112]
  • Princeton Chert
A possible dodonaecous soapberry family flower
Cf. Boniodendron"Koelreuteria" arnoldii[113]
  • Falkland
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Republic
A sapindaceous species
first described as a Koelreuteria species,
considered Cf. Boniodendron by Wang et al. (2012).
UlmaceaeCedrelospermumUndescribed
  • Quilchena
  • Republic
An elm relative
Not described to species
UlminiumUlminium columbianum
  • Kettle River
An elm wood species.
Moved from Ulmus columbiana in 1922[114]
UlmusUlmus chuchuanus[115]
  • Chu Chua
  • Driftwoodd
  • Falkland
  • Quilchena
  • Republic
An elm
Originally named Ulmus columbianus
Leaves and fruits first tentatively identified as Chaetaptelea and Zelkova
Ulmus okanaganensis
  • Chu Chua
  • Driftwoodd
  • Falkland
  • McAbee
  • Quilchena
  • Republic
An elm
Ulmus protoamericana
  • Kettle River
An elm wood species.
Ulmus protoracemosa
  • Kettle River
An elm wood species.
Undescribed
  • Driftwood
  • Falkland
  • Horsefly
  • Princeton
  • Quilchena
Elm leaves or fruits
Not described to species
Saxifragales and basal Superrosids
FamilyGenusspeciesSitesNotesImages
CercidiphyllaceaeCercidiphyllumCercidiphyllum obtritum
  • Princeton
  • Republic
A katsura with suggested affinity to †Joffrea,
First described as "Populus" obtrita
UnidentifiedUnidentified
  • Chu Chua
  • Driftwood
  • Horsefly
  • Falkland
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Quilchena
A katsura relative with suggested affinity to †Joffrea or †Nyssydium
GrossulariaceaeRibesUndescribed[116]
  • Princeton Chert
A current fruit
Not described
Undescribed
  • Falkland
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Republic
A current
Not described to species
Two morphotypes present at Republic
HamamelidaceaeCorylopsisCorylopsis reedae[117]
  • Republic
A winter-hazel
Undescribed
  • Princeton
  • Quilchena
A winter-hazel
Not described to species
FothergillaFothergilla malloryi
  • Princeton
  • Republic
A witch alder
IteaceaeIteaUndescribed
  • Republic
A Virginia willow species
Not described to species.
Cf. Iteaundescribed
  • Falkland
A Virginia willow-like leaf
Not described to genus or species.
VitaceaeAmpelocissus"Ampelocissus" similkameenensis[118] [119]
  • Princeton Chert
A grape family fruit of uncertain generic placement
incertae sedis"Type 1"
  • Princeton Chert
A grape family fruit of uncertain generic placement
Not described
"Type 2"
  • Princeton Chert
A grape family fruit of uncertain generic placement
Not described
UnidentifiedUnidentified
  • Falkland
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Republic
Vitoideae leaves/seeds
In the Ampelocissus/Cissus/Vitis group
Not described to species

Incertae sedis

FamilyGenusspeciesSitesNotesImages
Incertae sedisAverrhoitesUndescribed
  • Falkland
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Republic
A leaf morphotype of uncertain affiliation
Not described to species
incertae sedisCalycitesCalycites ardtunensis
  • Republic
A winged fruit of unidentified affinities
Incertae sedisChaneyaChaneya tenuis[120]
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
A sapindalean flower of uncertain affiliations
Incertae sedisEorhizaEorhiza arnoldii[121] [122]
  • Princeton Chert
A semi-aquatic dicot of uncertain affinity.
Incertae sedisLagokarposLagokarpos lacustris[123]
  • Horsefly
A fruit of uncertain affiliation
Incertae sedisPistillipollenitesPistillipollenites macgregorii[124]
  • Horsefly
A palynomorph uncertain affiliation
produced by Pistillipollianthus wilsoni flowers.
Incertae sedisPistillipollianthusPistillipollianthus wilsoni
  • Horsefly
A flower of uncertain affiliation
producer of the Pistillipollenites macgregorii palynomorph.
Incertae sedisPteroheterochrospermaPteroheterochrosperma horseflyensis[125]
  • Horsefly
  • McAbee
  • Republic
A winged fruit of uncertain affinity
First placed as Ulmus minuta by Penhallow (1908)
Also found in the Kishenehn Formation
incertae sedisPteronepelysPteronepelys wehrii[126]
  • Republic
A samara of uncertain affinities.
incertae sedisRepublicaRepublica hickeyi
  • Republic
An incertae sedis angiosperm
possibly of hamamelid affiliations
Incertae sedisincertae sedis"Acer" negundifolium
  • Stump Lake
Leaf fragments of a "problematic nature"
First named Acerites negundifolium (1891)
Wolfe and Tanai (1986) rejected the placement in Acer

Fungi

A number of fungi have been preserved within the Princeton Chert, though only three have been formally described as of 2024. The first instance of ectomycorrhizae in the fossil record was reported by LePage et al. (1997) who documented mycorrhizal rootlets associated with Pinus roots.

OrderGenusspeciesSitesNotesImages
DothidealesPalaeoserenomycesPalaeoserenomyces allenbyensis
  • Princeton Chert
An ascomycetan fungus on the host palm Uhlia allenbyensis
JahnulalesXylomycesundescribed[127]
  • Princeton Chert
A jahnulalean fungi.
Noted to be similar to Xylomyces giganteus.
In situ decomposer of Eorhiza arnoldii
MicroascalesCulcitalnaundescribed
  • Princeton Chert
A microascalean fungi.
Noted to be similar to Culcitalna achraspora.
In situ decomposer of Eorhiza arnoldii
Thielaviopsisundescribed
  • Princeton Chert
A microascalean fungi.
Noted to be similar to Thielaviopsis basicola.
In situ decomposer of Eorhiza arnoldii
PleosporalesCryptodidymosphaeritesCryptodidymosphaerites princetonensis[128]
  • Princeton Chert
An ascomycetan fungus
hosted on Uhlia allenbyensis
MonodictysporitesMonodictysporites princetonensis[129]
  • Princeton Chert
An ascomycotan fungus
hosted on Dennstaedtiopsis aerenchymata
UndescribedUndescribedUndescribed[130]
  • Princeton chert
Ectomycorrhizae associated with Pinus roots
Similar to the modern genera Rhizopogon and Suillus

Taxa of uncertain modern identification

A number of taxa identified or described by Penhallow (1902, 1906, 1908) and Berry (1926) have not received much or any modern attention, resulting in uncertainty of taxon affiliation, identification, or synonymy. Many late 1800's to early 1900's identifications of Okanagan highlands fossils were made based on geologic age assumptions ranging between the Miocene to Pliocene, and often specimens were grouped into species bins for taxa first described from Europe.

Family SpeciesReporting AuthorSitesNotesImages
Adoxaceae"Viburnum antiquum" Berry, 1926
  • Chu Chua
First named as a viburnum leaf morphotype
British Columbian specimens rejected from species by Manchester 2002
Viburnum dentoni Penhallow, 1908
  • Tranquille
A viburnum leaf morphotype
AraliaceaeAralia acerifolia Penhallow, 1908
  • Quilchena
Fragmentary leaves.
jr synonym of Macginitiea nobilis.
Aralia notata Penhallow, 1902
  • Horsefly
  • Quilchena
  • Tulameen (Princeton)
Fragmentary leaves.
jr synonym of Macginitiea nobilis.
BetulaceaeAlnus alaskana Penhallow, 1908
  • Tulameen (Princeton)
Fragmentary leaves
Type locality Kootznahoo islands, Alaska (Miocene?)
Alnus carpinoides Penhallow, 1908
  • Horsefly
  • Tranquille (Princeton)
Fragmentary leaves
Type locality Bridge Creek, Oregon (Miocene?)
Alnus serrulata fossilis Penhallow, 1908
  • Quilchena
Fragmentary leaves
"Miocene of Western North America"
Betula angustifolia Penhallow, 1908
  • Quilchena
Leaves.
Type locality Bridge Creek, Orgeon
Betula heterodonta Penhallow, 1908
  • Quilchena
  • Tulameen (Princeton)
Leaves and one possible cone.
Type locality Bridge Creek, Oregon
Betula macrophylla Penhallow, 1908
  • Tulameen (Princeton)
Fragmetary leaves with cones.
Type locality Europe
Betula stevensoni Penhallow, 1902
  • Horsefly
  • Similkameen
Fragmentary leaves
Type locality Laramie, Wyoming
Carpinus grandis Dawson, 1890
  • Quilchena
  • Similkameen
  • Stump Lake
  • Tranquille
  • Tulameen
Corylus americana Penhallow, 1908
  • Horsefly
  • Quilchena
  • Tranquille
A hazel nut
CercidiphyllaceaeCercidiphyllum arcticum[131] [132] Dawson, 1879
  • Chu Chua
  • Horsefly
  • Quilchena
  • Princeton
A katsura leaf morphotype
Moved from Trochodendroides arctica (1926)
Also includes:
  • "Grewia crenata" of Penhallow (1908)
  • "Populus arctica" of Penhallow (1908)
  • "Populus daphnogenoides" of Dawson (1891)
  • "Populus genatrix" of Penhallow (1908)
  • Populus rotundifolia of Penhallow (1908)
Jenkinsella arctica [133] Berry, 1926
  • Chu Chua
A katsura like fruit morphospecies
Moved from Leguminosites arachioides
IncludesLeguminosites borealis, (illegitimate jr syn)
CornaceaeCornophyllum nebrascensis [134] Penhallow, 1908
  • Quilchena
A punitive dogwood relative
First reported as "Cornus newberryi"
Cornus suborbifera ?Penhallow, 1908
  • Princeton
  • Quilchena
A dogwood
CupressaceaeThuja interrupta Penhallow, 1908
  • Princeton
  • Quilchena
Type locality Fort Union Formation, North Dakota
An arborvite species
CyperaceaeCyperacites haydeniiPenhallow, 1907
  • Kettle River
A monocot of uncertain affinity
EricaceaeAndromeda delicatula Penhallow, 1908
  • Quilchena
Two Ericaceae? leaves
Type locality Green River Formation
FagaceaeCastanea castanaefolia Penhallow, 1902
  • Horsefly
Fragmentary leaves.
Castanea intermedia? Penhallow, 1908
  • Quilchena
Single fragmentary specimen
Castanopsis perplexa Penhallow, 1908
  • Quilchena
Single fragmentary specimen
Specimen published as Salix perplexa
Quercus castanopsis Penhallow, 1908
  • Quilchena
Type locality Fort Union Formation, Montana
An oak leaf morphotype.
Quercus consimilis Penhallow, 1908
  • Quilchena
Type locality Bridge Creek Flora, Orgeon
An oak leaf morphotype.
Quercus dallii Dawson, 1891
  • Princeton
Type locality Cook Inlet, Alaska
An oak leaf morphotype.
Quercus groenlandica Berry, 1926
  • Chu Chua
Type locality Greenland
Quercus penhallowi Penhallow, 1908
  • Princeton
Type locality Fort Union Formation, North Dakota
An oak leaf morphotype.
First identified under the homonym Quercus laurifolia (Newberry)
GinkgoaceaeGinkgo digitata Penhallow, 1908
  • Quilchena
A ginkgo leaf mophospecies.
JuglandaceaeCarya antiquorum Penhallow, 1908
  • Horsefly
  • Quilchena
  • Tranquille
A Carya leaf morphospecies
Juglans nigella Dawson, 1876
  • Horsefly
Type locality Cook Inlet, Alaska
A walnut leaf morphospecies.
Juglans occidentalis Penhallow, 1908
  • Horsefly
Type locality Green River Formation, Wyoming
A walnut leaf morphospecies.
Juglans rhamnoides Penhallow, 1908
  • Tranquille
Type locality Evanston, Utah
A walnut leaf morphospecies.
LauraceaeCinnamomum affine Dawson, 1890
  • Horsefly
  • Princeton
  • Tranquille
A cinnamon leaf morphospecies
MalvaceaePterospermites alaskana Berry, 1926
  • Chu Chua
Type locality Keni Formation
A leaf morphospecies of possible sterculioid affinity
MoraceaeFicus asarifolia? Penhallow, 1908
  • Princeton
Type locality Most Basin Bílina Czech Republic
A possible fig leaf morphospecies.
Ficus asiminaefolia Penhallow, 1908
  • Princeton
  • Tranquille
Type locality "Rock Corral", California
A possible fig leaf morphospecies.
Ficus decandolleana Penhallow, 1908
  • Quilchena
Type locality Monod, Switzerland
A possible fig leaf morphospecies.
Ficus populina Penhallow, 1908
  • Horsefly
  • Princeton
Type locality Monod, Switzerland
A possible fig leaf morphospecies.
Ficus ungeri Penhallow, 1908
  • Quilchena
Type locality Green River Formation, Whyoming
A possible fig leaf morphospecies.
MusaceaeMusophyllum complicatum Penhallow, 1908
Berry, 1926
  • Chu Chua
  • Princeton
A monocot morphogenus
MyricaceaeComptonia dryandroides Penhallow, 1908
  • Princeton
  • Quilchena
A Comptonia leaf morphospecies
Comptonia partita Penhallow, 1908
  • Princeton
A Comptonia leaf morphospecies
Possibly closely allied to C. columbiana
Myrica (?) personata Penhallow, 1908
  • Horsefly
Type locality Fossil, Oregon
A bayberry species
OnocleaceaeOnoclea hebridica Penhallow, 1908
  • Horsefly
Type locality Isle of Mull, UK
A bead fern
Listed as "Onoclea sensibilis" sensu Newberry
OsmundaceaeOsmunda heeri Penhallow, 1908
  • Princeton
Type locality Rivaz, Switzerland
A royal fern
PinaceaePinus lardyana Penhallow, 1908
  • Quilchena
Type locality Switzerland
A pine cone morphospecies
PoaceaePhragmites alaskana Berry, 1926
  • Chu Chua
A grass/sedge leaf morphogenus
Poacites tenuistriatus Berry, 1926
  • Chu Chua
A grass/sedge leaf morphogenus
PotamogetonaceaePotamogeton (?) verticillatus Penhallow, 1908
  • Princeton
Type locality Florissant, Colorado
A punitive Potamogeton leaf morphospecies.
RhamnaceaeRhamnus belmontensis Penhallow, 1908
  • Horsefly
  • Quilchena
Type locality Laramie, Colorado
A buckthorn species
First identified under the homonym Rhamnus elegans Newberry
Rhamnus eridani Penhallow, 1908
  • Horsefly
  • Quilchena
Type locality Disco Island, Greenland,
A buckthorn species
Rhamnus gaudini Penhallow, 1908
  • Quilchena
Type locality Switzerland,
A buckthorn species
RosaceaePrunus (?) merriami Penhallow, 1908
  • Quilchena
Type locality Mascall Formation, Oregon
A punitive cherry leaf morphospecies
RutaceaeZanthoxylum spireaefolium Penhallow, 1908
  • Quilchena
Type locality Florissant, Colorado
A rutaceous leaf morphospecies
SalicaceaePopulus cordata Penhallow, 1908
  • Princeton
  • Quilchena
Type locality Fort Union Formation, Montana
A cottonwood leaf morphotype.
Populus latior Dawson, 1879
  • Princeton
  • Horsefly
Type locality Europe
A cottonwood leaf morphotype.
Includes one subspecies P. l. cordifolia.
Populus mutabilis crenata Penhallow, 1908
  • Quilchena
  • Tranquille
Type locality Switzerland
A cottonwood leaf morphotype.
Populus polymorpha Penhallow, 1908
  • Quilchena
Type locality Bridge Creek, Oregon
A cottonwood leaf morphotype.
Populus zaddachi Penhallow, 1908
  • Princeton
  • Tranquille
Type locality Samland, Russia
A cottonwood leaf morphotype.
Salix varians Penhallow, 1908
  • Horsefly
  • Tranquille
Type locality Europe
A willow species
SapindaceaeAcer chaneyi Penhallow, 1908
  • Horsefly
Type locality Mascall Formation, Oregon
A single incomplete leaf.
First identified as Acer trilobatum productum
TaxaceaeTaxites olriki Penhallow, 1908
  • Quilchena
Type locality Atanekerdluk, Greenland
A yew needle morphospecies.
TyphaceaeTypha lesquereuxi Penhallow, 1908
  • Horsefly
  • Princeton
  • Tranquille
Type locality Florissant, Colorado
A cattail morphospecies
UlmaceaePlanera lingualis Penhallow, 1908
  • Horsefly
Type locality Fort Union Formation, Wyoming
A planera species
First identified under the homonym Planera crenata (Newberry)
Ulmus minuta Penhallow, 1908
  • Horsefly
  • Princeton
Type locality Germany
An elm species
Ulmus speciosa Penhallow, 1908
  • Horsefly
  • Quilchena
Type locality Bridge Creek, Oregon
An elm species
Ulmus tenuinervis Penhallow, 1908
  • Tranquille
Type locality Middle Park, Colorado
An elm species
VitaceaeVitis alaskana ?Penhallow, 1908
  • Quilchena
Type locality Admiralty Inlet, Alaska
A grape leaf morphospecies
Tentatively identified under the homonym Vitis rotundifolia (Newberry)
Vitis olriki ?Penhallow, 1908
  • Horsefly
Type locality Atanekerdluk, Greenland
A grape leaf morphospecies
Tentatively identified under the homonym Vitis rotundifolia (Newberry)
Incertae sedis"Acer" grahamensis Berry, 1926
  • Chu Chua
  • Princeton
  • Stump Lake
Type locality Port Graham, Alaska
Fragmentary leaf fossils rejected from Acer by Wolfe & Tanai (1986)
First identified as Acer macropterum (Heer)
Leguminosites arachioides Penhallow, 1908
  • Horsefly
  • Princeton
Type locality is Evanston, Wyoming
A fruit of uncertain family affinity

Notes and References

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  4. Wehr . W. C. . Hopkins . D. Q. . 1994 . The Eocene orchards and gardens of Republic, Washington . Washington Geology . 22 . 3 . 27–34.
  5. DeVore . M. L. . Pigg . K. B. . 2007 . A brief review of the fossil history of the family Rosaceae with a focus on the Eocene Okanogan Highlands of eastern Washington State, USA, and British Columbia, Canada . Plant Systematics and Evolution . 266 . 1–2. 45–57 . 10.1007/s00606-007-0540-3. 2007PSyEv.266...45D . 10169419 .
  6. Moss . P. T. . Greenwood . D. R. . Archibald . S. B. . 2005 . Regional and local vegetation community dynamics of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands (British Columbia – Washington State) from palynology . Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences . 42 . 2. 187–204 . 10.1139/E04-095 . 2005CaJES..42..187M .
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