Paleobiota of the Posidonia Shale explained

The Sachrang Formation or "Posidonienschiefer" Formation (Whose Vulgar name is "Posidonia Shale") is a geological formation of southwestern Germany, northern Switzerland, northwestern Austria, southeast Luxembourg and the Netherlands, that spans about 3 million years during the Early Jurassic period (early Toarcian stage). It is known for its detailed fossils, especially sea fauna, listed below.^[1] Composed mostly by black shale, the formation is a Lagerstätte, where fossils show exceptional preservation (Including exquisite soft tissues), with a thickness that varies from about 1 m to about 40 m on the Rhine level, being on the main quarry at Holzmaden between 5 and 14 m.^[1] Some of the preserved material has been transformed into fossil hydrocarbon Jet, specially wood remains, used for jewelry.^[2] The exceptional preservation seen on the Posidonia Shale has been studied since the late 1800s, finding that a cocktail of chemical and environmental factors let to such an impressive conservation of the marine fauna.^[2] The most common theory is the changes in the oxygen level, where the different anoxic events of the Toarcian left oxygen-depleted bottom waters, with the biota dying and falling to the bottom without any predator able to eat the dead bodies.^[3]

Biological interactions

• Several animal behaviours have been recovered on the Posidonia Shale. The Monotis-Dactylioceras bed is one of them, as it shows an accumulation of the bivalves Meleagrinella substriata and the ammonite Dactylioceras, that were the most abundant representatives of its group on the Altdorf region, and were probably washed to near epicontinental waters by a rapid event, or as result of a large succession of events. This assemblage has been compared with modern Brazilian coastal Mangroves and also linked to Tsunami events.^[4]
• Related to the Ammonite fauna, on Holzmaden there have been found several empty shells of this cephalopods, with associated crustaceans inside. The original specimen was reported in 1995 and consisted on a possible member of the genus Paleastacus inside a chamber of a Harpoceras. Other epizoans are found related to the decayed Ammonite shells, such as Serpulid Annelids and Bivalves, creating what was denominated as "benthic islands" as reference at be isolated benthic units that attracted fauna. The Decapod is related to the family Erymidae, that are considered as possible bottom-dweller carnivorous or carrion feeders. The associated fossil has several spherical structures that had been interpreted as decapod coprolites, implying that the animal lived for a long period on the shell, and maybe changes on the bottom oxygen stopped the process. More recent studies had recovered new data about the inquilinism of decapods inside ammonites, this time, however, recovering three Eryonoidea lobsters together within a body chamber. The lobsters most likely used the ammonoid as some kind of shelter, where was excluded the possibility of transportation into the body chamber by bottom currents. There are several theories about the gregarious inquilinism showed by this specimens, such as that the shell was and ideal location to molt, as has not been proved to be corpses or molts; that the shell provided protection against predators; the decomposing soft body of the ammonoid was a source of food that attracted the decapods or that was used as a long-term shelter. One key aspect found was that the muddy bottom was not suitable for burrowing, implying that the decapods look for a different shelter due to being unable to make their own.
• Beyond trace fossils, several vertebrate specimens show associations with crustacean exoskeletal remains such as GPIT-PV-31586 and SMNS 58389 (Pachycormus macropterus) with necrophagous interaction as well SMNS 55934 (Stenopterygius quadriscissus) or SMNS 95401 (Metopacanthus sp.).

• The genus Clarkeiteuthis and its predatory behaviour, found associated with fishes of the genus Leptolepis. Based on the position of prey and predator, was suggested that the coeloid cephalopods caught and killed the fishes while the schools still in well-oxygenated waters and then descended into oxygen-depleted water layers where the cephalopod suffocated and died attached to its prey. The fish measured 12cm (05inches), while the coeloid 21 and it was measured by the fossilized arms of 14 specimens of coeloids that the hunting specimens arms where contracted over the fish, probably quickly killing it by cutting its spine.
• Several Geotheutis have been reported with eumelanin preserved along with its ink sacs.
• A specimen of Jeletzkyteuthis found on Ohmden has appeared predating a Parabelopeltis. The association of this 2 genera shows the predatory behaviour of this group when lived on Epicontinental seas, being rather different than extant Vampyromorphs.
• A Pabulite (fossilized meal when it never entered the digestive tract) was recovered on Holzmaden, being composed by an associated Passaloteuthis laevigata with its arms embracing an exuvia of a crustacean.^[5] The own Belemnnite can be the remnant of a failed prey of a Hybodus, corroborating a possible tropic chain.^[5]

• One of the most complex organism interactions on the Posidonia Shale where the crinoid megarafts, that group a wide variety of animals, creating large floating ecosystems, being the longest surviving communities to exist in the fossil record. The largest megaraft found measured 18m (59feet), and is based on an Agathoxylon trunk, where different animals were attached. The first attached animals would have been the growing community of oysters, bivalves and crinoids, that would suppose and small weight to the raft about 800kg (1,800lb). The presence of this megaraft was in part possible due to the absence of marine wood worms, that destroy tree logs on less than 3 years along without the presence of modern raft wood predators (that appeared on the Bathonian) those rafts can last up to 5 years, being that the main reason the crinoids attached were able to reach huge sizes. Probably where also essential to distribute animals along the sea basins. Seirocrinus & Pentacrinites where various of the main crinoid colonizers of the floating rafts. Seirocrinus is the main representative of the pelagic crinoids, being among the tallest animals know, with a size of 26 m the largest documented specimen. The ecology of the genus is widely known, where is known that the smallest stems were among the first animals to colonize the rafts, with at least 2 generations of crinoids found per raft, where the hydrodynamic changes of the log influenced the settlement of the crinoids. It is believed that Seridocrinus had a seasonal reproduction, linked to the monsoonal conditions that sent new logs to the sea. The large crinoids would have feed on pelagic micronutrients, and afer fall on the bottom, all the colony would have died.
• Thoracic cirripedes of the genus Toarcolepas became the oldest epiplanktonic cirripede known on the fossil record, probably motivated by the appearance of the giant crinoid rafts. It has been found in situ associated with fossil wood.

• The shark Hybodus includes specimens with the gastric contents, being full of belemnnite fragments.^[6] That implied active predatory behaviour by the genus of several kinds of belemnnites, such as Youngibelus.^[6]
• A Spienballen, a regurgitated mass composed of indigestible stomach contents had been found on the Holzmaden quarry. The Speinballen measures 285 mm length with a diameter of 160 mm, and consists of 4 members of the genus Dapedium (Dapediidae) and a jaw identified as Lepidotes (Semionotidae). The animals capable of it had been suggested as sharks like Hybodus, actinopterygians and several marine reptiles. Hybodus, being was able to reach nearly 3 meters long and with a dentition suitable to hunt fish, although its stomach contents suggest it is a mostly invertebrate hunter. Actinopterygians like Saurostomus grew up to 2 m long, and have been found with fishes, coeloids and ammonites in its stomach contents, however, not the fishes present on this Spienballen. Marine reptiles included marine crocodiles, such as Platysuchus or Pelagosaurus, associated to the fishes of the Speinballen, although are proven to have eaten gastroliths to improve buoyancy and digestion. Ichthyosaurs, whose diet is among the best studied of the Posidonia Shale, with Dapedium specimens in juvenile stomachs, along with coeloids. Temnodontosaurus, measuring between 8mand13mm (26feetand43feetm), would have been able to do such a large Speinballen. Plesiosaurs were disaccredited due to the study of its teeth, that proves a diet based on soft-body prey, such as fishes of the genus Leptolepis and coeloids. Dapedium and Lepidotes, with a heavy and solid squamation can be excluded.
• A specimen of Pachycormus has been found with stomach contents that include hooks similar to the ones found on genera like Clarkeiteuthis.
• Another specimen of Pachycormus macropterus preserves an ammonite inside its gut, likely swallowed by accident and directly responsible for the fish’s death.^[7]
• SMNS 51144 (Saurostomus esocinus) was found with Chondrites isp. burrows in the abdominal cavity, what indicates a possible opportunistic scavenger. Other Chondrites isp. includes SMNS 17500 and MHH 1981/25 (Stenopterygius uniter) that can either suggest ichthyosaurs were preserved immediately below one such bioturbation horizon or scavenger association.

• The know specimens of Toarcocephalus are evidence of successful predation events, as the head of one was isolated likely as product of a decapitation and other preserved within a regurgitated mass.
• One of the most emblematic finds of the formation its that of a mother Stenopterygius giving birth living young, like the modern dolphins and marine mammals, being born with the tails first. Other specimens have been found with Embryos inside, but with the bones of them scattered, partly beyond the body limits of the mother.^[8] There have been various theories about this scenario: the bones of embryos had been deposited before the body of the adult went to the sea floor, covering the embryo bones and implying that the adult would not be the mother of the embryos.^[8] Another option is that a pregnant ichthyosaur on its last moments sank to the bottom and may have struggled for life, given untimely birth to some of the foetuses.^[8] Other option follows the presence of foetus bones outside the mother body, where a dead female sank to the bottom, with the water warm enough, helping the putrefaction gases to start to develop while the hydrostatic pressure was too high to be prevented by the body. Scavengers must have started eating from the dead body, until the chamber retaining the pressure was to thin and exploded.^[8] These theories where however contested after the study, where it was criticised the absence of the presence of the bottom-current activity in the epicontinental sea covering Central Europe during the Toarcian, pointing that the mother carcass should have been translated after it sank to the bottom floor, probably exploding or expelling its embryos first, that would be transported along.^[9]
• Specimen SMNS 53363 (Eurhinosaurus?) from Aichelberg was found with two encrusted large oysters (Liostrea) on the right pterygoid, considered to be part of a reef stage over bones.^[10]
• SMNS 80234 (Stenopterygius quadriscissus) represents another female with embryos, yet also shows ribs broken perimortem that can be either of intraspecific aggression or a predation attempt. This specimen has several taxa associated: ammonite aptychi and two ophiuroids (Sinosura brodiei) and a articulated echinoid (Diademopsis crinifera), indicating a short-lived deadfall community.^[10]
• SMNS 81841 (Stenopterygius quadriscissus) represents one of the most clear examples of deadfall communities described in the formation: the skeleton is associated with serpulids surrounded by a mass of disarticulated ophiuroid remains, indeterminate echinoid tests, an isolated crinoid ossicle, the byssate bivalve Oxytoma inaequivalvis, the pectinid Propeamussium pumilus, Eopecten strionatis, Plagiostoma sp., Meleagrinella sp., "Cucullaea" muensteri, with the genera Parainoceramya dubia and Liostrea associated with the carcass.^[11] As many of this bivalves shown overgrowth likely the community persisted for some time.^[11] Fossil traces of Gastrochaenolites isp. attributed to mechanical bivalve borers are abundant implicating prolonged exposure of the skeleton on the seafloor.^[11]
• SMNS 81719 (Stenopterygius uniter) includes Liostrea, Propeamussium pumilus, Plagiostoma sp. and Parainoceramya dubia, with other invertebrates found (?) not being part of the deadfall community, such as several ammonites and Parainoceramya valves stratigraphically below the specimen.^[10] This specimen includes also traces of scavenging activity, possibly by crustaceans.^[10]
• SMNS 80113, (Stenopterygius triscissus) was found populated by Parainoceramya, a specimen of Eopecten strionatis and an unexpected specimen of the small infaunal lucinid Mesomiltha pumila, equivocal evidence for the sulfophilic stage.^[10]
• Local ichthyosaur soft tissues include skin enough well preserved to infer coloration and appearance on the living animal, as well evidence for homeothermy and crypsis.^[12]
• Gut contents of the local pterosaurs are know: Campylognathoides preserves hooks of the coeloid Clarkeiteuthis being the one of the few teuthophaous pterosaursy, while Dorygnathus preserves remains of Leptolepis.^[13]

Microbial activity

Non-fenestrate Stromatolite crusts formed in Aphotic deep-water environments during intervals of very low sedimentation are recovered in places such as Teufelsgraben, Hetzles.^[14] The Stromatolites of this region have evidence of live on a deeper shelf environment with a quietwater deposit which suffered repeated phases of stagnant bottom waters, where a depth water habitat developed, probably at more than 100 meters depth.^[14] There is a thin, southern widespread Stromatolite crust on the Top of the Sachrang Formation, called "Wittelshofener Bank", that has made rethink the depth of the major southern basin of the formation, where with the absence of phototrophic calcareous benthic organisms (probably due to the lack of light), shows the depth character of the basin.^[14] On the "Wittelshofener Bank" there is also the only occurrence of Ooids, presumably formed in the same deep-water environment.^[14]

Rhizaria

Foraminifera

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Ammodiscus	A. siliceus	Unken	Shells	A benthonic Foraminiferan, type member of the family Ammodiscinae inside Ammodiscina.
Annulina	A. metemis	Unken	Shells	A benthonic Foraminiferan, member of Psammosphaerinae inside the family Psammosphaeridae.
Astacolus	A. bochardi A. primus A. varians A. matutina	Buttenheim Unken	Shells	A benthonic Foraminiferan, member of Vaginulinidae inside the family Vaginulinida (Lagenina). An extant genus. Its shell resemble a mixture between an ammonite conch, due to having a lower spiral, and a mussel.
Citharina	C. gradata	Unken	Shells	A benthonic Foraminiferan, member of Vaginulinidae inside the family Vaginulinida (Lagenina).
Cornuspira	C. involvens	Buttenheim	Shells	A benthonic Foraminiferan, type member of Cornuspiridae inside the family Cornuspirida (Lagenina). Round-spiral shell morphology
Cyclogyra	C. orbicula	Unken	Shells	A benthonic Foraminiferan, member of the family Cornuspirinae inside Cornuspiridae.
Dentalina^[15]	D. terquiemi D. matutina D. vetusta D. subulata D. integra D. sp.	Buttenheim Unterstürmig Unken	Shells	A benthonic Foraminiferan, member of Nodosariidae inside the family Nodosariacea (Lagenina). Dentalina is an extant genus, with an elongated shell, that resemble a small worm.
Flabellinella	F. sp.	Buttenheim	Shells	A benthonic Foraminiferan, member of Vaginulinidae inside the family Vaginulinida (Lagenina). Its conch has a Myriapod-like segmented built.
Frondicularia	F. major	Unken	Shells	A benthonic Foraminiferan, type member of Frondiculariinae inside the family Nodosariidae (Lagenina).
Glomospira	G. variabilis	Unken	Shells	A benthonic Foraminiferan, member of the family Usbekistaniinae inside Ammodiscidae.
Ichthyolaria	I. squamosa I. sp.	Buttenheim	Shells	A benthonic Foraminiferan, type member of Ichthyolariidae inside the family Lagenina. Another genus with a Myriapod-like segmented built.
Involutina	I. liassica	Unken	Shells	A benthonic Foraminiferan, member of the family Involutinidae inside Involutinae.
Lenticulina^[16]	L. acutiangulata L. gottingensis L. subalata L. gottingensis L. polygonata L. sp.	Buttenheim Unterstürmig Unken	Shells	A benthonic Foraminiferan, member of Vaginulinidae inside the family Vaginulinida (Lagenina).
Lingulina	L. pupa L. tenera	Unterstürmig Unken	Shells	A benthonic Foraminiferan, type member of Lingulininae inside the family Nodosariidae (Lagenina).
Marginulina	M. oolithica M. prima	Unterstürmig Unken	Shells	A benthonic Foraminiferan, member of Marginulininae inside the family Vaginulinida (Lagenina).
Nodosaria	N. apheilolocula	Unken	Shells	A benthonic Foraminiferan, member of Nodosariidae inside the family Nodosariacea (Lagenina).
Palmula	P. cuneiformis P. liassica P. securiformis	Buttenheim Unken	Shells	A benthonic Foraminiferan, member of Vaginulinidae inside the family Vaginulinida (Lagenina).
Pseudonodosaria	P. melo P. vulgata P. multicostata P. quinquecostata	Unterstürmig Unken	Shells	A benthonic Foraminiferan, member of Nodosariidae inside the family Nodosariacea (Lagenina).
Reinholdella	R. sp.	Buttenheim	Shells	A benthonic Foraminiferan, member of Ceratobuliminidae inside the family Robertinida. It resembles a small ammonite.
Saracenaria	S. aragonensis	Unterstürmig	Shells	A benthonic Foraminiferan, member of Lenticulininae inside the family Vaginulinida (Lagenina).
Spiroplectamina	S. sp.	Unken	Shells	A benthonic Foraminiferan, member of the family Spiroplectammininae inside Spiroplectamminidae.
Trocholina	T. umbo	Unken	Shells	A benthonic Foraminiferan, member of the family Involutinidae inside Involutinae.
Vaginulina	V. simplex V. sp.	Buttenheim Unterstürmig	Shells	A benthonic Foraminiferan, type member of Vaginulinidae inside the family Vaginulinida (Lagenina).

Dinoflagellata

Dinoflagellate cysts

The evolutionary burst of the Toarcian Dinoflajellates led the first appearance and rapid radiation of the Phallocystaceae (Susainium, Parvocysta, Phallocysta, Moesiodinium and related forms).^[17] This occurred at the time of a widespread Lower Toarcian bituminous anoxia-derived shale of the Posidonienschiefer Formation. Is recovered on the Posidonienschiefer, Pozzale, Italy, Asturias, Spain, Bornholm, Denmark, the Lusitanian Basin of Portugal, the Jet Rock Formation in Yorkshire and to the "Schistes Carton" in northern France. Whether there is a causal connection in this co-occurrence of Phallocystaceae and bituminous facies is a problem still to be resolved. This family has its acme in diversity and quantity in the latest Toarcian and became less important in the Aalenian.^[17]

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Apodinium^[18]	A. fioccosum A. glabrum	Dotternhausen Gomaringen Aselfingen	Cysts	A Dinoflagellate cyst from the family Apodiniaceae. An Ectoparasitic dinoflagellate, whose hosts are normally Tunicates
Argentiella	A. bifuminosa	Aselfingen Gomaringen	Cysts	A Dinoflagellate cyst from the family Scriniocassiaceae.
Balechiodinium	B. concicum	Aselfingen Gomaringen	Cysts	A Dinoflagellate cyst from the family Scriniocassiaceae.
Comparodinium^[19]	C. koessenium C. lineatum C. punctatum C. scalatum C. stipulatum	Gomaringen Salem Borehole	Cysts	A Dinoflagellate cyst from the family Comparodiniaceae.
Eyachia	E. priscus	Aselfingen Gomaringen	Cysts	A Dinoflagellate cyst from the family Scriniocassiaceae.
Luehndea	L. spinosa	Bisingen/Zimmern Salem Borehole	Cysts	A Dinoflagellate cyst, type member of Luehndeoideae. Luehndea spinosa is common on the medium layers of the lower Sachrang Formation, while restricted to some areas on the Lias delta.
Mancodinium	M. semitabulatum M. sp.	Aselfingen Bisingen/Zimmern Gomaringen Salem Borehole	Cysts	A Dinoflagellate cyst, type member of Mancodiniaceae. Dominant genera on some layers of the Lias Delta Stage.
Mendicodinium	M. spinosum M. sp.	Salem Borehole	Cysts	A Dinoflagellate cyst, member of Dinophyceae.
Mikrocysta	M. sp.	Salem Borehole	Cysts	A Dinoflagellate cyst, member of Dollidiniaceae.
Moesiodinium	M. cingulatum	Aselfingen Gomaringen	Cysts	A Dinoflagellate cyst from the family Heterocapsaceae.
Morgenrothia	M. junior M. tenera	Aselfingen Gomaringen	Cysts	A Dinoflagellate cyst from the family Heterocapsaceae.
Nannoceratopsis^[20]	N. gracilis N. senex N. ridingii N. tricornuta^[21] N.deflandrei N. triceras	Bisingen/Zimmern Gomaringen Salem Borehole	Cysts	A Dinoflagellate cyst, member of Dinophyceae of the family Nannoceratopsiaceae. On the Lias Epsylon Interval (Lowermost Toarcian), most of the assemblages are dominated by Nannoceratopsis gracilis. Nannoceratopsis senex becomes highly abundant until the uppermost Tenuicostatum.
Scriniocassis	S. weberi	Aselfingen Gomaringen	Cysts	A Dinoflagellate cyst from the family Scriniocassiaceae.
Surculosphaeridium^[22] ^[23]	S. longifurcatum	Dobenwohr Hafgraben	Cysts	A Dinoflagellate cyst from the family Gonyaulacaceae.
Susadinium	S. cristatum S. flaccum S. saetosum S. scrofoides	Aselfingen Gomaringen	Cysts	A Dinoflagellate cyst from the family Heterocapsaceae.
Parvocysta	P. nasuta	Aselfingen Gomaringen	Cysts	A Dinoflagellate cyst from the family Heterocapsaceae.
Phallocysta	P. minuta	Aselfingen Bisingen/Zimmern Gomaringen	Cysts	A Dinoflagellate cyst from the family Phallocysteae.
Valvaeodinium	V. punctatum	Bisingen/Zimmern	Cysts	A Dinoflagellate cyst from the family Comparodiniaceae.

Algae

Includes abundant variety of algae, such as the genus of colonial Green algae Botryococcus, or the unicellular algal bodies Tasmanites, and other small examples. Algae are a good reference for changes on the oxygen conditions along the Toarcian.^[24]

Algae Acritarchs

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Cymatiosphaeropsis	C. punctiferus C. stigmatus	Schandelah	Cysts	An Acritarch probably from Algal origin. Related to open shelf deposits
Micrhystridium	M. inconspicuum M. spinuliferum	Bisingen/Zimmern	Cysts	An Acritarch probably from Algal origin. Its fossils indicate nearshore or estuarine to shallow lagoon and/or slightly brackish-water environments. It is the dominant on the nearshore sections.
Pterosphaeridia	P. undulata P. eisenackii P. intersignata P. nodosa P. pachytheca	Schandelah Salem Borehole	Cysts	An Acritarch probably from Algal origin. Related to open shelf deposits
Veryhachium	V. brevispinum	Bisingen/Zimmern	Cysts	An Acritarch probably from Algal origin. Veryhachium fossils represent open marine and transgressive conditions. It has high presence on most of the samples studied from the Sachrang Formation, being nearly the 50% of the Acritarch fraction on some locations.

Haptophyta

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Biscutum^[25]	B. dubium B. finchii B. grandis B. intermedium B. novum B. spp.	Laatzen Schandelah Sachrang Unken	Calcareous Skeletons	Type member of the family Biscutaceae inside Parhabdolithaceae.
Bussonius	B. leufuensis B. prinsii B. spp.	Laatzen Schandelah Sachrang Unken	Calcareous Skeletons	A member of the family Watznaueriaceae inside Watznaueriales.
Carinolithus^[26] ^[27]	C. magharensis C. poulnabronei C. premagharensis C. superbus	Holzmaden Laatzen Schandelah Sachrang Unken	Calcareous Skeletons	Member of the family Calyculaceae inside Parhabdolithaceae.
Crepidolithus	C. cantabriensis C. cavus C. crassus C. crucifer C. granulatus C. pliensbachiensis	Laatzen Schandelah Sachrang Unken	Calcareous Skeletons	A member of the family Chiastozygaceae inside Eiffellithales.
Diductius	D. constans	Laatzen Schandelah	Calcareous Skeletons	Member of the family Parhabdolithaceae inside Stephanolithiales.
Discorhabdus	D. criotus D. ignotus D. striatus	Laatzen Schandelah Sachrang Unken	Calcareous Skeletons	Member of the family Biscutaceae inside Parhabdolithaceae.
Lotharingius	L.barozii L. crucicentralis L. frodoi L. hauffii L. imprimus L. primigenius L. sigillatus L. velatus	Holzmaden Laatzen Sachrang Unken	Calcareous Skeletons	A member of the family Watznaueriaceae inside Watznaueriales.
Mitrolithus^[28]	M. elegans M. jansae M. lenticularis	Laatzen Schandelah	Calcareous Skeletons	A member of the family Parhabdolithaceae inside Stephanolithiales. Shore deposits genus. The abundance drop of M. jansae further characterise the T-OAE perturbation, where becomes the dominant Genus on most of the Saxony Basin.
Diductius	D. constans	Laatzen Schandelah	Calcareous Skeletons	Member of the family Parhabdolithaceae inside Stephanolithiales.
Orthogonoides	O. hamiltoniae	Laatzen Schandelah	Calcareous Skeletons	Incertade Sedis
Schizosphaerella	S. punctulata	Laatzen Schandelah Sachrang Unken	Calcareous Skeletons	Type member of the family Schizosphaerellaceae inside Parhabdolithaceae. Towards the Pliensbachian-Toarcian extincion this genus gets a decrease in abundance and size that shows the change and biotic crisis.
Similiscutum	S. cruciulus	Laatzen Schandelah	Calcareous Skeletons	Member of the family Biscutaceae inside Podorhabdales.
Sollasites	S. lowei	Sachrang Unken	Calcareous Skeletons	Member of the family Biscutaceae inside Podorhabdales.
Tubirhabdus	T. patulus	Laatzen Schandelah Sachrang Unken	Calcareous Skeletons	A member of the family Chiastozygaceae inside Eiffellithales.

Chlorophyta

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Botryococcus	B. braunii B. luteus	Schandelah Hondelange	Cysts	Type member of the family Botryococcaceae inside Trebouxiales. Freshwater or Deltaic Genus
Campenia	C. minor C. gigas	Schandelah Hondelange	Cysts	A member of Prasinophyceae. A genus common on green clays and other upper strata on the formation.
Cymatiosphaera	C. areolata C. densisepta C. punctifera C. stigmata C. tecta C. pachytheca	Bisingen/Zimmern Schandelah Hondelange	Cysts	A member of the family Pyramimonadales inside Prasinophyceae. Basinal deposits genus
Dissiliodinium	D. giganteum	Schandelah Hondelange	Cysts	A member of Gonyaulacaceae inside Dinophyceae.
Granodiscus	G. granulatus	Schandelah Hondelange	Cysts	A member of the Prasinophyceae. Basinal deposits genus
Halosphaeropsis	H. liassica	Bisingen/Zimmern	Cysts	A member of the family Halosphaeraceae inside Chlorodendrales. Basinal deposits genus
Lancettopsis	L. lanceolata	Schandelah Hondelange	Cysts	A member of the Prasinophyceae. Basinal deposits genus
Leiosphaera	L. globosa L. deflandrei L. pusilla	Bisingen/Zimmern Schandelah Hondelange	Cysts	A member of the Prasinophyceae. Basinal deposits genus
Nostocopsis	N. saprolithica	Schandelah Hondelange	Cysts	A member of the Prasinophyceae. Basinal deposits genus
Palaeohystrichophora	P. infusorioides	Schandelah Hondelange	Cysts	A member of Peridiniaceae inside Dinophyceae.
Pleurozonaria^[29]	P. globulus P. chondrota P. concinna P. digitata P. distans P. diversipora P. macropora P. media P. polyporosa P. spongiosa P. stellulata P. suevica P. wetzelii	Schandelah Hondelange	Cysts	A member of Prasinophyceae. It is the main genus present on silt and sand horizons, trending to be absent on shale layers.
Scriniocassis	S. limbatus S. limbicavatus S. priscus	Schandelah Hondelange	Cysts	A member of Dinophyceae.
Tasmanites^[30]	T. mourai T. tardus	Schandelah Hondelange Salem Borehole	Cysts	A member of Prasinophyceae. A genus common on green clays and other upper strata on the formation.
Tytthodiscus	T. chondrotus T. schandelahensis T. suevicus T. cf. suevicus	Schandelah Hondelange	Cysts	A member of the Prasinophyceae. Basinal deposits genus

Fungi

Fungal Spores, hypae and undeterminated remains are a rare element of the otherwise openmarine deposits of the Posidonienschiefer formation, but where recovered at Dormettingen.^[31] This fungal remains are composed mostly by indeterminate spores and indicate oxygenated environments and suitable transportation by rivers.^[31]

Incertae sedis

Ichnofossils

The major ichnological analyses of the Posidonian Shale come from Dotternhausen/Dormettingen, where the ichnogenus Phymatoderma formed the so-called Tafelfleins and Seegrasschiefer.^[32] The Tafelflein bed was deposited under anoxic bottom and pore water, where a recover of oxygen allow the Phymatoderma-producers return.^[32] The two organic-rich layers (Tafelfleins and Seegrasschiefer) are characterized by the dense occurrence of trace fossils such as Chondrites and Phymatoderma, done episodically due to the fall of the oxygen levels.^[32] The Coeval more nearshore Swiss deposits referred Posidonian Shale (Rietheim Member) hosted similar trace fossils asthose recovered on SW Germany.^[32] Tougth this setting apparently evolved faster to more oxic-to-dysoxic bottom waters.^[32] At Unken, laminated deposits of red limestone suggest well oxygenated active waters (as lack shale), where high amounts of Chondrites are found.

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Chondrites^[33]	C. bollensis C. hechingensis C. granulatus C. furcatus C. sp. C.? sp.	Chalhac Obereggenen im Breisgau Aselfingen Dotternhausen Mössingen Gomaringen Reutlingen Ohmenhausen Altdorf Oedhof Mistelgau Banz Irlbach Kerkhofen Heiningen Reichenbach Wasseralfingen Unterstürmig Schandelah Hondelange Unken Sachrang Sazburg Aselfingen Fützen Beggingen Schieitheim Siblingen Rietheim Staffelegg Salhöf Schafisheim	Burrowing and track ichnofossils	Burrow-like ichnofossils. Interpreted as the feeding burrow of a sediment-ingesting animal.^[34] A more recent study has find that Scoloplos armiger and Heteromastus filiformis, occurring in the German Wadden Sea in the lower parts of tidal flats, make burrows that are homonymous with numerous trace fossils of the ichnogenus.^[35] Chondrites burrows from Holzmaden are mostly filled with granular Calcite crystals, clay minerals, and rare framboidal Pyrite. The local dysoxic seawater is reflected on the palaeoredox conditions, relating framboidal pyrite and biogenic processes. Chondrites appear to be capable of colonizing environments characterized by oxygen levels well below levels needed for survival of other animals, being considered an "extremotolerant" ichnotaxon.^[36]
Gastrochaenolites	G. isp.	Schlierbach State Forest	Borings on bones	Borings on Ichthyosaur bones. Reminiscent of Gastrochaenolites and attributed to mechanical bivalve borers
Planolites^[37]	P. montanus P. ispp.	Banz Dotternhausen Holzmaden Ohmden Maurach Hemmikon Aselfingen Fützen Beggingen Schieitheim Siblingen Rietheim Staffelegg Salhöf Schafisheim	Burrowing and track ichnofossils.	Burrow-like ichnofossils. It is controversial, since is considered a strictly a junior synonym of Palaeophycus.^[38]
Phymatoderma^[39]	P. granulata	Dotternhausen Holzmaden	Burrowing and track ichnofossils.	Burrow-like ichnofossils. It consists commonly on a subhorizontal branching burrow system consisting of radiating tunnels filled with fecal pellets. It has been interpreted as a product made by an Endobenthic deposit-feeding animal, specially a Fodinichnia, burrows produced by benthonic subsurface food-mining activity, as is proved by the tunnels and pelletal infill. The study of the Fecal Pellets has revelated that the maker of this ichnogenus was an epicontinental shelf setting non-selective deposit feeder, ingesting particles on the sediment surface without selection. A mode of feeding common on aquatic Benthos, reported on modern animals such as Spionid Polychaete worms, tropical Holothurians and Spatangoid urchins.^[40]
Rhizocorallium	R. parallelum	Dotternhausen Holzmaden Ohmden Altdorf Banz	Burrowing and track ichnofossils	U-shaped tubes with sinuous, bifurcating or planispiral spreite, that can be related to Crustaceans, Annelids and Fishes, being both Domichnia and/or fodinichnia.
Thalassinoides^[41]	T. sp.	Dotternhausen Holzmaden Ohmden Altdorf Banz Aselfingen Fützen Beggingen Schieitheim Siblingen Rietheim Staffelegg Salhöf Schafisheim	Burrowing and track ichnofossils	Burrow-like ichnofossils, that can be related to Crustaceans, Annelids and Fishes. The presence of this burrows changed along the different depositional layers, interpreted as result of relative magnitudes and durations of a series oxygenation events. Increased Oxygen conditions eventually led to a level that permitted both the survival of larger Chondrites and Thalassinoides producing organisms, as well the depth of the Burrow-like structures. The changes on the layers are detailed enough to know that oxygenation-change events duration was sufficient to allowe the migration and establishment of trace-producing organisms, establishing an "equilibrium" with bottom-water oxygen conditions.
Zoophycos^[42]	Z. sp.	Salzburg Unken	Burrowing and track ichnofossils.	Burrow-like ichnofossils. It has been related to Echiuran annelids, but also from moving and feeding polychaete worms.^[43]

Invertebrata

Porifera

In the non-bituminous facies located on Obereggenen im Breisgau (Shore of the Black Forest High), especially the lower semicelatum subzone, pyritized individual needles of silica sponges (Demospongiae and Hexactinellida) are found, rarely on pelagic layers to very often on the low depth marine deposits. They are usually associated with radiolarian stone cores. In Dusslingen and Reutlingen, these sponge needles could be barytized in phosphorites of the Haskerense subzone and are much more common here than in any other zone of the Lower Toarcian. These needles are absent in the bituminous horizons of the entire Lower Toarcian.Increased amounts of Sponge needles (dominated by Hexactinellida) are also found on the arenaceous facies of the nearshore unit that is the Unken member, being the only section if its region hosts them, probably due to be an active and well oxygenated bottom. The location of this member as a possible bay on the south of the vindelician land probably allow to the development of more pre-Toarcian AOE conditions, hence the presence of biota otherwise rare on bituminous layers.

Annelida

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Serpula	S. trigona S. "sp. A" S. "sp. B" S. spp.	Banz Aichelberg Holzmaden Dotternhausen Holzmaden Ohmden	Multiple Specimens.	A sessile, marine annelid tube worm of the family Serpulidae. Its affinities with the genus Serpula are controversial, since the genus is known mostly since Cretaceous strata. Although there are other fossils assigned to the genus on same age deposits of France. Presumably these specimens have fallen from their growth areas.
Toarcihalla	T. tortitis T. sp.	Göppingen Chalhac	Single Scolecodont Incomplete Indeterminate Scolecodont	A polychaete of the family Dorvilleidae inside Eunicida. It was considered as part of the genus Halla. Eunicidan species with prionognath jaws, absent on Bituminous layers

Lophophorata

Bryozoa

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Berenicea^[44]	B. compressa	Heiningen	Colonial Imprints	A Bereniceidae Stenolaematan. The colonies form is extremely characteristic, forming curved fans
Proboscina	P. liasica	Heiningen Ohmenhausen	Colonial Imprints	A Oncousoeciidae Stenolaematan. Colonies consists of bands that are the same width throughout their entire extent and can branch, without fan-shaped spread

Brachiopoda

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Gibbirynchia	G. amalthei	Holzmaden Aselfingen	Shells	A pennospiriferinid rhynchonellatan.
Lingula	L. posidoniae	Hondelange Holzmaden Ohmden Dotternhaussen	Shells	A Lingulidae rhynchonellatan. Associations of bioturbation infauna are dominated on certain sections by Palaeonucula/Lingula agrupations, developed under longer-term oxygenated conditions within the substrate and bottom waters.
Orbiculoidea	O. papyracea	Hondelange Holzmaden Ohmden Dotternhaussen	Shells	A Discinidae rhynchonellatan. This genus was found had a planktotrophic larval stage, that adapted while growing to the local redox boundary, when this fluctuated near the sediment–water interface and oxygen availability prevailed, allowing benthic colonization. Is found on associations with Grammatodon and Pseudomytiloides.
Rhynchonella	R.amalthei	Holzmaden Dotternhaussen	Shells	A Rhynchonellidae rhynchonellatan. Found associated with Plicatula on long-term well-oxygenated conditions within the substrate and bottom waters.
Spiriferina	S. villosa	Holzmaden Dotternhaussen	Shells	A Spiriferinidae rhynchonellatan.
Waldheimia	W. subdigona	Holzmaden Ohmden Dotternhaussen	Shells	A Terebratellidae rhynchonellatan.

Mollusca

Bivalvia

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Antiquilima	A. sp.	Dotternhausen	Shells	A Limidoid file clam.
Bositra^[45]	B. buchii B. radiata	All the Formation	20.000 specimens/m^2	A posidoniid ostreoidan. It is the type fossil of the Sachrang Formation. Originally it was named "Posidonia bronni", thought to be a new genus, and the strata was denominated the Posidonia layers after it. Years later it turned out to be a junior synonym of Bositra, and thus, it was reassigned. However, the name of the layers was retained. The habitat and mode of life of Bositra has been debated for more than a century. There have been different interpretations, such as a pseudoplanktonic organism,^[46] a benthic organism related to open marine floor, where it was the main inhabitant of the basinal settings, and a hybrid mode, where it has a life cycle with holopelagic reproduction controlled by the change on Oxygen levels, and even a chemosymbiotic lifestile, related to the large crinoid rafts, being the main "Safe conduct" to evade anoxic events. All the opinions along the years led to a large study in 1998, where the size/frequency distribution, the density of growth thanks to the lines related to the shell size and the position of the redox boundary by total organic carbon diagrams has revealed that Bositra probably had a benthic mode of life.^[47]
Camptonectes^[48]	C. subulatus	Altdorf Dörlbach	Shells	A pectinoid scallop. The presence of this genus along endo- and epibenthic bivalves, which are absent farther up the section, suggest a delayed overstepping of anoxic bottom waters on the Altdorf High.
Chlamys	C. priscus C. sp.	Banz Altdorf Dörlbach Mistelgau Hondelange Holzmaden Ohmden Gomaringen Dotternhausen	Shells	A pectinoid scallop.
Cucullaea	C. (Idonearca) muensteri C. sp.	Holzmaden Dotternhausen	Shells	A cucullaeid clam.
Eopecten	E. strionatis E. tumidus E. sp.	Banz Altdorf Mistelgau Holzmaden Ohmden Gomaringen Dotternhausen Aselfingen	Shells	A pectinoid scallop.
Exogyra	E. berthaudi	Holzmaden Gomaringen Dotternhausen	Shells	A gryphaeid mud oyster.
Gervillella	G. lanceolata	Holzmaden Dotternhausen	Shells	A bakevelliid mud oyster.
Goniomya	G. rhombifera	Altdorf Dörlbach Hirschbühler Bach	Shells
Grammatodon	G. taylori G. jurianus G. sp.	Banz Ludwig Canal Hondelange Pferdsfeld Holzmaden Ohmden Gomaringen Dotternhausen	Shells	A Grammatodontinae clam. This Genus had a lecithotrophic and planktotrophic larval development.^[49]
Gryphaea	G. arcuata	Holzmaden Dotternhausen	Shells	A gryphaeid mud oyster.
Liostrea	L. falcifera	Hondelange Holzmaden Dotternhausen	Shells	A gryphaeid mud oyster.
Meleagrinella^[50]	M. substriata M. golberti^[51] M. dubia	Banz Altdorf Mistelgau Schlierbach Hondelange Grassel Beienrode Schandelah Aichelberg Staffelstein Pferdsfeld Oedhof Holzmaden Ohmden Gomaringen Dotternhausen Dörnten Langenbrücken^[52] Aselfingen Fützen Beggingen Schieitheim Siblingen Rietheim Staffelegg Salhöf Schafisheim	Shells	An oxytomid scallop.
Mesomiltha	M. pumilus	Banz Hondelange Holzmaden Dotternhausen	Shells	A lucinid clam.
Mytiloides	M. amygdaloides	Banz Altdorf Mistelgau Aichelberg Holzmaden Ohmden Gomaringen Dotternhausen	Shells	An inoceramid clam.
Nicaniella	N. sp.	Altdorf Dörlbach Hirschbühler Bach	Shells
Oxytoma	O. inequivalvis	Banz Altdorf Aichelberg Holzmaden Ohmden Gomaringen Dotternhausen	Shells	An oxytomid scallop.
Palaeonucula	P. sp.	Altdorf Dörlbach Hirschbühler Bach	Shells
Parainoceramya^[53]	P. dubius P. gryphaeoides P. cinctus P. cantianensis	Banz Altdorf Mistelgau Hondelange Aichelberg Holzmaden Ohmden Gomaringen Dotternhausen Langenbrücken	Shells	An inoceramid clam.
Pinna	P. hartmanni	Holzmaden Dotternhausen	Shells	A Pinnoid oyster.
Plagiostoma	P. antiquata P. cf. punctata	Banz Hondelange Holzmaden Ohmden Gomaringen Dotternhausen	Shells	A Limidae file clam.
Pleuromya	P. sp.	Altdorf Dörlbach Hirschbühler Bach	Shells
Plicatula	P. spinosa P. sp.	Hondelange Holzmaden Ohmden Gomaringen Dotternhausen	Shells	A plicatulid mud scallop.
Praearctotis^[54]	P. substriata P. sp.	Dörlbach, Ludwig Canal	Shells	An oxytomid scallop. Found mostly on the "Dactylioceras-Monotis-Bank", a deposit derived from large scale tectonic events on the Bohemian coastline
Propeamussium	P. pumilus P. sp.	Hondelange Holzmaden Ohmden Gomaringen Dotternhausen	Shells	A propeamussiid mud scallop.
Pseudolimea	P. acuticosta	Holzmaden Dotternhausen	Shells	A Limidoid file clam.
Pseudomytiloides^[55]	P. substriata P. dubius P. cinctus	Banz Altdorf Dörlbach Mistelgau Schlierbach Hondelange Grassel Beienrode Aichelberg Staffelstein Pferdsfeld Holzmaden Ohmden Gomaringen Dotternhausen Dörnten Langenbrücken	Shells	An inoceramid clam. Being the second most common genera of Bivalve on the Formation, it had been object to several studies to find its ecological niche, like Bositra. Several opinions include a pseudoplanktonic-only organism, able to live in open sea, or a benthonic-only organism. On the 1998 evaluation with Bositra, was found that probably has a benthic early life that translated to a faculatively pseudoplanktonic mode of adult life.
Pteria	P. sp.	Dotternhausen	Shells	A Pteriidaeoid wing-oyster.
Solemya	S. bollensis S. voltzi	Banz Altdorf Mistelgau Hondelange Aichelberg Holzmaden Ohmden Gomaringen Dotternhausen	Shells	A Clam, type member of the family Solemyidae inside Solemyida.
Steinmannia	S. bronni S. radiata	Hondelange Holzmaden Ohmden Gomaringen Dotternhausen	Shells	A "posidoniid" ostreoidan. Another Genera mistaken with "Posidonia bronni".
Unicardium	U. bollense	Hondelange Holzmaden Ohmden Gomaringen Dotternhausen	Shells	A mactromyid clam.

Gastropoda

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Amberleya	A. imbricata	Aichelberg Dotternhausen	Shells	A Eucyclidae sea Snail.
Coelodiscus^[56]	C. minutus C. biumbilicatus C. fluegeli	Banz Altdorf Mistelgau Hondelange Schandelah Bamberg Trimeusel Hetzles Oedhof Holzmaden Ohmden Gomaringen Dotternhausen Dörnten Langenbrücken	Shells Larval Shells	A Coelodiscidae sea Snail. Is the oldest known holoplanktonic gastropod, thanks to a bilateral symmetrical shells as an adaption to active swimming. Also the most common of the sea snails of the Formation, it is also one of the most varied in size terms, with some of the biggest specimens of snail from the Lower Toarcian know. It has been related to large floating driftwood as one of the primary settlers.
Eucyclus	E. capitaneus	Holzmaden Dotternhausen	Shells	A Eucyclidae sea Snail.
Natica	N. pelops N. reticulata	Aichelberg Holzmaden Ohmden Dotternhausen	Shells	A Naticidae moon Snail.
Pleurotomaria	P. anglica P. sp.	Banz Aichelberg Holzmaden Dotternhausen	Shells	A Pleurotomariidae sea Snail.
Pterotrachea^[57]	P. liassica P. ceratophagus	Altdorf Hetzles Trimeusel Bamberg Mistelgau	Larval Shells	A Pterotracheidae sea Slug. Among the oldest pelagic floating Slugs, Pterotrachea liassica had a more extended larval period than modern extant Pterotrachea coronata, because one additional whorl is present.
Rhabdocolpus	R.? cf. brandi R. cf. vetustus	Holzmaden Dotternhausen	Shells	A Procerithiidae sea Snail.
Rigauxia	R. hiltermanni	Dotternhausen	Shells	A Snail of uncertain placement.
Tatediscus^[58]	T. aratus	Banz Altdorf Mistelgau Aichelberg Schandelah Holzmaden Ohmden Gomaringen Dotternhausen Dörnten	Shells	A Coelodiscidae sea Snail. Possible holoplanktonic gastropod.
Zygopleura	Z. undulata	Dotternhausen	Shells	A Zygopleuridae sea Snail.

Cephalopoda

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Alocolytoceras	A. sp. aff. dorcadis	Mössingen Ohmden Dotternhausen	Shells	A Lytoceratidae Ammonite.
Anaptychus	A. latexcisus	Dotternhausen Dormettingen Mögglingen Boll Holzmaden Ohmden Aselfingen Maurach Hemmikon	Aptychi	Ammonite internal moulds of uncertainf affinity. Represent the most diverse Ammonite remains found on all the formation and are usually not identificable to family level
Acrocoelites	A. longiconus A. oxyconus A. ilminstrensis A. dorsalis A. voltzi A. pyramidalis A. glaber A. raui A. cf. riegrafi A. levidensis A. vulgaris A. tripartitus	Chalhac Obereggenen im Breisgau Aselfingen Dotternhausen Mössingen Gomaringen Reutlingen Ohmenhausen Altdorf Oedhof Mistelgau Banz Irlbach Kerkhofen Heiningen Reichenbach Wasseralfingen Unterstürmig Schandelah Hondelange Unken Sachrang Sazburg Berge westlich der Trettach Haglertal, Höhe Klammgraben Pfronten, Engetal valley Aselfingen Fützen Beggingen Schieitheim Siblingen Rietheim Staffelegg Salhöf Schafisheim Hemmikon Bascharage	Phragmocones	A Megateuthididae Belemnite. Includes some of the Biggest Know Belemnites, with an estimated maximum up to 2 m long in life, although, most specimens would have been rather smaller.
Belotheutis	B. subcostata	Holzmaden	Complete Specimens with tissue, complete Arm Crown, ink Sacs and organ Traces	A Diplobelidae Coleoidean. Some specimens belong to Clarkeiteuthis (=Phragmoteuthis) conocauda, but others are clearly different.
Brodieia	B. sp.	Blumberg-Achdorf Asfelfingen	Pyritized Fragments	A Phymatoceratidae Ammonite.
Calliphylloceras	C. pompeckji	Irlbach Kerkhofen Heiningen Reichenbach	Shells	A Phylloceratidae Ammonite.
Catacoeloceras	C. crassum C. engeli C. marioni C. jordani C. raquinianum	Banz Altdorf Oedhof Mistelgau Aichelberg Schandelah	Shells	A Dactylioceratidae Ammonite.
Catulloceras	C. dumortieri	Banz Altdorf Oedhof Mistelgau Aichelberg	Shells	A Hildoceratidae Ammonite.
Cenoceras^[59] ^[60]	C. intermedium C. spp.	Holzmaden Ohmden Mistlegau Irlbach	Shells	A Nautilidae Nautilidan. Two referred specimens, identified as Nautilus spp. from Holzmaden where found encrusted with Serpulids and Bryozoans.^[61]
Chitinobelus^[62]	C. acifer	Holzmaden Ohmden	Phragmocones	A Belemnotheutidae Belemnite. Chitinobelus rostrum was composed of aragonite with organic material, while normal Belemnites had calcite. Has been suggested this rostrum was calcitic.
Chondroteuthis^[63]	C. wunnenbergi	Banz Altdorf Oedhof Mistelgau Aichelberg Schandelah Dotternhausen Holzmaden Ohmden Aselfingen Maurach Hemmikon Bascharage	Phragmocones	A Belemnotheutidae Belemnite.
Clarkeiteuthis^[64]	C. conocauda	Dotternhausen Holzmaden	Complete Specimens with tissue, complete Arm Crown, ink Sacs and organ Traces Isolated Gladius	A Diplobelidae Coleoidean. It has been found adult individuals of Clarkeiteuthis which caught small teleost fish of the species Leptolepis bronni. Further indirect evidence for the hunting behaviour comes from their body orientation in the water during life.^[65]
Cleviceras^[66] ^[67]	C. exaratum C. elegans	Bächental basin Hondelage	Shells	A Hildoceratidae ammonite
Coeloceras	C. crassum C. mucronatum	Banz Altdorf Mistelgau Aichelberg Schandelah Dotternhausen Holzmaden Ohmden Maurach Hemmikon Bascharage	Shells	Type Coeloceratidae Ammonite.
Collina	C. mucronata	Banz Altdorf Oedhof Mistelgau Aichelberg Schandelah	Shells	A Dactylioceratidae Ammonite. Is common on the bituminous marls (incorrectly designated as "Wilder Schiefer") of the Altdorf High.
Cornaptychus	C. sanguinolarius C. bullatus C. elasma C. ovatus C. cuneatus C. striatolaevis C. elegans C. striatopunctatus C. lythensis C. sublythensis C. latolythensis C. transiens C. stenolythensis C. stenelasma C. elasmoides	Pfronten, Engetal valley Sachrang Banz Altdorf Bamberg Oedhof Mistelgau Aichelberg Schandelah Hondelange Irlbach Dotternhausen Dormettingen Mögglingen Boll Holzmaden Ohmden Aselfingen Maurach Hemmikon Bascharage Unken	Aptychi	Ammonite internal moulds of uncertainf affinity. Represent the most diverse Ammonite remains found on all the formation and are usually not identificable to family level
Cotteswoldia	C. distans C. lotharingica C. mactra C. subcompta C. fluitans	Banz Altdorf Mistelgau Aichelberg Schandelah Dotternhausen Holzmaden Ohmden Aselfingen Maurach Hemmikon Bascharage	Shells	A Hildoceratidae Ammonite.
Dactylioceras^[68] ^[69]	D. semiannulatum D.semicelatum D. crassifactum D. cf. crassiusculosum D. tenuicostatum D. wunnenbergi D. crosbeyi D. clevelandicum D. ernsti D. vermis D. athleticum D. annulatum D. commune D. anguinum D. rarestriatum	Chalhac Obereggenen im Breisgau Aselfingen Gomaringen Reutlingen Dotternhausen Mössingen Ohmenhausen Altdorf Oedhof Mistelgau Banz Irlbach Kerkhofen Heiningen Reichenbach Wasseralfingen Unterstürmig Schandelah Hondelange Unken Sachrang Sazburg Haglertal, Höhe Klammgraben Pfronten, Engetal valley Aselfingen Fützen Beggingen Schieitheim Siblingen Rietheim Staffelegg Salhöf Schafisheim Hemmikon Bascharage	Shells	A Dactylioceratidae Ammonite.
Dactyloteuthis	D. wrighti D. inaudita D. digitalis D. semistriata D. irregularis D. similis D. incurvata	Banz Altdorf Oedhof Mistelgau Aichelberg Schandelah Dotternhausen Holzmaden Ohmden Aselfingen Maurach Hemmikon Bascharage	Phragmocones	A Megateuthididae Belemnite.
Denckmannia	D. malagma	Banz Altdorf Oedhof Mistelgau	Shells	A Phymatoceratidae Ammonite.
Eleganticeras	E. exaratum E. elegantulum	Hondelange Banz Altdorf Oedhof Mistelgau Aichelberg Schandelah Dotternhausen Holzmaden Ohmden Maurach Hemmikon Bascharage	Shells	A Hildoceratidae Ammonite.
Erycites	E. labrosus	Banz Altdorf Oedhof Mistelgau Aichelberg	Shells	A Hammatoceratidae Ammonite.
Frechiella^[70]	F. subcarinata	Dotternhausen Altdorf Dörlbach Hirschbühler Bach	Shells	A Hildoceratidae ammonite. The co-occurrence on Altdorf of boreal (Pseudolioceras) and Tethyan faunal elements (Frechiella) is striking, suggesting clear connection with both regions.
Furloceras	F. cf. escheri	Dotterhausen Holzamden Zell	Shells	A Phymatoceratidae Ammonite.
Geopeltis	G. simplex G. emarginata	Holzmaden Ohmden Banz	Complete Specimens with tissue, complete Arm Crown, ink Sacs and organ Traces Isolated Gladius	A Geopeltidae Loligosepiidan (Vampyromorpha). Related to the modern Vampyroteuthis infernalis. Gladius with weakly arcuated hyperbolar zones.
Geotheutis	G. bollensis	Dotternhausen Holzmaden Ohmden Schandelah	Complete Specimens with tissue, ink Sacs and organ Traces Isolated Gladius	A possible primigenial Cuttlefish. Is one of the most important fossils of Cephalopods on the Sachrang Formation, due to be one of the Earliest examples of Pigments found on any species, also one of the first historically.^[71] The pigments are preserved on various specimens with Eumelanin related to its ink sacs and include even phosphatized musculature.^[72]
Harpoceras^[73]	H. falciferum H. nitescens H. subplanatum H. falciferum H. serpentinum H. renevieri H. cf. exaratum Harpoceras sp.	Chalhac Obereggenen im Breisgau Reutlingen Dotternhausen Mössingen Gomaringen Ohmenhausen Altdorf Oedhof Mistelgau Banz Irlbach Kerkhofen Heiningen Reichenbach Wasseralfingen Unterstürmig Schandelah Hondelange Unken Sachrang Sazburg Haglertal, Höhe Pfronten, Engetal valley Fützen Beggingen Schieitheim Siblingen Rietheim Staffelegg Salhöf Schafisheim Hemmikon Bascharage	Shells	A Hildoceratidae Ammonite.
Haugia	H. variabilis H. illustris H. jugosa	Banz Altdorf Oedhof Mistelgau Aichelberg Schandelah Irlbach	Shells	A Phymatoceratidae Ammonite.
Hildaites	H. murleyi H. levisoni H. subserpentinum	Hondelange Dotternhausen Dormettingen	Shells	A Hildoceratidae Ammonite.
Hildoceras^[74] ^[75]	H. levisoni H. serpentinum H. subserpentinum H.propeserpentinum H. kiliani H. douvillei H. sublevisoni H. semipolitum H. bifrons H. bodei	Chalhac Obereggenen im Breisgau Aselfingen Gomaringen Reutlingen Dotternhausen Mössingen Ohmenhausen Altdorf Oedhof Mistelgau Banz Irlbach Kerkhofen Heiningen Reichenbach Wasseralfingen Unterstürmig Schandelah Hondelange Unken Sachrang Sazburg Haglertal, Höhe Klammgraben Pfronten, Engetal valley Fützen Beggingen Schieitheim Siblingen Rietheim Staffelegg Salhöf Schafisheim Hemmikon Bascharage	Shells	A Hildoceratidae Ammonite.
Hudlestonia	H. serrodens H. affinis	Banz Altdorf Oedhof Mistelgau Aichelberg	Shells	A Hildoceratidae Ammonite.
Jeletzkyteuthis^[76]	J. coriaceus	Holzmaden Ohmden Banz Dotternhausen	Partial Specimens with tissue Impressions and ink Sacs Isolated Gladius	A Loligosepiidae Loligosepiidan (Vampyromorpha). Related to the modern Vampyroteuthis infernalis. Gladii of Loligosepia can be distinguished from Jeletzkyteuthis by the transition lateral field/hyperbolar zone. A specimen of this genus found on Ohmden has appeared predating a Parabelopeltis.^[77] The association of this 2 genera shows the predatory behaviour of this group when lived on Epicontinental seas, being rather different than extant Vampyromorphs.
Kedonoceras	K. cf. compactum	Dotternhausen Dormettingen	Shells	A Dactylioceratidae Ammonite.
Lioteuthis^[78]	L. problematica	Holzmaden	Single Specimen with tissue	Type member of the Lioteuthididae inside Vampyromorphida. The taxonomic position of Lioteuthis is uncertain, although the wings reaching the proximal gladius section and the smooth median field suggest affinity to the Prototeuthididae
Lobolytoceras	L. siemensi	Hondelage Dormettingen Dotternhausen	Shells	A Lytoceratidae Ammonite.
Loligosepia^[79]	L. aalensis L. sp.	Banz Dotternhausen Holzmaden Ohmden Schandelah	Complete Specimens with tissue, complete Arm Crown, ink Sacs and organ Traces Isolated Gladius	A Loligosepiidae Loligosepiidan (Vampyromorpha).^[80] The Loligosepiidae is believed to be ancestral to the Recent vampire squid, Vampyroteuthis infernalis.^[81] Hooklets in the food residues in the posterior mantle indicate that Loligosepia preyed upon belemnites.
Lytoceras^[82] ^[83] ^[84]	L. ceratophagum L. onychograptum L. cornucopia L. sublineatum L. germaini L. crenatum L. metorchion L. mucronatum L. fimbriatum	Pfronten, Engetal valley Banz Altdorf Oedhof Mistelgau Aichelberg Schandelah Irlbach Dotternhausen Dormettingen Mögglingen Boll Holzmaden Ohmden Aselfingen Mauracht Hemmikon Bascharage	Shells	A Lytoceratidae Ammonite. Lytoceras can get quite big, with nearly 50 cm in diameter.
Mercaticeras	M. forte M. cf. mercati M. aff. umbilicatum M. dilatum	Banz Altdorf Oedhof Mistelgau Aichelberg Schandelah Dotternhausen Mögglingen Holzmaden Ohmden	Shells	A Hildoceratidae Ammonite.
Micropassaloteuthis	M. fistulata	Dotternhausen Holzmaden Ohmden Aselfingen Schömberg Gomaringen Hüttlingen Frommern Aalen-Reichenbach	Phragmocones	A Passaloteuthididae Belemnite.
Mucrodactylites	M. mucronatus M. clapierensis	Blumberg	Shells	A Dactylioceratinae ammonite.
Nodicoeloceras	N. crassoides N. acanthus N. crassescens N. dayi	Dotternhausen Blumberg/Achdorf Mössingen Ohmden Dürnau Zell	Shells	A Dactylioceratidae Ammonite.
Neolioceratoides	N. infidum	Dotternhausen Dormettingen	Shells	A Hildoceratidae Ammonite.
Odontobelus^[85]	O. tripartitus	Dotternhausen Holzmaden	Complete Specimens with tissue, complete Arm Crown, ink Sacs and organ Traces Isolated Gladius	A Diplobelidae Coleoidean. Has been confused with Acrocoelites tripartitus, hence the species name.
Onychites	O. amalthei O. runcinatus	Hechingen Holzmaden Ohmden Gomaringen	Hooks	Incertae sedis Belemnites.
Orthildaites	O. becaudi	Dotternhausen Mössingen	Shells	A Hildoceratidae Ammonite.
Osperleioceras	O. bicarinatum	Dotternhausen	Shells	A Hildoceratidae ammonite
Pachylytoceras	P. hircinum P. cf. hircinum P. torulosum P. wrighti P. dilucidum	Banz Altdorf Oedhof Mistelgau Aichelberg	Shells	A Lytoceratidae Ammonite.
Parabelopeltis^[86]	P. flexuosa	Holzmaden Ohmden	Complete Specimens with tissue, complete Arm Crown, ink Sacs and organ Traces Isolated Gladius	A Geopeltidae Loligosepiidan (Vampyromorpha). Related to the modern Vampyroteuthis infernalis. It is distinguished from Geoteuthis and Loligosepia by its median rib: this rib forms a narrow ridge between two narrow grooves. Probably hosted finds similar to modern Vampyroteuthis.
Paroniceras	P. sternale P. cf. sternale	Klammgraben Pfronten, Engetal valley	Shells	A Hildoceratidae ammonite
Paraplesioteuthis	P. sagittata P. hastata	Holzmaden	Partial Specimens with tissue	A Plesioteuthididae Prototeuthidinan (Vampyromorpha). was originally described as "Geoteuthis" sagittata.
Passaloteuthis^[87]	P. paxillosa P. bisulcata	Banz Altdorf Oedhof Mistelgau Aichelberg Schandelah Dotternhausen Holzmaden Ohmden Aselfingen Maurach Hemmikon Bascharage	Phragmocones Soft tissue Hooks	A Passaloteuthididae Belemnite.
Peronoceras	P. fibulatum P. turriculatum P.?n. sp. aff. perarmatum P. andrsi P. vortex P. millavense P.s subarmatum P. cf. subarmatum	Dotternhausen Gomaringen Hechingen Mössingen Frommern Zell Boll Aalen Klammgraben Pfronten, Engetal valley	Shells	A Dactylioceratinae ammonite.
Phylloceras	P. heterophyllum P. plicatum P. supraliasicum P. nilssoni P. cf. heterophyllum P. pompeckji	Chalhac Obereggenen im Breisgau Aselfingen Gomaringen Reutlingen Dotternhausen Mössingen Ohmenhausen Altdorf Oedhof Mistelgau Banz Irlbach Kerkhofen Heiningen Reichenbach Wasseralfingen Unterstürmig Schandelah Hondelange Unken Sachrang Sazburg Haglertal, Höhe Klammgraben Pfronten, Engetal valley Fützen Beggingen Schieitheim Siblingen Rietheim Staffelegg Salhöf Schafisheim Hemmikon Bascharage	Shells	A Phylloceratidae Ammonite. The largest ammonite found in the Posidonienschiefer comes from the Ohmden quarry, and belongs to a Phylloceras heterophyllum with a diameter of 87 cm.
Phlyseogrammoceras	P. dispansum P. cf. dispansiforme	Banz Altdorf Oedhof Mistelgau Aichelberg	Shells	A Hildoceratidae Ammonite.
Phymatoceras	P. lilli P. rude P. escheri P. anomalum P. ex gr. binodatum	Dotterhausen Holzamden Zell Dudelange-Zoufftgen Holzgau-Lermooser Mulde Anstehenden	Shells	A Phymatoceratidae Ammonite.
Polyplectus	P. capellinus P. bicarinatus	Göppingen Frickenhausen Heiningen Großbettlinggen Holzeim Balingen Haglertal, Höhe Pfronten, Engetal valley	Shells	A Hildoceratidae ammonite
Porpoceras	P. vortex P. verticosum	Dotternhausen	Shells	A Dactylioceratinae ammonite.
Protogrammoceras	P. paltum	Bereich	Shells	A Hildoceratidae Ammonite.
Pseudogrammoceras	P. bingmanni	Banz Altdorf Oedhof Mistelgau Aichelberg	Shells	A Hildoceratidae Ammonite.
Pseudolioceras	P. lythense P. leptophyllum P. compactile P. discoides	Pfronten, Engetal valley Banz Altdorf Dörlbach Hirschbühler Bach Oedhof Mistelgau Aichelberg Schandelah Dotternhausen	Shells	A Hildoceratidae Ammonite.
Salpingoteuthis	S. trisulcata S. persulcata S. bauhini S. longisulcata S. macra S. tessoniana S. dorsetiensis S. blomenhofensis	Banz Altdorf Oedhof Mistelgau Aichelberg Schandelah Dotternhausen Holzmaden Ohmden Aselfingen Maurach Hemmikon Bascharage	Phragmocones	A Salpingoteuthididae Belemnite.
Simoniteuthis^[88]	S. michaelyi	NE of Bascharage	MNHNL TI024, complete specimen	A Loligosepiidae Loligosepiidan (Vampyromorpha).
Simpsonibelus	S. dorsalis S. lentus	Banz Altdorf Oedhof Mistelgau Aichelberg Schandelah Dotternhausen Holzmaden Ohmden Aselfingen Maurach Hemmikon Bascharage	Phragmocones	A Belemnotheutidae Belemnite.
Sueviteuthis^[89]	S. schlierbachensis S. zellensis	Dotternhausen Holzmaden Ohmden	Complete Specimens with tissue, complete Arm Crown, ink Sacs and organ Traces Isolated Gladius	A Sueviteuthididae Coleoidean. Sueviteuthis had at least six arms with rather simple hooks, similar to the present of the genus Phragmoteuthis.
Teudopsis^[90]	T. bollensis T. subcostata T. schubleri	Banz Dotternhausen Holzmaden Ohmden Aselfingen	Complete Specimens with tissue, complete Arm Crown, ink Sacs and organ Traces Isolated Gladius	A Teudopseinae Palaeololiginidaean (Vampyromorphida).
Tiltoniceras	T. antiquum T. costatum T. acutum T. schroederi T.capillatum	Dotternhausen Gomaringen Aselfingen Altdorf Mistelgau Banz Irlbach Kerkhofen Schandelah Hondelange Hemmikon Bascharage	Shells	A Hildoceratidae Ammonite.
Trachylytoceras^[91]	T. annulosum	Dotternhausen	Shell	A Lytoceratidae Ammonite.
Youngibelus^[92]	Y. tubularis Y. gigas Y. giganteus Y. ohmdenensis^[93] Y. simpsoni	Banz Altdorf Oedhof Mistelgau Aichelberg Schandelah Dotternhausen Holzmaden Ohmden Aselfingen Maurach Hemmikon Bascharage	Phragmocones	A Megateuthididae Belemnite. Includes really large specimens
Zugodactylites	Z. thompsoni	Mössingen	Shells	A Dactylioceratidae Ammonite.

Arthropoda

Ostracoda

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Bairdia	B. ohmerti B. thuringica B. donzei B. cf. carinata B. rostrata B. aselfingensis B. hahni B. inflata	Chalhac Obereggenen Aselfingen Dotternhaueen Mössingen Gomaringen Reutlingen Ohmenhausen Göppingen Heiningen Reichenbach Untereturmig.	Valves	A Marine Ostracodan of the family Bairdiidae inside Bairdioidea. Abundant and diverse, is found associated with Ammonite shells.
Bairdiacypris	B. dorisae B. faba	Chalhac Aselfingen Mössingen Ohmenhausen Heiningen Reichenbach Wasseralfingen	Valves	A Marine Ostracodan of the family Bairdiidae inside Bairdioidea.
Cytherella^[95]	C. praecadomensis C. toarcensis	Ohmenhausen Wasseralfingen	Valves	A Marine Ostracodan of the family Cytherellidae inside Platycopida.
Cytherelloidea	C. anningi C. praecadomensis	Aselfingen Achdorf Weilheim/Teck	Valves	A Marine Ostracodan of the family Cytherellidae inside Platycopida.
Eucytherura	E. angulocostata	Hammerstadt Achdorf	Valves	A Marine Ostracodan of the family Cytheruridae inside Podocopida. Is rare and the specimens found are rather incomplete.
Hermiella^[96]	H. cincta H. comes H. klingleri	Mössingen Gomaringen Reutlingen	Valves	A Marine Ostracodan of the family Healdiidae inside Podocopida. This genus is the main reported on the marine facies of the Dobbertin Clay Pit.
Infracytheropteron^[97]	I. groissi I. gwashense I. rarum I. atafastigatum	Chalhac Aselfingen Mössingen Gomaringen Ohmenhausen Heiningen, Reichenbach Wasseralfingen Unterstürmig	Valves	A Marine Ostracodan of the family Protostomia. The specimens of this genus are rather fargmentary and of uncertain nature.
Kinkelinella^[98]	K. procera K. costata K. cf. persica K. tenuicostati K. champeauae K. sermoisensis K. costata K. debilis K. (Ektyphocythere) n. sp.	Chalhac Aselfingen Achdorf Ohmenhausen Dotternhausen Mössingen Gomaringen Heiningen Göppingen Hammerstadt Reichenbach Wasseralfingen Unterstürmig	Valves	A Marine Ostracodan of the family Protocytheridae inside Podocopida. A genus related with Fish fossils and anoxic bottoms.
Liasina	L. lanceolata	Chalhac Aselfingen Dotternhausen Mössingen Gomaringen Reutlingen Ohmenhausen Heiningen	Valves	A marine Ostracodan, member of the family Pontocyprididae inside Podocopida.
Macrocypris	M. liassica M. sp. A M. sp. B	Chalhac Aselfingen Dotternhausen Mössingen Gomaringen Ohmenhausen Weilheim/Teck Heiningen Göppingen Reichenbach Wasseralfingen	Valves	A marine Ostracodan, member of the family Macrocyprididae inside Podocopida.
Monoceratina	M. striata M. scrobiculata M. atimulea M. seebergensis M. frentzeni M. vulsa	Chalhac Achdorf Häufig Aselfingen Dotternhausen Mössingen Gomaringen Reutlingen Ohmenhausen Heiningen Reichenbach Weilheim/Teck	Valves	A Marine Ostracodan of the family Bythocytheridae inside Cladocopina.
Ogmoconcha	O. rotunda O. amalthei O. ambo O. intercedens O. circumvallata O. amalthei O. impressa O.? contractula O.? conversa O. sp.	Chalhac Häufig in Obereggenen Aselfingen Gomaringen Reutlingen Dotternhausen Mössingen Gomaringen, Reutlingen Ohmenhausen Heiningen Reichenbach Wasseralfingen Unterstürmig	Valves	A marine Ostracodan, member of the family Healdiidae inside Podocopida. Rather abundant on the Toarcian profiles on Europe, this genus has a Mussel-like shape, with a very clean and round morphology.
Ogmoconchella	O. impressa O. propinqua O. conversa	Chalhac Aselfingen Dotternhausen Mössingen Gomaringen Ohmenhausen Heiningen Göppingen Reichenbach Wasseralfingen	Valves	A Marine Ostracodan of the family Healdiidae inside Podocopida. This genus is the main reported on the marine facies of the Dobbertin Clay Pit.
Polycope^[99]	P. tenuireticulata P. pelta P. cf. cerasia P. cincinnata P. plumhoffi	Achdorf Aselfingen Dotternhausen Mössingen Gomaringen Reutlingen Ohmenhausen Heiningen Göppingen, Reichenbach	Valves	A Marine Ostracodan of the family Polycopidae inside Cladocopina. Scarce but well preserved specimens.
Praeschuleridea	P. tenera P. gallemannica P. aspera	Achdorf Ohmenhausen Dotternhausen Mössingen Gomaringen Heiningen Göppingen Hammerstadt	Valves	A Marine Ostracodan of the family Praeschuleridea inside Podocopida.
Pseudohealdia	P.gruendeli P. truncata	Mössingen Gomaringen Ohmenhausen Heiningen Göppingen	Valves	A Marine Ostracodan of the family Healdiidae inside Podocopida. The genus is rare on the layers.
Trachycythere	T. tubulosa T. verrucosa	Ohmenhausen Wasseralfingen	Valves	A marine Ostracodan, incertae sedis inside Podocopida.

Malacostraca

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Acanthochirana^[100]	A. krausei	Dörnten, north of Goslar, opencast mine Fischerköpfe	4 specimens in lateral position 1 in dorsal position	An Aegeridae Decapodan.
Achelata^[101]	gen. et sp. indet.	Gomaringen	Single complete specimen in late larval stage	The specimen reported represents the oldest fossil record of an achelatan lobster larva, and the first representative of achelatan lobsters in the Posidonia Shale. Shares similarities with the late Jurassic genus Cancrinos. It is also the first example among crustaceans, which possibly could have lived as part of the plankton.
Antrimpos	A. sp. cf. A. sp.	Gomaringen Schandelah	Partial Specimens.	A Penaeidae Decapodan.
Coleia	C. theodorii C. moorei C. sinuata	Holzmaden Ohmden Gomaringen Dotternhausen Banz	Complete Specimens Partial Specimens	An Erymidae Decapodan.
Eryma^[102]	E. amalthei E. spp.	Holzmaden Ohmden Gomaringen Dotternhausen Banz	Complete Specimens	Type genus of the Erymidae Decapodan family. Originally, was named Glyphea amalthei, informally used by Quenstedt and housed on the Museum Naturkunde in Württemberg. A series of posterior revisions probe it was a different genus.
Gabaleryon^[103]	G. "sp. 1" G. "sp. 2"	Gomaringen Pfronten, Engetal valley	Complete Specimens	A Coleiidae Decapodan. Was confussed with Proeryon hartmanni specimens. Although these finds point to some potential for exceptional preservation, the Pfronten locality was never systematically sampled. It was assigned to the genus Gabaleryon the basis of its ovoid carapace, a transverse groove cutting the axial carina on pleonal terga and an uropodal exopod with curved diaeresis. It shares similarities with Gabaleryon garassinoi and Gabaleryon moorei. A species from Gomaringen is the first know with preserved ommatidia.^[104]
Glypheopsis^[105]	G. grandichela	Gomaringen	Isolated Chelae	A Decapodan of the family Glypheidae.
Mecochirus^[106]	M. eckerti	Langenbrücken	Complete Specimens	A Decapodan of the family Mecochiridae.
Penaeus	P. sp.	Schandelah	Partial Specimens.	A Penaeidae Decapodan.
Palaeastacus^[107] ^[108]	P. sp.	Holzmaden Ohmden Gomaringen Dotternhausen	Partial Specimens.	An Erymidae Decapodan.
Palaeopagurus^[109]	P. sp.	Dotternhausen	Single Specimen inside an Ammonite Shell.	An hermit crab of the family Paguridae. This specimens where found inside an Ammonite shell, probably looking to evade anoxic conditions or predators.
Palinurina^[110]	P. longipes P. tenera	Schandelah Holzmaden Gomaringen	Partial Specimens	A Spiny Lobster of the family Palinuridae
Proeryon^[111] ^[112] ^[113]	P. giganteus P. hauffi P. hartmanni P. laticaudatus	Holzmaden Ohmden Dotternhausen Gomaringen Banz Schandelah Altdorf Hemmikon Nancy	Complete Specimens Partial Specimens	A Coleiidae Decapodan. The second largest Decapodan from the formation, P. giganteus is a species reaching a larger size than most other polychelidans, with up to 15 cm. On the Sachrang Formation there is the most abundant variety of species from the genus, ranging from different sizes and morphologies, that indicate different habitat & feeding adaptations on the genus. Some like P. hartmani show less adaptations to hunt for small nectobenthic preys than other relatives, being abundant on Oyster-filled waters. There is a relatively abundance of the genus in deep-water settings from the Toarcian onward.
Stenodactylina^[114]	S. liasina	Holzmaden	Single Chela	An Erymidae Decapodan. It was erroneously reported from the Late Toarcian, as was found on bituminous limestone on the Unterer Stein it is clear its provenance from the Sachrang Formation.
Stomatopoda^[115]	Indeterminate	Holzmaden	Single Incomplete Specimen	A Stomatopoda Malacostracan. Its affinities haven't been tested.
Tonneleryon^[116]	T. schweigerti	Holzmaden	Associated Partial & Complete Specimens	A gregarious Polychelidan Lobster. Specimens of Tonneleryon schweigerti where recovered generally in cluster of several individuals, a characteristic unique to this species on the whole Polychelida group. The specimens in these accumulations are of similar size, lacking characters of exuviae such as a split median line or disjunction of carapace and first pleonite. Due to that and the disposition of the specimens probably represent a mass-mortality assemblage and suggest this species was gregarious.
Uncina^[117]	U. posidoniae U. alpina	Holzmaden Ohmden Gomaringen Pfronten, Engetal valley	Complete Specimens Partial Specimens	An Astacidea Decapodan of the family Uncinidae. Reaching large sizes of almost half a meter (39–47 cm), Uncina Posidoniae is among the largest known Jurassic Crustaceans. Uncina posidoniae is also the largest representative of the genus Uncina. This large crustacean has been found associated with Ammonite and Bivalve filled Bentos, where probably hunted different kinds of prey. Its large claws would have been perfect to hunt small invertebrates and vertebrates.

Insecta

Insects are a common terrestrial animals that were probably washed into the sea due to monsoon conditions present on the Sachrang Formation.^[121]

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Agmatozoon	Agmatozoon articulatum	Grassel, Braunschweig	Incomplete Specimens	Uncertain Affinity Insects, whose remains are scarce to allow an assignation to a concrete family. Also Includes insects with characters never seen in other families and genera.
Campeulites	Campeulites cylindricus	Flechtorf near Fallersleben (Elegans)
Tomeferusa	Tomeferusa abdita	Flechtorf near Fallersleben (Elegans)
Trimerocephalium	Trimerocephalium incisum	Grassel, Braunschweig
Dimeretes	Dimeretes oculatus	Schandelah, nr Braunschweig (Bode coll.)
Elasmoscolex	Elasmoscolex hamatus	Flechtorf near Fallersleben (Elegans)
Epimetrophora	Epimetrophora recta	Hondelage, Braunschweig (Boreale Zone)
Oocephalina	Oocephalina mutilata	Hondelage, Braunschweig (Boreale Zone)
Platycorion	Platycorion utroquelaesum	Hondelage, Braunschweig (Boreale Zone)
Griphoconion	Griphoconion tenuistriatum	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Cricolia	Cricolia inflexa	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Geinitzia^[122]	Geinitzia latrunculorum Geinitzia varia Geinitzia superaucta Geinitzia perlaesa Geinitzia fasciata Geinitzia dorni	Hondelage, Braunschweig Hondelage, Braunschweig (Boreale Zone) Beienrode, Fletchtorf Grassel, Braunschweig	Isolated Wings Complete Specimens	Gryllones (Extinct clade of Basal Insects) of the family Geinitziidae.
Roemerula	Roemerula maculosa	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Dorniella	Dorniella pulchra	Hondelage, Braunschweig Hondelage, Braunschweig (Boreale Zone) Beienrode, Fletchtorf Grassel, Braunschweig Grassel, Braunschweig (Boreale Zone)	Isolated Wings	An Eoblattidan of the family Blattogryllidae.
Protomyrmeleon^[123]	Protomyrmeleon grasselensis Protomyrmeleon brunonis^[124]	Grassel, Braunschweig Bascharage	Specimens	An Odonatopteran (ancient winged insects) from the family Protomyrmeleontidae.
Liassostenophlebia	Liassostenophlebia germanica	Rhine-Danube canal, Km 112	Isolated Wings	An Indeterminate Family dragonfly. Dragonflies non assiganted to a concrete family due to the incomplete or fragmentary nature of its remains.
Syrrhoe	Syrrhoe commissa	Grassel, Braunschweig
Heterophlebia^[125] ^[126]	Heterophlebia buckmani	Holzmaden Beienrode Grassel, Braunschweig (Boreale) Hondelage, Braunschweig Hondelage, Braunschweig (Boreale Zone) Hattorf, Fallersleben Hattorf, Fallersleben (Elegans) Schandelah, nr Braunschweig (Siemensi) Bascharage Kerkhofen	Isolated Wings Complete Specimens	A dragonfly of the family Heterophlebiidae. Heterophlebia is a relative abundant Genus, present on most of the pits of the Sachrang Formation, even on Holzmaden. Heterothemis is the second most distributed insect on the formation.
Plagiophlebia	Plagiophlebia praecostarea	Hondelage, Braunschweig Hattorf, Fallersleben Hattorf, Fallersleben (Elegans) Hattorf, Fallersleben (Boreale) Schandelah, nr Braunschweig (Bode coll.)
Heterothemis	Heterothemis brodiei	Holzmaden Schandelah Beienrode Hondelage, Braunschweig Hattorf, Fallersleben Schandelah, nr Braunschweig (Bode coll.) Hemmikon^[127] Bascharage
Phthitogomphus	Phthitogomphus angulatus	Hondelage, Braunschweig Grassel, Braunschweig Luxguard quarry	Isolated Wings	A dragonfly of the family Liassogomphidae.
Proinogomphus	Proinogomphus bodei Proinogomphus kreuzerorum^[128]	Hondelage, Braunschweig Hattorf, Fallersleben Hattorf, Fallersleben (Boreale) Bascharage (SMNS collection)
Necrogomphus^[129]	Necrogomphus brunswigae	Schandelah, nr Braunschweig (Boreale)
Elattogomphus	Elattogomphus latus	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Sphenophlebia^[130]	Sphenophlebia interrupta Sphenophlebia pommerana	Hondelage, Braunschweig Kerkhofen	Isolated Wings Complete Specimens	A dragonfly of the family Sphenophlebiidae. The Kerkhofen specimens of Sphenophlebia pommerana shows an almost complete dragonfly with head and abdomen as well the two pairs of wings that are partially on top of each other, consisting of fore and hind wings.
Ensphingophlebia	Ensphingophlebia undulata	Grassel, Braunschweig Hondelage, Braunschweig (Boreale Zone)
Mesoepiophlebia	Mesoepiophlebia veronicae	Bascharage Sanem
Myopophlebia^[131]	Myopophlebia libera	Hondelage, Braunschweig Grassel, Braunschweig Beienrode Bascharage	Isolated Wings	A dragonfly of the family Myopophlebiidae.
Paraheterophlebia	Paraheterophlebia wunnenbergi Paraheterophlebia marcusi	Hondelage, Braunschweig Grassel, Braunschweig Flechtorf near Fallersleben Bascharage
Strongylogomphus	Strongylogomphus grasselianus	Hondelage, Braunschweig Grassel, Braunschweig Bascharage
Paraplagiophlebia	Paraplagiophlebia loneuxi	Bascharage
Campterophlebia	Campterophlebia elegans	Schandelah, nr Braunschweig (Boreale)	Isolated Wings	A dragonfly of the family Campterophlebiidae. Campterophlebia is the largest Early Jurassic Insect Know, with a wings size up to 20 cm.^[132]
Gallodorsettia^[133]	Gallodorsettia kronzi	A13 motorway construction, south of Foetz
Henrotayia^[134]	Henrotayia marci	Bascharage	Isolated Wings	A dragonfly of the family Henrotayiidae.
Liassogrylloides	Liassogrylloides basifastigatus	Hondelage, Braunschweig	Isolated Wings	grasshoppers of uncertain Placement.
Prophilaenites	Prophilaenites hondelagensis	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Protogryllus	Protogryllus formosus Protogryllus hattorfensis Protogryllus praeacutus Protogryllus symmetricus Protogryllus multoramosus Protogryllus multovenosus Protogryllus laceratus Protogryllus foliolum Protogryllus implicatus Protogryllus fissus Protogryllus minor	Hondelage, Braunschweig Hondelage, Braunschweig (Boreale Zone) Grassel, Braunschweig Hattorf, Fallersleben (Elegans) Schandelah, nr Braunschweig (Bode coll.)	Isolated Wings Complete Specimens	A grasshopper of the family Protogryllidae.
Panorpidium	Panorpidium media Panorpidium geinitzi Panorpidium minima	Between Sehlde & Ringelheim Hondelage, Braunschweig Hondelage, Braunschweig (Boreale Zone) Grassel, Braunschweig Grassel, Braunschweig (Boreale) Beienrode, Fletchtorf Hattorf, Fallersleben (Elegans) Schandelah, nr Braunschweig (Bode coll.) Schandelah, near Braunschweig (Zessin coll.) Flechtorf near Fallersleben (Elegans)	Isolated Wings Complete Specimens	A grasshopper of the family Elcanidae.
Elcana	Elcana minima Elcana geinitzi	Kerkhofen	Isolated Wings Complete Specimens	A grasshopper of the family Elcanidae.
Acridiopsis	Acridiopsis spoliata	Hattorf, Fallersleben (Siemensi)	Isolated Wings Complete Specimens	A short-horned grasshopper of the family Acrididae.
Locustopsis	Locustopsis procera Locustopsis bernstorffi Locustopsis maculosa Locustopsis sp.	Hattorf, Fallersleben (Elegans) Schandelah, near Braunschweig (Zessin coll.) Schandelah (Krüger coll)	Isolated Wings Complete Specimens	Grasshoppers of the family Locustopsidae.
Liadolocusta	Liadolocusta ornata	Hondelage, Braunschweig (Boreale Zone)
Schesslitziella^[135] ^[136]	Schesslitziella haupti Schesslitziella integra	Feuermühlenberg near Scheßlitz Hondelage, Braunschweig Grassel, Braunschweig Bamberg Kerkhofen	Isolated Wings	A stick insect of the family Aerophasmidae. Schesslitziella is one of the described insects found more near the Bohemian Massif, where probably belong most of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna.
Chresmodella	Chresmodella fissa	Hondelage, Braunschweig Hattorf, Fallersleben (Boreale)
Liadoblattina^[137]	Liadoblattina blakei	Holzmaden (Ansorge coll) Grassel, Braunschweig Grassel, Braunschweig (Boreale) Schandelah, near Braunschweig (Ansorge coll.) Hattorf, Fallersleben (Elegans)	Isolated Wings Complete Specimens	A cockroach of the family Raphidiomimidae.
Ptyctoblattina	Ptyctoblattina simplicior Ptyctoblattina dilatata	Grassel, Braunschweig Beienrode
Mesoblattina	Mesoblattina protypa	Mistelgau	Isolated Wings	A cockroach of the family Mesoblattinidae.
Caloblattina	Caloblattina mathildae	Schandelah, near Braunschweig (Ansorge coll.) Hondelage, Braunschweig Hondelage, Braunschweig (Boreale Zone) Beienrode, Fletchtorf	Isolated Wings	A cockroach of the family Caloblattinidae.
Blattula	Blattula langfeldti	Schandelah, near Braunschweig (Ansorge coll.) Hattorf, Fallersleben (Elegans)	Isolated Wings	A cockroach of the family Blattulidae.
Elasmoscelidium	Elasmoscelidium rectemarginatum Elasmoscelidium promotum Elasmoscelidium boreale	Hondelage, Braunschweig Grassel, Braunschweig Grassel, Braunschweig (Boreale) Schandelah, near Braunschweig (Ansorge coll.)	Isolated Wings	A Planthopper of uncertain placement.
Archijassus	Archijassus heeri	Hattorf, Fallersleben (Elegans)	Isolated Wings	A Planthopper of the family Archijassidae.
Fulgoridium	Fulgoridium mancomarginatum Fulgoridium semiperspicuum Fulgoridium cubitoramosum Fulgoridium cuneiforme Fulgoridium infuscatum Fulgoridium paulodilatatum Fulgoridium exiguemaculatum Fulgoridium reduncum Fulgoridium fallerslebense Fulgoridium hattorfense Fulgoridium gottingense Fulgoridium tenuimaculatum Fulgoridium incurvatum Fulgoridium praeobtusum Fulgoridium raromaculatum Fulgoridium cubitofurcatum Fulgoridium basilaesum Fulgoridium hondelanum Fulgoridium fabri Fulgoridium hildesheimense Fulgoridium symmetricum Fulgoridium latius Fulgoridium balticum Fulgoridium posidonicum Fulgoridium silvaticum	Hondelage, Braunschweig Hondelage, Braunschweig (Boreale Zone) Grassel, Braunschweig Grassel, Braunschweig (Boreale) Flechtorf near Fallersleben Flechtorf near Fallersleben (Elegans) Hattorf, Fallersleben (Elegans) Schandelah, nr Braunschweig (Bode coll.) Schandelah, near Braunschweig (Ansorge coll.) Trirneusel Staffelstein Pferdsfeld Aselfingen Kerkhofen	Isolated Wings Complete Specimens	Planthoppers of the family Fulgoridiidae.
Fulgoridulum	Fulgoridulum egens	Beienrode, Fletchtorf Hondelage, Braunschweig (Boreale Zone)
Procerofulgoridium	Procerofulgoridium verticillatum Procerofulgoridium praefastigatum	Hondelage, Braunschweig Hondelage, Braunschweig (Boreale Zone) Grassel, Braunschweig Schandelah, nr Braunschweig (Bode coll.)
Tetrafulgoria	Tetrafulgoria parallelogramma	Hondelage, Braunschweig Grassel, Braunschweig
Metafulgoridium	Metafulgoridium praetruncatum Metafulgoridium spatulaeforme	Hondelage, Braunschweig (Boreale Zone) Hattorf, Fallersleben (Elegans)
Productofulgoridium	Productofulgoridium filiferum Productofulgoridium praeacutum	Hondelage, Braunschweig (Boreale Zone)
Margaroptilon	Margaroptilon formosum Margaroptilon cuneatum Margaroptilon paucisinuatum Margaroptilon detruncatum Margaroptilon procerum	Grassel, Braunschweig Hattorf, Fallersleben (Elegans)
Compactofulgoridium	Compactofulgoridium fronterotundum Compactofulgoridium obesum Compactofulgoridium aries Compactofulgoridium decapitatum Compactofulgoridium concameratum Compactofulgoridium paenintegrum	Schlewecke am Harz Hondelage, Braunschweig Grassel, Braunschweig
Procercopis	Procercopis lacerata Procercopis abscissa Procercopis wunnenbergi	Beienrode, Fletchtorf Grassel, Braunschweig Hondelage, Braunschweig	Isolated Wings	A Froghopper of the family Procercopidae.
Megalocoris	Megalocoris laticlavus	Grassel, Braunschweig	Isolated Wings	A Shore bug (Saldidae) Of Uncertain Placement.
Eurynotis	Eurynotis incisus	Beienrode, Fletchtorf	Isolated Wings Complete Specimens Partial Specimens	A Shore bug (Saldidae) of the family Archegocimicidae.
Somatocoris	Somatocoris conservatus	Beienrode, Fletchtorf
Corynecoris	Corynecoris occultatus Corynecoris semigranulatus	Grassel, Braunschweig Hattorf, Fallersleben (Elegans)
Macropterocoris	Macropterocoris obtusus	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Ophthalmocoris	Ophthalmocoris liassicus	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Deraiocoris	Deraiocoris insculptus	Schandelah, nr Braunschweig (Bode coll.)
Eogerridium	Eogerridium gracile	Schandelah, nr Braunschweig (Bode coll.)
Pronabis	Pronabis utroquelaesus	Schandelah, nr Braunschweig (Bode coll.)
Entomecoris	Entomecoris minor Entomecoris morator	Hondelage, Braunschweig Hattorf, Fallersleben (Elegans)
Ensphingocoris	Ensphingocoris parvulus Ensphingocoris praerotundatus	Grassel, Braunschweig Hattorf, Fallersleben
Engynabis	Engynabis tenuis	Hondelage, Braunschweig (Boreale Zone)
Xulsigia^[138]	Xulsigia karetsa	Bommelscheier industrial area	Isolated Wings	A Sternorrhynchan of the family Pincombeomorpha. It is curious for its peculiar venation on its wings. Has been proposed its own family, Xulsigiidae.
Indutionomarus^[139]	Indutionomarus treveriorum	Bommelscheier industrial area	Isolated Wings	A Coleorrhynchan of the family Progonocimicidae.
Xyelula^[140]	Xyelula benderi	Misltelgau Schandelah, near Braunschweig (PIN Collection 4779)	Isolated Wings	A Pseudo-Wasp of the family Sepulcidae.
Thilopterus	Thilopterus lampei	Schandelah (Lampe coll)	Isolated Wings	A Wasp of the family Ephialtitidae.
Symphytopterus^[141]	Symphytopterus liasinus	Schandelah, near Braunschweig (Zessin coll.)
Liadobracona^[142]	Liadobracona raduhna	Schandelah (Vahldiek coll)
Pseudoxyelocerus^[143]	Pseudoxyelocerus bascharagensis	Bascharage	Isolated Wings	A Wood Wasp of the family Xyelotomidae.
Glottopteryx	Glottopteryx multivenosa	Hondelage, Braunschweig	Isolated Wings	A Lacewing of uncertain placement.
Prohemerobius^[144]	Prohemerobius prodromus Prohemerobius quatuorpictus Prohemerobius septemvirgatus Parhemerobius multostriatus Prohemerobius mediolatus	Hondelage, Braunschweig Grassel, Braunschweig Grassel, Braunschweig (Boreale) Hattorf, Fallersleben (Elegans) Schandelah, nr Braunschweig (Bode coll.)	Isolated Wings	A Lacewing of the family Prohemerobiidae.
Parhemerobius	Parhemerobius dilatatus Parhemerobius bodei	Hondelage, Braunschweig Grassel, Braunschweig Schandelah, near Braunschweig (PIN Collection 4503)
Paractinophlebia	Paractinophlebia grasselensis Paractinophlebia tenuis Paractinophlebia acuta	Hondelage, Braunschweig Grassel, Braunschweig (Boreale)
Actinophlebia	Actinophlebia abscissa	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Stenoteleuta	Stenoteleuta lingulaeformis	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Actinoptilon	Actinoptilon violatum	Hondelage, Braunschweig	Isolated Wings	A Silky Lacewing of the family Psychopsidae.
Panfilovia	Panfilovia fasciata	Hondelange Schandelah Kerkhofen	Isolated Wings	A Lacewing of the family Panfiloviidae. A large genus with wings around 50 mm.
Epipanfilovia	Epipanfilovia fasciata	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Liassopsychops^[145]	Liassopsychops curvata	Hondelage, Braunschweig Hattorf, Fallersleben Grassel, Braunschweig Schandelah, nr Braunschweig Kerkhofen	Isolated Wings	A Giant Lacewing (Kalligrammatidae) of the subfamily Liassopsychopinae and Kallihemerobiinae. It is one of the oldest known representatives of the Giant pollinator lacewings. The genus Liassopsychops was previously referred to Psychopsidae. Another specimen related, Specimen Hi 21 is regarded here as Kalligrammatidae incertae sedis. This along the occurrence of two distantly-related genera of Kalligrammatidae in the lower Toarcian is unexpected. The Toarcian Kalligrammatidae lived in warm and dry conditions, as proven by its recovery from the zone of Hondelange but absence on Grimmen and other northern locations. Both genera where among the largest insects found on all the formation.
Ophtalmogramma	Ophtalmogramma klopschari	Schandelah, nr Braunschweig
Mesopsychopsis	Mesopsychopsis liasina	Hondelage, Braunschweig	Isolated Wings	A lance Lacewing of the family Osmylopsychopidae.
Tetanoptilon	Tetanoptilon brunsvicense	Hondelage, Braunschweig (Boreale Zone)	Isolated Wings	Lance Lacewings of the family Osmylidae. Tetanoptilon is the largest non-Kalligrammatidae lacewing of the Jurassic, with a forewings length up to 470 mm and a wingspan estimated at 11 cm. Like the Kalligrammatids, this genus is limited to the southern zones, asbsent in northern deposits.
Mesosmylina	Mesosmylina exornata	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Protoaristenymphes^[146]	Protoaristenymphes bascharagensis	Bascharage	Isolated Wings	A lance Lacewing of the family Mesochrysopidae.
Liassocicada^[147]	Liassocicada mueckei Liassocicada antecedens	Rhine-Danube canal, Km 112 Beienrode	Isolated Wings	A Hairy Cicada of the family Tettigarctidae.
Liassotettigarcta	Liassotettigarcta mueckei	Kerkhofen
Adelocoris	Adelocoris ambiguus	Grassel, Braunschweig	Isolated Wings	Pentatomomorphans of the family Pachymeridiidae. Are related with the family Lygaeoidea, being possible ancestral forms of this last one.
Stiphroschema	Stiphroschema longealatum	Grassel, Braunschweig
Engerrophorus	Engerrophorus nitidus	Schandelah, nr Braunschweig (Bode coll.)
Euraspidium	Euraspidium granulosum	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Ischnocoris	Ischnocoris bitoratus	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Mesomphalocoris	Mesomphalocoris obtusus	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Trachycoris	Trachycoris abbreviatus	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Apicasia	Apicasia inolata	Schlewecke am Harz	Elytrons Fragmentary Specimens	Beetles of uncertain placement inside Coleoptera. Diverse beetle specimens that due to its preservation (incomplete) or its morphological traits are not assigned to any concrete family. The abundance of beetle Elytrons indicates the proximity of terrestrial habitats.
Apiopyrenides	Apiopyrenides trigeminus	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Auchenophorites	Auchenophorites sculpturatus	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Brachytrachelites	Brachytrachelites striatus	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Diatrypamene	Diachoristes collinus	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Diatrypamene	Diatrypamene angulocollis Diatrypamene excavata	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Dicyphelus	Dicyphelus concameratus	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Dicyphelus	Diphymation corrosum	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Diplothece	Diplothece scissa	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Entomocantharus	Entomocantharus convexus	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Episcepes	Episcepes rotundatus	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Eurynotellus	Eurynotellus brevicollis	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Eurysphinctus	Eurysphinctus latesulcatus	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Eusarcantarus	Eusarcantarus compactus	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Gastrodelus	Gastrodelus decapitatus	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Laimocenos	Laimocenos striatogranulatus	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Leptomites	Leptomites procerus	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Loxocamarotus	Loxocamarotus virgatus	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Macrotrachelites	Macrotrachelites longus	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Melanocantharis	Melanocantharis bicornuta	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Mesotylites	Mesotylites marginatus	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Ooidellus	Ooidellus denudatus	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Ooperiglyptus	Ooperiglyptus contractus	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Opiselleipon	Opiselleipon gravis	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Oxycephalites	Oxycephalites curculioides	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Parnosoma	Parnosoma detectum	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Proheuristes	Proheuristes striatus	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Sphaericites	Sphaericites concameratus	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Tetragonides	Tetragonides magnus	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Trichelepturgetes	Trichelepturgetes procerus	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Trochmalus	Trochmalus compressus	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Pholipheron	Pholipheron articulatus Pholipheron armatus Pholipheron ovatus	Schandelah, nr Braunschweig (Bode coll.)
Grasselites	Grasselites pusillus	Grassel, Braunschweig
Omogongylus	Omogongylus ovatus	Grassel, Braunschweig
Sideriosemion	Sideriosemion punctolineatum	Grassel, Braunschweig
Metanastes	Metanastes denudatus	Grassel, Braunschweig
Aptilotitus	Aptilotitus capitecarens	Grassel, Braunschweig
Rhomaleus	Rhomaleus ornatus	Grassel, Braunschweig
Leptosolenophorus	Leptosolenophorus brevicollis	Grassel, Braunschweig
Gastroratus	Gastroratus dispertitus	Grassel, Braunschweig
Brachylaimon	Brachylaimon striatus	Grassel, Braunschweig
Pleuralocista	Pleuralocista insculpta	Grassel, Braunschweig
Mesoncus	Mesoncus striatulus	Grassel, Braunschweig
Palaeotrachys	Palaeotrachys laticollis	Schlewecke am Harz
Hydroicetes	Hydroicetes affictus	Schandelah, nr Braunschweig (Boreale)
Scalopoides	Scalopoides inscissus	Grassel, Braunschweig
Peridosoma	Peridosoma praecisum	Grassel, Braunschweig
Syntomopterus	Syntomopterus latus	Beienrode
Sphaerocantharis	Sphaerocantharis striata Sphaerocantharis defossa	Grassel, Braunschweig (Boreale) Beienrode
Rhysopsalis	Rhysopsalis distorta	Beienrode
Diplocelides	Diplocelides minutus	Grassel, Braunschweig
Tripsalis	Tripsalis praecisa	Grassel, Braunschweig
Trochiscites	Trochiscites capitapertus	Grassel, Braunschweig
Zetemenos	Zetemenos sexlineatus	Grassel, Braunschweig (Boreale)
Amphoxyne	Amphoxyne lineata Amphoxyne minuta	Hondelage, Braunschweig Hondelage, Braunschweig (Boreale Zone) Beienrode Grassel, Braunschweig (Boreale)
Tolype	Tolype rotundata	Beienrode
Prosynactus	Prosynactus gracilis Prosynactus scissus Prosynactus procerus	Hondelage, Braunschweig Beienrode Beienrode, Fletchtorf Grassel, Braunschweig Grassel, Braunschweig (Boreale) Schandelah, nr Braunschweig (Bode coll.)	Elytrons	False Ground Beetles of the family Trachypachidae.
Coreoeicos	Coreoeicos dilatatus	Beienrode
Aposphinctus	Aposphinctus conservatus Aposphinctus striatus	Hondelage, Braunschweig Beienrode Grassel, Braunschweig (Boreale)	Elytrons	A Water Scavenger Beetle of the family Hydrophilidae.
Amblycephalonius	Amblycephalonius tenuistriatus	Hondelage, Braunschweig Grassel, Braunschweig (Boreale)	Elytrons	Beetles of the family Coptoclavidae.
Ooperioristus	Ooperioristus applanatus	Hondelage, Braunschweig (Boreale Zone)
Camaricopterus	Camaricopterus ovalis	Grassel, Braunschweig (Boreale)	Elytrons	A Beetle of the family Phoroschizidae.
Megachorites	Megachorites brevicollis	Grassel, Braunschweig Volkmarsdorf, Braunschweig	Elytrons	A Giant Beetle. It is among the largest found on all the Jurassic.
Eoptychoptera^[148]	Eoptychoptera simplex Eoptychoptera liasina Eoptychoptera eximia	Hondelage, Braunschweig Grassel, Braunschweig Flechtorf near Fallersleben (Elegans) Große Kley, Mörse Kerkhofen	Isolated Wings	A Phantom Crane fly of the family Eoptychopterinae.
Necrotaulius^[149]	Necrotaulius parvulus Necrotaulius obtusior	Holzmaden Kerkhofen Trirneusel Staffelstein Pferdsfeld Hattorf, Fallersleben Hattorf, Fallersleben (Elegans) Schandelah, near Braunschweig (Ansorge coll.) Schandelah, near Braunschweig (Ansorge coll.) Hondelage, Braunschweig Grassel, Braunschweig	Isolated Wings	An Amphiesmenopteran of the family Necrotauliidae. The ovipositor, like terminalia of female N. parvulus, indicate that these insects laid their eggs rather in soil than in water
Micropterygidae	Micropterygidae Indeterminate	Hattorf, Fallersleben Hattorf, Fallersleben (Elegans) Schandelah, near Braunschweig (Ansorge coll.) Schandelah, near Braunschweig (Ansorge coll.) Hondelage, Braunschweig Grassel, Braunschweig	Isolated Wings	Lepidopterans probably related with the family Micropterygidae. Compared with their record on Grimmen, on Lower Saxony Lepidopterans are rather scarce and bad preserved.
Geisfeldiella^[150]	Geisfeldiella benkerti	Bamberg	Isolated Wings	Mayfly of the family Protereismatidae.
Protobittacus	Protobittacus desacuminatus Protobittacus arculatus	Hondelage, Braunschweig Grassel, Braunschweig (Boreale) Hattorf, Fallersleben	Isolated Wings	Hanginflies of the family Bittacidae.
Parabittacus	Parabittacus lingula	Hondelage, Braunschweig Grassel, Braunschweig Hattorf, Fallersleben Hattorf, Fallersleben (Boreale)
Neorthophlebia	Neorthophlebia maculipennis	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Pleobittacus	Pleobittacus retroflexus	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Haplobittacus	Haplobittacus parvus	Grassel, Braunschweig
Mesobittacus	Mesobittacus clavaeformis Mesobittacus minutus Mesobittacus marginelaesus	Hondelage, Braunschweig Beienrode, Fletchtorf
Orthophlebia	Orthophlebia latipennisimilis Orthophlebia fallerslebensis Orthophlebia diminuta Orthophlebia brunsvicensis Orthophlebia speciosa Orthophlebia compacta Orthophlebia elongata	Hondelage, Braunschweig Schandelah, nr Braunschweig (Bode coll.) Grassel, Braunschweig Flechtorf near Fallersleben (Elegans) Hattorf, Fallersleben Große Kley, Mörse	Isolated Wings	Scorpionflies of the family Orthophlebiidae.
Reprehensa	Reprehensa acuminata	Schandelah, nr Braunschweig (Bode coll.)
Parorthophlebia	Parorthophlebia grasselensis	Grassel, Braunschweig Hattorf, Fallersleben
Mesopanorpa	Mesopanorpa obtusa Mesopanorpa formosa	Hondelage, Braunschweig Beienrode
Protorthophlebia	Protorthophlebia cuneata	Hondelage, Braunschweig	Isolated Wings	Scorpionflies of the family Protorthophlebiidae.
Pseudopolycentropus	Pseudopolycentropus obtusus	Grassel, Braunschweig Hattorf, Fallersleben Kerkhofen	Isolated Wings	Scorpionflies of the family Pseudopolycentropodidae.
Homoeoptychopteris	Homoeoptychopteris incerta	Grassel, Braunschweig	Nymphs? Isolated Wings Complete Specimens	Flies Of Uncertain Placement. Some of the Specimens where listed as Nymphs but are now tougth to be wingless Dipterans
Liassonympha	Liassonympha compacta Liassonympha glans Liassonympha guttula	Hondelage, Braunschweig Hondelage, Braunschweig (Boreale Zone) Hattorf, Fallersleben (Elegans) Schandelah, nr Braunschweig (Bode coll.)
Rhopaloscolex	Rhopaloscolex brevis Rhopaloscolex longus	Schandelah, nr Braunschweig (Bode coll.)
Empidocampe	Empidocampe retrocrassata	Hondelage, Braunschweig
Amianta	Amianta eurycephala	Grassel, Braunschweig
Culiciscolex	Culiciscolex gibberatus	Grassel, Braunschweig
Bodephora	Bodephora arucaeformis	Hattorf, Fallersleben (Elegans)
Apistogrypotes	Apistogrypotes inflexa	Hattorf, Fallersleben (Elegans)
Amphipromeca	Amphipromeca acuta	Hattorf, Fallersleben (Elegans)
Cyrtomides	Cyrtomides maculatus	Flechtorf near Fallersleben (Elegans)
Sphallonymphites	Sphallonymphites decurtatus	Flechtorf near Fallersleben (Elegans)
Propexis	Propexis incerta	Hondelage, Braunschweig (Boreale Zone)
Amblylexis	Amblylexis gibberata	Grassel, Braunschweig
Ellipibodus	Ellipibodus laesa	Grassel, Braunschweig
Archipleciomima^[151]	Archipleciomima germanica	Große Kley, Mörse
Protoplecia	Protoplecia hattorfensis	Hattorf, Fallersleben (Elegans)	Isolated Wings	A Fly of the family Protopleciidae.
Mesorhyphus	Mesorhyphus ulrichi	Große Kley, Mörse	Isolated Wings	A Wood Gnat of the family Anisopodidae.
Hondelagia	Hondelagia reticulata	Hondelage, Braunschweig	Isolated Wings	A Snakefly of the family Priscaenigmatidae.
Metaraphidia	Metaraphidia vahldieki	Schandelah (Vahldiek coll)	Isolated Wings	A Snakefly of the family Metaraphidiidae.
Heterorhyphus	Heterorhyphus analivarius Heterorhyphus anomalus	Grassel, Braunschweig	Isolated Wings	A Fly of the family Heterorhyphidae.
Protorhyphus	Protorhyphus ovisimilis Protorhyphus simplex	Grassel, Braunschweig Kerkhofen	Isolated Wings	A Fly of the family Protorhyphidae.
Metatrichopteridium^[152]	Metatrichopteridium confusum	Schandelah, near Braunschweig (Ansorge coll.)	Isolated Wings	A Fly of the family Hennigmatidae. It represents the oldest know genus of this primitive family.
Praemacrochile	Praemacrochile decipiens	Hondelage, Braunschweig (Boreale Zone) Schandelah, near Braunschweig (Zessin coll.) Schandelah, near Braunschweig (Ansorge coll.)	Isolated Wings	A primitive Crane fly of the family Tanyderidae. Extant members of the family are nectar feeder while extinct members cannot be determined precisely.^[153]
Nannotanyderus^[154]	Nannotanyderus krzeminskii	Kerkhofen	Isolated Wings
Architipula	Architipula bodeisimilis Architipula ptychopteraeformis Architipula formosa Architipula basiminuta Architipula robusta Architipula clara Architipula bodei Architipula brunsvicensis Architipula analiramosa Architipula aequabilis Architipula fragmentosa Architipula veris Architipula latealata	Hondelage, Braunschweig Hondelage, Braunschweig (Boreale Zone) Hattorf, Fallersleben (Elegans) Grassel, Braunschweig Grassel, Braunschweig (Boreale) Schandelah, nr Braunschweig (Bode coll.) Große Kley, Mörse	Isolated Wings	A Crane fly of the family Limoniidae.
Ozotipula	Ozotipula tarda	Grassel, Braunschweig
Haplotipula	Haplotipula majalis Haplotipula cubitoramosa	Hondelage, Braunschweig (Boreale Zone) Hattorf, Fallersleben (Elegans)
Leptotipuloides	Leptotipuloides fastigata	Hattorf, Fallersleben (Elegans)
Mikrotipula	Mikrotipula dixaeformis	Hattorf, Fallersleben (Elegans)

Echinodermata

Echinoderm debris is pretty abundant on the shale-free Unken and Salzburg members, including Crinoid skeleton elements, also that of the Ophiurida; the Echinoids take their place, where really blossomed at that time. That's why Pedicellaria are observed very often.

Asterozoa

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Barbaraster	B. colbachi B. muenzbergerae	Neischmelz near Dudelange	Isolated Arm Plates	An Ophiuridan of the family Ophiomusina.
Dermacantha	D. reolidi	Neischmelz near Dudelange	Isolated Arm Plates	An Ophiuridan of incertae sedis family on the order Ophionereididae.
Enakomusium^[155]	E. geisingense	Bachhausen	Articulated Specimens	An Ophiuridan of the family Ophiolepididae.
Dermocoma	D. sp.	Neischmelz near Dudelange	Isolated Arm Plates	An Ophiuridan of incertae sedis family on the order Ophiodermatina.
Inexpectacantha^[156]	I. acrobatica I. ullmanni	Neischmelz near Dudelange	Isolated Arm Plates	An Ophiuridan of the family Euryophiurida.
Lapidaster	L. fasciatus L. hougardae	Neischmelz near Dudelange	Isolated Arm Plates	An Ophiuridan of the family Ophioscolecidae.
Ophiarachna	O. liasica	Schömberg	Isolated Arm Plates	An Ophiuridan of the family Ophiacanthida. Very Common, related to non anoxic water sedimentation.
Ophiogojira	O. andreui O. aliorbis	Neischmelz near Dudelange	Isolated Arm Plates	An Ophiuridan of the family Ophiomusaidae.
Ophiocopa	O. sp. nov.	Neischmelz near Dudelange	Isolated Arm Plates	An Ophiuridan of the family Ophiotomidae.
?Ophiocten	O. seeweni	Schömberg	Isolated Arm Plates	An Ophiuridan of the family Ophiuridae. Its relationships haven't been confirmed and it is based on very fragmentary remains.
Ophiohelus	O. sp. nov.	Neischmelz near Dudelange	Isolated Arm Plates	An Ophiuridan of the family Ophiohelidae.
Ophiomusa	O. perezi	Neischmelz near Dudelange	Isolated Arm Plates	An Ophiuridan of the family Ophiomusaidae.
Ophiomisidium	O. pratchettae	Neischmelz near Dudelange	Isolated Arm Plates	An Ophiuridan of the family Astrophiuridae.
Ophiopholis^[157]	O. trispinosa	Schömberg	Isolated Arm Plates	An Ophiuridan of the family Ophiactidae. Very rare on the layers.
Ophiotardis	O. tennanti O. astonensis	Neischmelz near Dudelange Schömberg	Isolated Arm Plates	An Ophiuridan of the family Ophiopyrgidae.
Palaeocoma	P. kortei	Neischmelz near Dudelange	Isolated Arm Plates	An Ophiuridan of the family Ophiopyrgidae.
Sinosura^[158]	S. brodiei S. cf. brodiei S. dieschbourgae	Ohmden Schömberg Neischmelz near Dudelange	Articulated Specimens Isolated Arm Plates	An Ophiuridan of the family Ophioleucidae. The Mostly know Arterozoan from the formation, including a single articulated specimen.
Thanataster	T. desdemonia	Neischmelz near Dudelange	Isolated Arm Plates	An Ophiuridan of the family Ophiomusina.

Echinoidea

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Cidaris^[159]	C. spp.	Holzmaden Ohmden Dotternhaussen Altforf Banz	Specimens	A sea urchin of the family Cidaridae. Common on several layers. Cidaris is genus that still alive today. A bottom dweller, is commonly found associated with Belemnnite fossils, probably due to eating its carcasses.
Diademopsis	D. crinifera D. aequituberculata D. behtensis D. bowerbanki	Chalhac Häufig in Obereggenen Aselfingen Gomaringen Reutlingen Dotternhausen Mössingen Ohmenhausen Altdorf Oedhof Mistelgau Banz Irlbach Kerkhofen Heiningen Reichenbach Wasseralfingen Unterstürmig Schandelah Hondelange	Specimens	A sea urchin of the family Pedinidae. It is the most common sea urchin in the formation, present on all the levels with specimens of various sizes. Vinculated to sea bottom sediments, before Gasteropods and Bivalves, Diademospsis was the third major colonizer of the bottom, in between anoxic changes.
Eodiadema	E. minutum	Holzmaden Ohmden Dotternhausen	Specimens	A sea urchin of the family Diadematidae
Hemipedina	H. sp.	Holzmaden Dotternhausen	Specimens	A sea urchin of the family Pedinidae
Procidaris	P. edwardsi	Holzmaden Dotternhaussen Banz	Specimens	A sea urchin of the family Miocidaridae
Pseudodiadema	P. posidoniae P. jurensis	Holzmaden Ohmden Dotternhausen	Specimens	A sea urchin of the family Pseudodiadematidae

Holothuroidea

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Achistrum^[160]	A. issleri	Achdorf Aselfingen Weilheim/Teck Göppingen und Reichenbach Bewegtwasserfazi Obereggenen im Breisgau	Specimens	A sea cucumber of the family Achistridae inside Apodida. The "fishhooks" from this genus are only rarely found in the tenuicostatum zone
Mortensenites	M.liasicus	Achdorf Aselfingen Dotternhausen Mössingen Gomaringen Reutlingen Ohmenhausen Heiningen Weilheim/Teck Göppingen und Reichenbach Obereggenen im Breisgau	Specimens	A sea cucumber of the family Calclamnidae inside Dendrochirotida. A Genus whose identification was originally complex.
Stichopites	S. mortenseni	Achdorf Aselfingen Gomaringen Heiningen Weilheim/Teck Göppingen und Reichenbach Bewegtwasserfazi Obereggenen im Breisgau	Specimens	A sea cucumber of the family Stichopitidae. Occurs sporadically in non-bituminous sediments of the upper bifrons zone
Theelia	T. heptalampra T. florealis	Aselfingen Holzmaden Ohmden Dotternhausen Gomaringen	Specimens	A sea cucumber of the family Chiridotidae. It is the only major genus of Sea Cucumbers reported locally on the Posidonienschiefer. It was identified originally as Chirodonta mesoliasicus and Chirodonta heptalmorpha. Represents a possible cosmopolitan holothurian that occupied all three types of deep-sea ecosystems as an organic-enrichment opportunist.

Crinoidea

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Pentacrinites^[161]	P. fossilis P. briareus P. franconicus P. dichotomus P. quenstedti^[162]	Chalhac Häufig in Obereggenen Aselfingen Gomaringen Reutlingen Dotternhausen Mössingen Ohmenhausen Altdorf Oedhof Mistelgau Banz Irlbach Kerkhofen Heiningen Reichenbach Wasseralfingen Unterstürmig Schandelah Hondelange	Complete Specimens Megaraft Colonies with +thousand associated specimens Isolated Stems	Type genus of Crinoidean from the family Pentacrinitidae. Like Seirocrinus, Pentacrinites formed colonies on rafting wood, getting a different role than bigger crinoid and appearing on the first stages of the decomposition of the rafting wood. Was a smaller genus, with specimens of no more than 1 meter long, usually measuring 40–70 cm.
Praetetracrinus^[163]	P. kutscheri	Schömberg	Isolated Stems	A Crinoidean of the family Plicatocrinidae.
Procomaster	P. pentadactylus	Aichelberg	Exceptionally well preserved individual with the arms, pinnules and cirri largely Intact	A Crinoidean of the family Isocrinida. This Benthic Crinoid clearly represents an exotic elementement of the typical Posidonia fauna, likely moved from the coastal settings
Seirocrinus^[164]	S. subangularis	Banz Altdorf Mistelgau Aichelberg Schandelah Dotternhausen Holzmaden Ohmden Maurach	Complete Specimens Megaraft Colonies with +thousand associated specimens Isolated Stemns	The largest known Crinoidean, from the family Pentacrinitidae. Among the tallest animals of its period, Seirocrinus is also one of the most famous fossils from the Sachrang Formation. It consists of fossils of colonies along large wood trunks, with specimens up to 14 m long, with the largest specimen reaching 26 m long, what makes it among the tallest know Mesozoic organisms, one of the largest invertebrates know on the fossil record and one of the tallest know animals.^[165] It was an open ocean organism that lived in rafting woods, probably filtering food and serving as a refuge for other animals, such as ammonites. The crinoids had a large colonization process, based on the status of the fossil wood found.^[166] The large rafts were the home for a high variety of marine organisms, such as Balanoideans, Ammonites and other. It has been estimated that without the presence of modern raft wood predators (that appeared on the Bathonian) those rafts can last up to 5 years, being that the main reason the crinoids were able to reach such huge sizes. The large rafts were also probably essential to distribute animals along the Early Jurassic Seas.^[167]

Vertebrata

Fishes

Chondrichthyes

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Acanthorhina^[168]	A. jaekeli	Holzmaden	Head and postcranial remains	A member of Myriacanthidae inside Chimaeriformes. An aberrant Chimaera with an extrange elongated nose and horns over the skull.
Acrodus	A. nobilis	Holzmaden Dotternhausen	Teeth	Type genus of the family Acrodontidae.
Bathytheristes^[169]	B. gracilis	Ohmden	Upper ("palatine") toothplate	A member of Callorhynchidae inside Chimaeriformes. Similar to Callorhinchus, among the oldest known of its type. It the first Modern lineage Chimaeras from the Toarcian.
Bdellodus^[170]	B. bollensis	Holzmaden Dotternhausen	Teeth	A shark of the family Hybodontidae. An aberrant hybodontid with crushing dentition.
Crassodus^[171]	C. reifi	Dotternhausen	Meckelian Cartilages, Jaws, teeth, Palatoquadrates, placoid scales and dearticualted parts of the labial, hyoid and branchial skeleton.	A shark of the family Hybodontidae. The Type specimen belongs to a large hybodontid, with an estimated total length of up to 3 m. It has a Meckelian Cartilage more robust than Hybodus hauffianus and an acrodontine dentition, as seen on Bdellodus. Probably is related with "Hybodus" delabechei, very likely a junior synonym of Crassodus.
Hybodus^[172] ^[173]	H. hauffianus H. delabechei H. pyramidalis H. reticulatus H. sp.	Banz Holzmaden Ohmden Dotternhausen Dormettingen Gomaringen Aichelberg Kerkhofen Hondelange Schandelah Altdorf	Articulated cranial fragment preserving the dentition, lower jaw, cephalic spines, palatoquadrate SMNS 10062 - a complete skeleton with belemnites in the gastric mass SMNS 15150 - a complete skeleton with the dentition SMNS 80594 - (in three parts) a small cranial fragment with at least 12 associated teeth SMNS 54048 - a disarticulated anterior part of a skeleton with well preserved teeth SMNS 51949 - a virtually complete specimen SMNS 52460 - a virtually complete skeleton with dentition SMNS 51136 - a partial anterior skeleton with a single tooth exposed in labial view Unnumbered Partial skull and articulated dentition BMNH P.5880 - a disarticulated anterior part of a skeleton SMNS 10062 - isolated parts of a skull SMNS 8663 - a partial skeleton SMNS 80595 - dorsal fin spine and scapulocoracoids plus associated skin and other cartilages SMNS 51 135 - the partial skeleton of a juvenile SMNS 58749 - virtually complete skeleton SMNS 58748 - a fragment of a hyomandibula SMNS 52222 - a partial skeleton with both dorsal fin spines SMNS 50804 - a partial skeleton with both dorsal fin spines Unnumbered Complete wall mounted specimen in left lateral view Isolated Teeth Isolated Fin spines	Type genus of the family Hybodontidae. It is the most abundant shark on the layers of the Sachrang Formation, with some of the best preserved specimens of the genus known. It was probably an open ocean hunter, with small horns over the eyes. With a size around 2 m, it was also one of the largest representatives of the Chondrichthyes on the formation.^[174]
Metopacanthus^[175] ^[176]	M. bollensis M. sp.	Holzmaden Ohmden	Isolated Dorsal Fin Spine Chondrocranium, partial fin spine and length of vertebral column	A member of Myriacanthidae inside Chimaeriformes. An aberrant Chimaera with a second jaw-like structure on its head.
Palaeospinax^[177]	P. priscus P. egertoni	Holzmaden	Anterior part of body with basicranium, palatoquadrates, Meckel's cartilage, ceratohyals, epihyals, teeth, traces of the branchial arches and the anterior finspine	Type member of the family Palaeospinacidae.
Palidiplospinax^[178]	P. smithwoodwardi	Holzmaden	Articulated vertebral column, girdles, both fin spines and clasper organ	A member of the family Palaeospinacidae.
Pseudonotidanus^[179]	P. politus	Holzmaden	Partial, articulated specimen	A shark of the family Hexanchiformes. It was identified originally as a member of the genus Palaeospinax.
Rajiformes^[180]	Gen et sp. nov	Holzmaden	SMNS 52666, Incomplete Specimen	A possible member of Batoidea. It was originally identified as a member of Galeiformes. This Genus was found to be sister taxa to the extant genus Raja, yet maybe represents an stem Rajiform. It is probably the oldest described pelagic Rajiform. It wears an enlogated rostrum.
Recurvacanthus^[181]	R. uniserialis	Ohmden	Isolated Fin Spine	A member of Myriacanthidae inside Chimaeriformes.

Actinopterygii

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Caturus^[182]	C. smithwoodwardi	Holzmaden Würtenmberg	Various Complete and nearly complete Specimens	Type genus of the family Caturidae inside Amiiformes
Dapedium^[183] ^[184]	D. pholidotum D. punctatus D. caelatus D. heteroderma D. ovalis D. leachi D. stollorum^[185] D. sp.	Banz Altdorf Mistelgau Aichelberg Schandelah Niedersachsen Dotternhausen Holzmaden Ohmden Maurach	Complete Specimens Fragmentary Specimens Desarticulated Specimens Speinballen Specimen Skin Impressions Isolated Scales Isolated Skull Bones Isolated Fin Spines Isolated Teeth	A deep-bodied neopterygian, the type genus of the family Dapediidae. Unpublished material indicates the presence of one or even two more still undescribed species of Dapedium in the Lower Toarcian. A specimen of Lytoceras has a Dapedium sp. in the body chamber probably trapped when feeding on the carcass of the cephalopod, and may therefore indicate an opportunistic carrion feeder.
Euthynotus^[186]	E. incognitus E. cf.incognitus	Holzmaden Ohmden	Complete Specimens Fragmnetary Specimens Skin Impressions Isolated Skull Bones	A member of the family Pachycormidae.
Germanostomus^[187]	G. pectopteri	Holzmaden	Incomplete specimens	A pachycormid.
Haasichthys^[188]	H. michelsi	Hondelange	Nearly Complete Specimen	A pachycormid.
Heterolepidotus	H. sp.	Schandelah	Isolated Teeth Isolated Scales Isolated Jaws	A member of the family Furidae inside Ionoscopiformes
Holzmadenfuro^[189]	H. rebmanni	Holzmaden	Complete Specimen	First ganoin-scaled Ophiopsiformes (Halecomorphi) from the Posidonienschiefer. The type specimen measures 51 cm, and has elongated and serrated body scales before the dorsal fin and tiny ganoid scales after it.
Lepidotes	L. elvensis L. gigas L. sp.	Banz Mistelgau Aichelberg Schandelah Niedersachsen Dotternhausen Holzmaden Ohmden	Complete Specimens Fragmentary Specimens Skin Impressions Isolated Skull Bones	A common member of the Lepisosteiformes.
Leptolepis^[190]	L. jaegeri L. antisiodorensis L. coryphaenoides L. bronni L.normandica L. sp.	Banz Altdorf Oedhof Mistelgau Aichelberg Schandelah Niedersachsen Dotternhausen Holzmaden Ohmden Aalen Hemmikon Nancy Maurach	Complete Specimens Fragmentary Specimens Skin Impressions Isolated Skull Bones	A member of the family Leptolepididae. The most common member of its family, Leptolepis is commonly associated with crustaceans and small marine invertebrates, probably the main constituents of its diet. One on the most predated vertebrates on the formation, with abundance of larger fishes and reptiles with specimens associated.
Longileptolepis^[191] ^[192]	L. wiedenrothi	SW of Braunschweig	MB. f.7612, nearly complete specimen.	A member of the family Leptolepididae. Was identified as Paraleptolepis, but this name is currently occupied by a Japanese fish genus of Early Cretaceous age. It differs from Leptolepis coryphaenoides in the presence of a few autapomorphies and also in the retention of several primitive features not present on the last one. Small genus, of about 14 cm length.
Lycodus	L. gigas	Dotternhausen Holzmaden Ohmden	Isolated Skull Bones	A possible representative of the family Saurichthyidae. Is based on rather fragmentary specimens.
Ohmdenfuro	O. bodmani	Ohmden	Nearly complete specimen with broken skull	First ganoin-scaled Ophiopsiformes (Halecomorphi) from the Posidonienschiefer. Elongated morphology, with a length of ~39 cm, covered by smooth, massive ganoin scales.
Ohmdenia^[193]	O. multidentata	Ohmden Holzmaden	Single desarticulated Specimen Associated isolated remains	A large member of the family Pachycormidae, with a length of up to 2.5–3 m and an estimated weight over 200 kg.
Pachycormus^[194]	P. macropterus P. bollensis	Banz Altdorf Dotternhausen Holzmaden Ohmden	Complete Specimens Skin Impressions	Type member of the family Pachycormidae. Large representative of its family, with a size up to 1.5 m. One specimen preserved the alimentary canal, with the stomach filled by numerous hooklets that can be referred to the coleoid cephalopod Phragmoteuthis, implying a diet of cephalopods for this genus.^[195]
Pholidophorus^[196]	P. germanicus P. hartmanni P. bechei P. limbatus P. sp.	Aselfingen Gomaringen Reutlingen Dotternhausen Mössingen Ohmenhausen Altdorf Oedhof Mistelgau Banz Irlbach Kerkhofen Heiningen Reichenbach Wasseralfingen Unterstürmig Schandelah Hondelange	Complete Specimens Fragmentary Specimens Skin Impressions Isolated Skull Bones	A member of the family Pholidophoridae. Is among the most abundant fishes on the late liassic of Europe, present on the sub-Mediterranean boreal, with specimens of several sizes.
Ptycholepis^[197] ^[198]	P. bollensis P. barrati	Dotternhausen Holzmaden Ohmden	Complete Specimens Fragmentary Specimens Skin Impressions Isolated Skull Bones	Type genus of the family Ptycholepididae inside Ptycholepiformes. It is one of the youngest representatives of its family.
Sauropsis^[199]	S. latus S. veruinalis	Holzmaden Ohmden	Complete Specimens Skin Impressions	A large member of the family Pachycormidae.
Saurorhynchus^[200]	S. hauffi S. brevirostris	Banz Altdorf Oedhof Mistelgau Aichelberg Schandelah Niedersachsen Dotternhausen Holzmaden Ohmden Maurach	Complete Specimens Fragmentary Specimens Skin Impressions Isolated Skulls Isolated Skull Bones Isolated Fin Spines Isolated Teeth	The youngest representative of the family Saurichthyidae, known for its large jaws, similar to modern Belonidae.
Saurostomus^[201]	S. esocinus	Banz Altdorf Dotternhausen Holzmaden Ohmden	Complete Specimens Fragmentary Specimens Skin Impressions	A member of the family Pachycormidae. Large representative of the family, reaching sizes up to 2.3 m.
Strongylosteus^[202]	S. hindenburgi	Holzmaden Ohmden Dotternhausen	Complete Specimens Skin Impressions Organ Traces?	A large member of the Chondrosteidae and the largest non-reptilian marine vertebrate of the Sachrang Formation, with a size between 3 and 4.5 m, and an estimated weight over 800 kg to 1 tonne.
Tetragonolepis^[203]	T. drosera T. semicincta T. sp.	Banz Altdorf Mistelgau Aichelberg Schandelah Dotternhausen Holzmaden Ohmden Maurach	Complete Specimens Fragmentary Specimens Skin Impressions Isolated Skull Bones	A deep-bodied neopterygian of the family Dapediidae.
Toarcocephalus^[204]	T. morlok	Holzmaden	SMNS 59978 &SMNS 52044, articulated skulls	A member of the family Coccolepididae. The first representative of the family from the Toarcian

Sarcopterygii

Amniota

Ichthyosauria

Inderminate specimens are known.^{[16] [190]}

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Eurhinosaurus^[207] ^[208]	E. longirostris E. huenei E. quenstedti E. sp.	Banz Altdorf Hondelange Schandelah Holzmaden Ohmden Dotternhausen	Complete Specimens Partial Specimens Isolated Remains	A large ichthyosaur of the family Leptonectidae with convergent evolution with modern swordfish. Like these fishes, Eurhinosaurus is believed to be a fast swimming predator, able to hunt fish schools on same way. Large specimens of up to 6 m are known.
Hauffiopteryx^[209]	H. typicus H. altera^[210]	Holzmaden Ohmden Dotternhausen	Complete Specimens	Small sized ichthyosaur, probably a member of Parvipelvia, sister group to Stenopterygius + Ophthalmosauridae. A small- to mid-sized ichthyosaur, 2–3 m in length, with a relatively short and slender antorbital rostrum.
Leptopterygius?^[211]	L.? sp.	Holzmaden Ohmden Dotternhausen	Isolated Remains	A possible member of the family Leptonectidae. Mostly of the specimens of this genus have been referred to Leptonectes or Temnodontosaurus, although some remains on the Posidonienschiefer are too complex to being clearly referred.
Magnipterygius^[212]	M.huenei	Dotternhausen	Almost complete articulated skeleton	An Ichthyosaur of the family Stenopterygiidae. Magnipterygius may not have grown to a total length of much more than 120 cm. It is therefore potentially only the second post-Triassic ichthyosaur known with such a small body size
Stenopterygius^[213]	S. quadriscissus S. triscissus S. uniter S. sp.	Banz Altdorf Mistelgau Schlierbach Hondelange Grassel Beienrode Schandelah Aichelberg Staffelstein Pferdsfeld Oedhof Holzmaden Ohmden Gomaringen Dotternhausen Dörnten Langenbrücken Bascharange	Complete Specimens Partial Specimens Complete Specimens Giving Birth Skin Impressions Coloration Impressions Associated Mother-Embryo Specimens Mass Mortality Assemblages Isolated Remains	Type genus of the family Stenopterygiidae. A common Toarcian ichthyosaur, present in multiple layers. The rather exquisite level of preservation has led to know even the coloration, that exposes a clear countershading, with an upper part being more obscure than the lower, similar to modern killer whales, the Heaviside's dolphin or the Dall's porpoise. There is also evidence of changes in color with ontogenic changes, going from dark juveniles to countershaded adults. The skin was flexible & scaleless, as in dolphins.^[214] The study of several specimens has revelated that Stenopterygius quadriscissus underwent a size-related trophic niche shift through ontogeny, shifting from a piscivorous diet to a teuthophagous diet, known thanks to exquisitely preserved stomach contents.^[215]
Suevoleviathan^[216]	S. disinteger S. integer^[217]	Holzmaden Ohmden Banz Dotternhausen	Complete Specimens Partial Specimens Isolated Skulls	Type genus of the family Suevoleviathanidae. Includes specimens up to 4 m long.
Temnodontosaurus^[218]	T. trigonodon T. burgundiae T. zetlandicus^[219] T. "sp. A" T. "sp. B"	Banz Altdorf Mistelgau Schlierbach Hondelange Grassel Schandelah Dörnten Langenbrücken Holzmaden Ohmden Dotternhausen	Complete Specimens Partial Specimens Isolated Remains	Type genus of the family Temnodontosauridae. A large macroraptorial ichthyosaur, apex predator of its environment. It ranges between 9 and the 12 m, being one of the largest known ichthyosaurs, characterized by skulls and jaws over 1 m in length, with the largest being over 1.9 m long. It has been found with fragments of young icthyosaur in his stomach.^[220]

Plesiosauria

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Hauffiosaurus^[221]	H. zanoni	Dotternhausen Holzmaden	Complete specimen.	A basal member of Pliosauridae. A moderately sized (3.4 m) Pliosaurid, ecologically adapted to fish hunt, as has been observed due to comparing the long snouted skull with that of Peloneustes, Gharial Crocodiles or Dolphins.
Hydrorion^[222]	H. brachypterygius H. sp.	Holzmaden	Complete Specimen	A junior synonym of M. brachypterygius.
Meyerasaurus^[223]	M. victor	Holzmaden	Nearly complete specimen Referred Isolated Remains	A Rhomaleosauridae Plesiosaur. Its detailed fossils have helped to study plesiosaur movement.
Microcleidus^[224]	M. brachypterygius M. melusinae^[225]	Holzmaden Ohmden Dotternhausen Pétange-Belval line	Several Complete Specimens Partial Specimens Juvenile Specimens Isolated Remains	Type member of the Plesiosaur family Microcleididae. Small Plesiosaur, with a length of less than three metres. It is characterised by a really elongated neck, and was probably an ichthyophagous form that occurred rarely in the Posidonienschiefer fauna.
Plesiosauroidea^[226] ^[227]	Genus and species indet.	Holzmaden	SMNS 51945, an almost complete articulated skeleton lacking most of the skull Skin Impressions Phosphatised collagen fibres	An indeterminate plesiosauroid plesiosaur. An impressively preserved immature specimen, different from Hydrorion brachypterygius and Seeleyosaurus guilelmiimperatoris, the most abundant plesiosaurs found locally, and its anatomical characters suggest it represents a new genus. It fossilized buff-coloured material, identified as mainly composed of calcium phosphate and interpreted as phosphatised muscle tissues. It also contains eumelanin and hence possibly corresponds to areas dark-coloured in life. The stomach contains quartz grains that were most likely ingested during the animal's life, maybe used for food trituration. This gastroliths have importance for its exotic provenance compared with the surrounding lithology of the deposits (mostly shale), and as sandy turbidites have never been reported from the SW German Basin, the individual may have acquired the sand-sized grains many kilometres away from the burial site. Strata containing fine sand ('Glaukonit und viel Feinsand') at Obereggenen im Breisgau (western side of the Black Forest between Freiburg and Basel), 200 km from Holzmaden suggest a nearshore deposit was allocated here, and that the black forest emerged at this time. Probably this young specimen reached that location in search for gastroliths.
Plesiopterys^[228]	P. wildi	Holzmaden	Complete Specimen.	A basal Plesiosaur that has been linked with Cryptoclididae. It is one of the smallest from the Posidonia, with a complete skeleton measuring less than 2.5 m. It is considered a possible junior synonym of Seeleyosaurus.
"Plesiosaurus"^[229]	"P." bavaricus	Berg bei Neumarkt Creez	Isolated caudal & cervical vertebrae	A Plesiosaur assigned to the genus Plesiosaurus, yet shows more affinities with Anningasaura
Seeleyosaurus	S. guilelmiimperatoris S. sp.	Holzmaden Ohmden Dotternhausen Schandelah Banz?	Complete Specimens Partial Specimens Isolated Remains	A Plesiosaur of the family Microcleididae. It was named originally "Plesiosaurus guilelmiimperatoris". It was a moderate-sized plesiosauroid, measuring up to 3,5 m in length with a skull length of 170 mm.

Crocodylomorpha

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Macrospondylus^[237] ^[238]	M. bollensis M. cf.bollensis M. sp.	Banz Bad Boll Altdorf Mistelgau Hondenlange Grassel Schandelah Berg Schlierbach Niedersachsen Holzmaden Ohmden Dotternhausen Dudelange-Bettembourg	Complete Specimens Partial Specimens Skin Impressions Tissue Impressions Coloration Impressions Isolated Remains	A longirostrine thalattosuchian of the family Machimosauridae. Was considered synonymous with Steneosaurus until in 2020 this last was recovered as invalid. It reached large sizes, with specimens exceeding 5 m, being a generalist predator.
Mystriosaurus^[239] ^[240]	M. laurillardi M. sp.	Banz Altdorf Mistelgau Holzmaden Ohmden Dotternhausen Schandelah	Complete Specimens? Partial Specimens Isolated Remains	A mesorostrine thalattosuchian of the family Teleosauridae. A marine crocodylomorph with a diet probably based on fish. Was considered synonymous with Steneosaurus until recently. Due to this unusual placement of the external nares, Mystriosaurus was more terrestrial, or spent a greater amount of time on land, than other teleosauroids. This would explain its greater presence in zones of the formation more proximal to the emerged landmasses. Its morphology suggest it was a mesorostrine generalist.
Pelagosaurus^[241]	P. typus P. cf.typus P. sp.	Banz Altdorf Ohmden Holzmaden Dotternhausen Dudelange-Bettembourg	Complete Specimens Partial Specimens Skin Impressions Isolated Skulls Isolated Remains	A thalattosuchian with a complex assignation, probably the basalmost metriorhynchoid. Pelagosaurus typus was a small-bodied thalattosuchian (~1 m in length) considered to be an adept aquatic pursuit predator, with a long streamlined snout ideal for snapping at fast moving prey (one specimen was found with Leptolepis fishes inside) and large, anterolaterally placed orbits for increased visual acuity.
Plagiophthalmosuchus	P. gracilirostris	Dudelange-Bettembourg	Complete Specimens Isolated Fragmentary Cranial Remains Isolated Remains	A Longirostrine Thalattosuchian, the most basal know. Was considered synonymous with Steneosaurus. Longirostrine specialist, probably active fish hunter.
Platysuchus	P. multiscrobiculatus P. cf.multiscrobiculatus P. sp.	Banz Altdorf Mistelgau Holzmaden Ohmden Dotternhausen Dudelange-Bettembourg	Complete Specimens Partial Specimens Skin Impressions Isolated Remains	A longirostrine thalattosuchian of the family Teleosauridae. Platysuchus was slightly more robust than its contemporaneous relatives, being probably adapted to hunt more voluminous fish. A heavily armoured, semi-terrestrial longirostrine generalist form, indicated by the extensive and tightly packed rows of dorsal osteoderms.

Pterosauria

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Campylognathoides^[242]	C. zitteli^[243] C. liasicus C. cf. C. liasicus C. sp.	Banz Altdorf Mistelgau Hondelange Holzmaden Ohmden Dotternhausen	Complete Specimens Partial Specimens Isolated Remains	A Novialoidean Pterosaur, type genus of the family Campylognathoidea. Mark Witton suggests the construction of Campylognathoides extremely robust forelimbs, with proportionally long wing fingers, could be a specialization for a fast aerial lifestyle comparable to those of Falcons and mastiff bats, being more probably an insect & vertebrate hunter and living on nearshore environments.
Dorygnathus^[244] ^[245]	D. banthensis D. cf.banthensis D. mistelgauensis^[246] D. sp.	Banz Altdorf Mistelgau Schandelah Hondelange Beienrode Holzmaden Ohmden Dotternhausen	Complete Specimens Partial Specimens Isolated Remains Non-mineralized tissues^[247] Fur/Feather-like filaments^[248] Possible coloration traces	A Rhamphorhynchinae Pterosaur. It is one of the best known Early Jurassic Pterosaurs. Unlike Campylognthoides, Dorygnathus was an oceanic hunter, with teeth disposed to catch marine prey, such as Belemnittes and several species of fishes. Dorygnathus mistelgauensis is considered a junior synonym until more data can be recovered from the specimen, held on a private collection.
"Schandelopterus"^[249]	Indeterminate	Schandelah	Pelvis and several vertebrae.	A Novialoidean Pterosaur, probably a member of the family Campylognathoidea. Has been assigned to the genus Campylognathoides, although it is clearly different than any other pterosaur from the Sachrang Formation. The name "Schandelopterus" is invalid and lacks any study, assigned without species to refer to the specimen on private German Fossil Groups. The pelvis indicates a laterally, slightly upwardly directed orientation of the acetabula which does not support a bird-like bipedal locomotion of this pterosaur as has been suggested on the past.
Parapsicephalus^[250]	cf. P. purdoni	Altdorf	Skull	A Rhamphorhynchinae Pterosaur. Has been assigned to the genus Dorygnathus. It has a really complete skull that can help to explain the status of the genus Parapsicephalus.

Dinosauria

Plantae

The macroflora of the Posidonia slate can be described as extremely poor in species.^[252] Apart from the remains of Horsetails, it is without exception the remains of coarse branches and fronds from gymnosperms, in which one has a certain can assume transport resistance. Remains of Ferns are completely missing, except for tall arboreal ferns (Peltaspermales).^[253] Mostly of the flora was reported from the area of Braunschweig.^[252] The major explanation for the flora could be that the plants in question are mono-or oligotypic stands on the edge of the waters that flow into the Posidonienschiefer sea, probably tear away in the course of flood events, easily fragmented during transport and wave waves, possibly especially in the occasional storm events postulated.^[254] In terms of taphonomy, this would result in a comparison with today's reed Phragmites, which can form extensive stocks on the edge of shallower and slowly flowing waters ("Reed belts").^[252] The Wood remnants clearly indicate one higher diversity of Coniferous flora in the delivery area than the remains of leafy branches.^[252] This fact is likely to be proportionate, similar to that frequent occurrence of charcoalized or gagged trunks, mostly of them are believed to be "driftwoods" that only take a long time drifting also suggests a frequent settlement with mussels and full-grown Sea Lilies.^{[252] [254]} The deposition settings are at large distance from the nearest coastline (for southern Germany about 100 kilometers), making only plants strong to transportation able to resist enough to get deposited.^{[255] [256]} At Irlbach and Kheleim, NE of Regensburg, where the Posidonienschiefer has its near mainland deposit with abundant sand, a rich deposit filled with plant remains of different kind (Seds, Reproductive organs, Leafs, Stems, Cuticles and wood) with traces of coal was recovered, however, it was never studied in depth.^[60] Of all the plant material expected only a few Bennetites leafs and two conifer branches with leaves where cited and none studied.^[60] At the Austrian realm The sachrang Member was developed in the basinal area, while the Unken Member, sandwiched between red, often condensed limestones, represents the marginal facies. Due to be more marginal and connected with the southern Vindelician land, the most diverse palynological assemblages of the formation are found, transported from zonas with moldanuvian granites as proven by the feldspar accumulations.

Phytoclasts

Phytoclasts have been recovered from several sections on the formation, but only studied in depth from the Dotternhausen and specially Dormettingen.^[31] Here two kinds of Phytoclasts where recovered, opaque phytoclasts (charcoal, indicator of wildfire activity on nearby landmasses, indicator of seasonal alterations of the water column) and translucent phytoclasts (indicator of proximal landmasses with high availability of wood and other plant material, as well transport conditions).^[31] On the lowermost part of the section opaque phytoclasts are low (15% of the total organic matter) while translucent are incredibly abundant (40%), lowering its abundance to a 20-10% on the next section.^[31] The Exaratum Subzone is the only one with an inverse trend and more abundance of opaque phytoclasts. On the Bifrons level, both types reach between a 15% and a 30%, showing a rapid increase, to decrease on the end of the section to values of less than 10%.^[31] Opaque Phytoclasts, for a supposed marine deposit are relatively abundant on some sections, whose decreasing on others suggest (along with increasing levels of Kaolinite) an increased delivery of land plant material by rivers, from areas with wetter climate and less frequent fires, while its rise suggest the opposite, nearby continental setting with dry climate and continuous wildfire activity.^[31]

Palynology

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Alisporites^[257]	A. grandis A. radialis A. microsaccus A. lowoodensis A. thomasi A. robustus A. spp.	Dormettingen Hondelage Beienrode Grassel Schandelah Hattorf, Fallersleben Flechtorf near Fallersleben Salem Borehole	Pollen	Affinities with the families Peltaspermaceae, Corystospermaceae or Umkomasiaceae inside Peltaspermales. Pollen of Uncertain provenance, that can be derived from any of the members of the Peltaspermales. The lack o distinctive characters and bad conservation are among the main factors to make this Palynological residues difficult to classify. Arboreal to arbustive seed ferns.
Baculatisporites	B. spp.	Dormettingen	Spores	Affinities with the family Osmundaceae in the Polypodiopsida. Near fluvial current ferns, related to the modern Osmunda regalis.
Callialasporites	C. dampieri C. turbatus C. spp.	Dormettingen Hondelage Beienrode Grassel Schandelah	Pollen	Affinities with Pinaceae inside Coniferae.
Cerebropollenites^[258]	C.mesozoicus C. macroverrucosus C. thiergartii C. sp.	Dormettingen Dutch Central Graben West Netherlands Basin Hondelage Beienrode Grassel Hattorf, Fallersleben Flechtorf near Fallersleben Schandelah Salem Borehole	Pollen	Affinities with both Sciadopityaceae and Miroviaceae inside Pinopsida. This Pollen resemblance with extant Sciadopitys suggest that Miroviaceae can be an extinct lineage of sciadopityaceaous-like plants.^[259]
Chasmatosporites^[260]	C. apertus C. megaverruculosus C. hians C.elegans C. spp.	Dormettingen Dutch Central Graben West Netherlands Basin Hondelage Beienrode Grassel Schandelah Hattorf, Fallersleben Flechtorf near Fallersleben Dormettingen	Pollen	Affinities with Cycadaceae and probably Cycadales. Alternatively can be Pollen from Bennettitales. It is the most abundant non conifer Pollen recovered on the formation, recovered on all the major sampled areas. Probably derived from arbustive cycads, this genus is related with dry settings, even from desertic regions.
Circulina	C. meyeriana	Unken, sample 1	Pollen	Affinities with the Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinales. Pollen from Arboreal to Arbustive Plants. It is rare on the Samples measured.
Circumpollis	C. pharisaeus C. philosophus	Hondelage Beienrode Grassel Hattorf, Fallersleben Schandelah Dormettingen	Pollen	Affinities with Cheirolepidiaceae inside Coniferae. Pollen of medium to large arboreal plants, specially coniferales.
Classopollis^[261]	C. meyeriana C. simplex C. classoides C. dellassis C. reclusus C. striatus C. tetradenverband C. torosus C. spp.	Dormettingen Dutch Central Graben West Netherlands Basin Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen Hondelage Beienrode Grassel Flechtorf near Fallersleben Hattorf, Fallersleben Schandelah Dormettingen Salem Borehole	Pollen	Affinities with Cheirolepidiaceae inside Coniferae. Abundant on the Lower Jurassic of North and Southern Europe, represents pollen of medium to large arboreal plants, specially coniferales. The abundance of pollen of Classopollis and other thermophile plants was observed in this region in the lower Toarcian from the end of the antiquum (= tenuicostatum) zone to the middle of commune zone.^[262] Classopollis is correlated with evaporites and are therefore associated with desert basins, but the shrubs may have also lived in xeric upland areas with seasonal fires. Evidence of fires is absent on the marine Posidonienschiefer, but has been recovered on the coeval nearshore calcareous sandstones. It increases with the appearance of charcoal phytoclasts, as derived from dry settings with increased wilfires.
Clavatipollenites^[263]	C. palaeoserratus C. spp.	Hondelage Beienrode Grassel Schandelah	Pollen	Affinities with Gnetopsida and probably Gnetophyta. Has Been considered Pollen of Chloranthaceae. However, it is too old for belonging to advanced Angiosperms. It probably comes from cones related to the Genera Piroconites kuesperti from the Lowermost Jurassic of Germany, resembling pollen of extant Ephedra and Welwitschia.
Concavisporites	C. cf. kaiseri C. spp.	Dormettingen Unken, samples 3-4	Spores	Affinities with Gleicheniaceae inside Gleicheniales. Suggest relative increase of humidity on the rivers flowing towards the Austrian realm. Most abundant Fern spore in this region.
Crassipollenites^[264]	C. diffusus	Hondelage Beienrode Grassel Schandelah	Pollen	Affinities with Cheirolepidiaceae and Araucariaceae inside Pinaceae. Non concreted affinities
Cyathidites	C. sp.	Hondelage Beienrode Grassel Schandelah Hattorf, Fallersleben Flechtorf near Fallersleben	Spores	Affinities with the family Cyatheaceae inside Cyatheales. Arboreal Fern Spores
Cycadopites	C. cf. follicularis	Unken, samples 1-3	Pollen	Affinities with the Cycadopsida inside Cycadales. Pollen related with modern Cycas, arbustive to lower floor plants, relatively abundant, present on various of the measured samples. The mos common found on the Austrian realm, indicator of dry settings.
Deltoidosporites	D. spp.	Dormettingen Salem Borehole Unken, sample 5	Spores	Affinities with Dicksoniaceae inside Pteridopsida. Tree Fern Spores
Densosporites	D. spp.	Dormettingen	Spores	Affinities with the Selaginellaceae in the Lycopsida. Herbaceous lycophyte flora, similar to ferns, found in humid settings
Disaccites	D. reclusus D. sp.	Hondelage Beienrode Grassel Schandelah	Pollen	Affinities with Podocarpaceae inside Pinopsida. Pollen From arbustive to arboreal plants
Exesipollenites	E. tumulus E. spp.	Hondelage Beienrode Grassel Schandelah Hattorf, Fallersleben Flechtorf near Fallersleben	Pollen	Affinities with the family Cupressaceae inside Pinopsida. Pollen that resembles extant genera such as the Genus Actinostrobus and Austrocedrus, probably derived from Dry environments.
Kraeuselisporites	K. reissingeri	Dormettingen	Spores	Affinities with Selaginellaceae and probably Lycopsida. A rare element on the palynological records of the German Basin, although more abundant than any other Spore recovered locally.
Inaperturopollenites	I. orbiculatus	Bisingen/Zimmern Borehole Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen	Pollen	Affinities with the Pinidae inside Coniferae. Abundant on the Lower Jurassic of NW Europe. Its identification on the Posidonienschiefer is rather complex due to the bad preservation of the Pollen Grains.
Ischyosporites^[265]	I. cf. variegatus I. sp	Unken, probes 4-5	Spores	Affinities with Pteridopsida. Spores from several types of ferns, relatively rare, present only on 2 samples.
Leptolepidites	L. equatibossus L. sp.	Dormettingen	Spores	Affinities with the family Dennstaedtiaceae in the Polypodiales. Forest fern spores.
Lycopodiacidites	L. infragranulatus	Unken, sample 3	Spores	Affinities with the Ophioglossaceae inside Filicopsida. Spores related with modern floor Ferns, that appear on abundant water locations. The Unken Member is considered a more basinal deposit, where Wood and Sporomorph remains are more common.
Osmundacidites	O. wellmanii O. spp.	Dormettingen Hondelage Beienrode Grassel Schandelah Hattorf, Fallersleben Flechtorf near Fallersleben	Spores	Affinities with the family Osmundaceae inside Polypodiopsida. Near Fluvial currents ferns, reted to the modern Osmunda regalis
Podocarpidites	P. ellipticus P. sp.	Dormettingen	Pollen	Affinities with the Podocarpaceae inside Pinopsida. Conifer pollen from medium to large arboreal plants
Polycingulatisporites	P. spp.	Dormettingen	Spores	Affinities with the family Notothyladaceae inside Anthocerotopsida. Hornwort spores.
Quadraeculina	Q. anaellaeformis	Dormettingen	Pollen	Affinities with Podocarpaceae and Pinaceae inside Coniferophyta.
Retitriletes	R.austroclavatidites	Dormettingen	Spores	Affinities with Lycopodiaceae inside Lycopsida.
Spheripollenites	S.subgranulatus S. sp.	Bisingen/Zimmern borehole Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen Dormettingen Salem Borehole	Pollen	Affinities with Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinaceae. Abundant on the Lower Jurassic of NW Europe. Spheripollenites co-occurs on the coeval Sorthat Formation with cuticles of Dactyletrophyllum ramonensis, and after a test of relationships it was found a highly significant correlation that may suggest that the species S. psilatus was produced by the conifer genus Dactyletrophyllum.^[266]
Stereisporites	S. psilatus	Dormettingen	Spores	Affinities with Sphagnaceae inside Sphagnopsida.
Striatella	S. seebergensis S. sp.	Dormettingen	Spores	Affinities with Polypodiaceae inside Filicopsida.
Todisporites	T. major	Dormettingen	Spores	Affinities with Osmundaceae inside Filicopsida.

Equisetaceae

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Equisetites	E. cf. muensteri E. cf. columnaris E. sp.	Kerkhofen Holzmaden Hondelage Schandelah	Stems	Affinities with Equisetaceae inside Equisetopsida. Number of mostly very fragmented and not particularly well preserved, but clear horsetail remains described. So far recognizable, leaf sheaths where developed in most cases, but the state of preservation does not allow a more precise determination.^[267] ^[268]
Neocalamites^[269]	N. merianii	Aselfingen Gomaringen Holzmaden Hondelange Kerkhofen Schandelah Bascharange	Stems and incomplete axes	Affinities with Equisetaceae inside Equisetopsida. Neocalamites is the most common more distributed of all the Posidonia Shale, being even found on Luxembourg Posidonia Strata. Mostly of the Stems reported come from Aeolian-Dunar related deposits, or from nearshore-basinal deposition. Probably was related to the seashore. Some stems are big, resembling the rates of growth seen on modern Bamboo specimens, suggesting +6–7 m tall Equisetopsids.

Bennettitales

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Glossozamites	G. oblongifolius	Holzmaden Dotternhausen	Leaflets	A member of Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitales. Identified originally as Zamites oblongifolius
Otozamites^[271] ^[272]	O. gracilis O. bechei O. sp.	Holzmaden Dotternhausen Ohmden Hondelange Bascharage^[273]	Leaflets	Affinities with Cycadeoidaceae inside Bennettitales. It is the most abundant medium-sized plant on the environment. Found specially on seashore depositional settings, but also on deltaic and lagoonar environments. It was a low arbustive-arboreal Bennetite related to arid environments, with a leave similar of that of the modern genus Encephalartos, specially Encephalartos munchii, but also Dioon mejiae. Otozamites has been considered synonym with Otopteris, but since the 1990s everybody used the name Otozamites, and Otopteris was forgotten.^[274]
Pterophyllum	P. acutifolium	Holzmaden Dotternhausen Altdorf	Leaflets	Affinities with Cycadeoidaceae inside Bennettitales. This Bennettitalean is related to Shrub built. Some specimens were assigned to Dioonites acutifolium (Junior synonym). Consists on leaves with pinnate, leaflets perpendicular or oblique to the rhachis, on the top of the leaf axis. It comes from fragments of fairly large fronds. In its external form it closely follows the modern genus Dioon, only the leaflets are of our kind wider and shorter, they are further apart, but the tendency to rhachis is the same.
Ptilophyllum	P. gracilis P. sp.	Holzmaden Dotternhausen	Leaflets	Affinities with Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitales. Arboreal Cycadaceans, some with the presence of flower-like structures. It resembles the leaf of the modern Microcycas calocoma, and probably had a similar arboreal built, being the leave of tall Bennetite trees such as Bucklandia, found on the middle jurassic of England.
Zamites	Z. mandelslohi	Banz Irlbach Holzmaden Dotternhausen Altdorf	Leaflets	A member of Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitales. It has been interpreted as a cycad in the family Cycadaceae or a Bennettitalean plant, and also a late surviving member of Noeggerathiales. Leaflets somewhat removed, oval-oblong, a little narrower near the base, rounded at the tip, nerves partially diverging from the base towards the edge. It was assigned to Pterophyllum oblongifolium and on the genus Glossozamites. This genus was the leaf of arboreal Bennetites, similar in appearance to the modern Encephalartos woodii.

Pinophyta

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Brachyphyllum^[275]	B. sp.	Holzmaden Hondelange Schandelah	Fragmentary axis	Affinities with Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinales. Specimens whose spiral foliage of the branch, in which the individual leaves open about 2/3 of their length (without the tip) are fused with the branch they hold in their free part fits tightly, suggests belonging to the genus Brachyphyllum.
Conites^[276]	"C." supraliasicus	Hondelange	Seed Cones	Affinities with Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinales. Represent various kinds of cones from diverse conifer origin.
Hirmeriella	H. sp.	Dotternhausen	Ovuliferous dwarf-shoots	Affinities with Cheirolepidiaceae. Is the type genus of this family, and is related with Arid Settings. Coming from The land-plant-taphocoenose from posidonia slate 3, is ready for processing.
Pagiophyllum	P. kurri P. araucarinum P. falcatum P. sp.	Obereggenen im Breisgau Aselfingen Gomaringen Holzmaden Ohmden Dotternhausen Irlbach Hondelange Mistelgau Schandelah Bascharange	Fragmentary axis compressions with preserved leaves Cuticles Isolated Leave Fragments	Affinities with Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinales. Pagiophyllum araucarinum predominates among the two types of leafy coniferous branches that have become known from the Posidonia. However, there is no indication whether this fact reflects their respective share in the vegetation of the delivery area. Cheirolepidiaceae Pollen is the most abundant and diverse found on the formation, what is correlated with the abundance of this genus. Other factor that puts local Pagiophyllum on Cheirolepidiaceae is the dominance of an arid climate, the preferred for this type of conifers.
Widdringtonites	W. liasicus	Holzmaden Ohmden Irlbach	Fragmentary axis compressions with preserved leaves	A possible ancestral member of the Callitroideae inside Cupressaceae, or a member of Cheirolepidiaceae. Named also "Cupressites" liasinus, represents probably Arbustive to arboreal-derived axis.

Fossil wood

Fossil Wood increases on the marginal Unken Member, with great amounts of logs and fragments of more than 1 m. Surface studies suggest relationships with the wood genera identified on the coeval Úrkút Manganese Ore Formation.^[277]

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Agathoxylon^[278]	cf. A. sp.	Dotternhausen Ohmden Holzmaden	Fossil wood	Affinities with Araucariaceae inside Pinales. Has araucarioid structures, but lacks proper characters of extant genera such as Araucaria & Agathis The largest known rafting wood on the fossil record is assigned to this genus, with a length of 18 m. The rafts were populated with Crinoid colonies, and a wide variety of organisms.
Araucariopytis	A. nicri A. tubingense A. sp.	Dotternhausen Ohmden Holzmaden	Fossil wood	Affinities with Abietinae inside Pinales. This genus was found to be related with Protocedroxylon found on the coeval Whitby Mudstone, crucial to the interpretation of the fossil record of Early Abietinae.
Circoporoxylon^[279] ^[280]	C. grandiporosum	Braunschweig area GroßGschaidt near Erlangen	Fossil wood	Affinities with Podocarpaceae inside Pinales. Acmopyle pancheri is the only living conifer that has real resemblance with the wood assigned to Circoporoxylon. Xenoxylon phyllocladoides and C. grandiporosum are commonly found associated, for example in Braunschweig area.
Cupressinoxylon	C. sp.	Reutlingen Holzmaden Ohmden Dotternhausen	Fossil wood	Affinities with Cupressaceae inside Pinales. Wood with a morphology similar to the modern genus Metasequoia. Probably related to Widdringtonites liasinus.
Podocarpoxylon	P. sp. cf. P. sp.	"Georg-Friedrich" mine not far from Liebenberg near Grauhof in the Harz foreland Wenzen between Einbeck and Alfeld Mistelgau Altdorf	Fossil Wood	Affinities with Podocarpaceae inside Pinales. resembling modern genera such as Dacrycarpus, with other specimens resembling Juniperus. Includes wood more related to nearshore arbustive Conifers (columnar or low-spreading Shrubs with long, trailing branches), being the most abundant, but also medium to large arboreal conifers from nearshore forests.
Protocupressinoxylon^[281]	P. catenatum P. liasinum	Mistlegau Hondelange Glasser Kerkhofen Altdorf Holzmaden Ohmden	Fossil wood	Affinities with Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinales. Includes large sized trunks up to 1.7 m tall and 115 cm wide. Wood of other species of this genus, such as Protocupressinoxylon purbeckensis grown on flood-influenced settings of vegetated soil with brackish-water, like modern Swamp Cypress.
Protophyllocladoxylon	P. quedlinburgense P. franconicum	Kerkhofen Altdorf Meilenhofen Dörlbach	Fossil wood	Affinities with Podocarpaceae and Cupressaceae inside Pinales. The assignation of this genus is rather complex.
"Protopinaceae"^[282]	P. sp.	Hondelange Beienrode Schandelah Holzmaden Ohmden Dotternhausen	Fossil wood	Wood of the Protopinaceae, a possible "morpho-group" of the family Cheirolepidiaceae. Belongs to an invalid group of mostly Paleozoic Woods, and all the woods assigned to the family should be treated as Incertae Sedis.^[283]
Phyllocladoxylon	P. sp.	Hondelange Hattorf Holzmaden Ohmden Altdorf	Fossil wood	Affinities with Podocarpaceae inside Pinales. Phyllocladus is the extant genus of conifer whose wood is more similar.
Taxodioxylon^[284]	cf. T. sp.	Altdorf Korbach Hondelange Holzmaden Ohmden Dotternhausen	Fossil wood	Affinities with the Cupressaceae inside Pinales. Probably related to the coastal settings. It maybe covered a similar role that modern Swamp Cypress, Taxodium distichum.
Xenoxylon^[285]	X. phyllocladoides X. cf. barberi X. ellipticum	Braunschweig area Taught near Hanover Dörnten not far from Liebenburg, district of Goslar	Fossil wood	Affinities with Coniferales, concretely is closer to the Podocarpaceae, Cupressaceae and in a lesser extend to the Cheirolepidiaceae. Finally can be a member of the extinct family Miroviaceae. It is the more abundant genus of wood present on the Bohemian Realm of the Sachrang Formation.

External links

• Images of fossils in the Urwelt-Museum Hauff (Holzmaden)

Notes and References

1. Hess . H. . Lower Jurassic Posidonia Shale of Southern Germany . Fossil Crinoids . 1999 . 3 . 1 . 183–196 . 10.1017/CBO9780511626159.025 . 9780521450249 . 3 March 2022.
2. Martill . D. M. . Soupy substrates: a medium for the exceptional preservation of ichthyosaurs of the Posidonia Shale (Lower Jurassic) of Germany . Kaupia . 1993 . 2 . 1 . 77–97 . 3 March 2022.
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