Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes explained

Conflict:Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes
Partof:Taliban insurgencyInsurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Date:Main Phases:
Place:Eastern Afghanistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, along the international border
Status:Occasional clashes[1] Pakistan successfully fences over 90% of the border
Combatant1: Afghanistan
Supported by:
Soviet Union (1960–1991)[2] ---- Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (since 2012)[3] [4]
Jamaat-ul-Ahrar (2015–2020)[5]
Combatant2: Pakistan
Commander1:1949–1950
1960–1961
Mohammed Zahir Shah
(Former King of Afghanistan)----1973–1992
Mohammed Daoud Khan (Former President of Afghanistan)
Nur Muhammad Taraki (Former General Secretary of Afghanistan)
Hafizullah Amin
(Former General Secretary of Afghanistan)
Babrak Karmal
(Former General Secretary of Afghanistan)
Mohammad Najibullah
(Former President of Afghanistan)
----2007–present
Hibatullah Akhundzada
(Leader of Afghanistan)
Ashraf Ghani
(Former President of Afghanistan)
Hamid Karzai
(Former President of Afghanistan)---- Noor Wali Mehsud
(Leader of TTP)
Fazal Hayat
(Former Leader of TTP)
Hakimullah Mehsud
(Former Leader of TTP)
Omar Khalid Khorasani
(Leader of JuA)
Commander2:1949–1950
Liaquat Ali Khan----1960–1961
Ayub Khan
(Former President of Pakistan)----1973–1992
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
(Former President of Pakistan)
Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry
(Former President of Pakistan)
Sheikh Anwarul Haq
(Former Acting President of Pakistan)
Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry
(Former President of Pakistan)
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
(Former President of Pakistan)
Ghulam Ishaq Khan
(Former President of Pakistan)----2007–present
Pervez Musharraf
(Former President of Pakistan)
Muhammad Mian Soomro
(Former Acting President of Pakistan)
Asif Ali Zardari
(Former President of Pakistan)
Mamnoon Hussain
(Former President of Pakistan)
Arif Alvi
(Former President of Pakistan)
Asif Ali Zardari
(President of Pakistan)
Units1:
  • (Taliban forces)

----Afghan National Security Forces (until 2021)

----Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (until 1992)

Units2:Pakistan Armed Forces (Northern Command)

A series of occasional armed skirmishes and firefights have occurred along the Afghanistan–Pakistan border between the Afghan Armed Forces and the Pakistan Armed Forces since 1949. The latest round of hostilities between the two countries began in April 2007.[6] Militants belonging to Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan and Jamaat-ul-Ahrar also use Afghanistan's territory to target Pakistani security personnel deployed along the border.[4] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] The Diplomat says that the presence of terrorists belonging to Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan on Afghan soil is the reason for sporadic shelling of Afghanistan's territory by Pakistani security forces.[12]

Background

Hostilities existed between Afghanistan and the newly independent Pakistan since 1947,[13] when Afghanistan became the only country to vote against the admission of Pakistan to the United Nations.[14] Before Pakistan's independence, Afghanistan advocated the independence of its north-west frontier,[15] although the region's predominant Pashtun population had voted overwhelmingly in favor of Pakistan over India in the referendum held in July 1947. 99.02% votes were cast in favor of Pakistan.[16] [17] Though the proposed Pashtunistan state by Afghanistan fluctuated in size over time,[18] the Balochistan province of Pakistan was also frequently included in the Greater Pastunistan definition to gain access to the Arabian sea in case Pakistan failed as a state,[13] as Afghanistan had expected, but the idea became unpopular.

The International border between British India and Afghanistan was established after the 1893 Durand Line Agreement between British Mortimer Durand of British India and Amir Abdur Rahman Khan of Afghanistan for fixing the limit of their respective spheres of influence. The single-page agreement, which contains seven short articles, was signed by Durand and Khan, agreeing not to exercise political interference beyond the frontier line between what was then the Emirate of Afghanistan and what was also then the British Indian Empire.[19] The Durand Line was reaffirmed as the International Border between Afghanistan and British India in the 1919 Anglo-Afghan War after the Afghan independence. The Afghans undertook to stop interference on the British side of the line in the subsequent Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919 in Rawalpindi.[20]

Pakistan inherited the Durand Line agreement after its independence in 1947, but the Afghan Government has always refused to accept the Durand Line Agreement. Afghanistan has several times tried to seize Pakistan's western provinces of Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The then Afghan Prime Minister, Muhammad Hashim, said "if an independent Pashtunistan cannot be set up, the frontier province should join Afghanistan. Our neighbor Pakistan will realize that our country, with its population and trade, needs an outlet to the sea, which is very essential", in an interview with the Statesman. In 1949, Pakistan Air Force bombed the Afghan sponsored militant camps in border areas including an Afghan village to curb an unrest led by Ipi Faqir propagating independent Pashtunistan.[21] Border clashes were reported in 1949–50 for the first time.

On 30 September 1950, Pakistan claimed that Afghan troops and tribesmen had crossed into Pakistan's Balochistan, resulting in the Afghan invasion of Pakistan. The low-scale invasion was repelled after six days of fighting. The Afghan government denied its involvement and claimed that they were pro-Pashtunistan Pashtun tribesmen.[22]

Tensions soared with the Pakistani One Unit program, and both countries withdrew ambassadors and diplomatic staff in 1955. The Pakistani Embassy in Kabul and consulates in Kandhar and Jalalabad were attacked by mobs. In 1960, major skirmishes broke with the Afghan Forces massing out on the Afghan side of the border with tanks. These skirmishes saw the Pakistan Air Force bombarding Afghan forces. This bombardment led to a brief hiatus in the skirmishes. On 6 September 1961, Kabul formally severed diplomatic relations with Pakistan. In March 1961, months before the major battle broke out in the khyber pass area, Afghanistan reportedly provided weapons and ammunition to proxies under the leadership of Fazl Akbar, to incite an uprising in the Batmalai district of Bajaur. Pacha Gul was advised to go before an aerial counteroffensive would be triggered for serving as an agent for Afghanistan and providing resources worth of 170 million Afghanis, cash, and arms to the bajaur tribesmen which were to incite an uprising against Pakistan. The Pakistan air force acted by bombing the area where the ammunition dump was stored. The Pakistani air force then claimed to have destroyed a major ammunition dump during the raid.[23] [24] [25]

In 1950 the House of Commons of the United Kingdom held its view on the Afghan-Pakistan dispute over the Durand Line by stating:

At the 1956 SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) Ministerial Council Meeting held at Karachi, capital of Pakistan at the time, it was stated:

The Afghan government, having secured a treaty in December 1978 that allowed them to call on Soviet forces, repeatedly requested the introduction of troops in Afghanistan in the spring and summer of 1979. The 1979 Soviet–Afghan War forced millions of Afghans to take refuge inside Pakistan. Pakistani officials feared that the Soviet Union began some kind of military show down and that Pakistan or at least its Balochistan province was next on the Soviet agenda. During the early 1980s, multi-national mujahideen forces (consisting of about 100,000 fighters from forty different Muslim countries in addition to 150,000 local fighters) found support from the United States, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Iran in the context of the Cold War. They were trained by Pakistani military in its frontier region around the Durand Line.[26] The Soviet Union decided to withdraw in 1989 and when aid dried up on Afghanistan in 1992, a civil war began. This was followed by the rise and fall of the Taliban government. Since late 2001, as high as 140,000 NATO-led troops were stationed in Afghanistan to train Afghans and rebuild their war-torn country. In the meantime, the Taliban insurgency began around 2004.[27] [28] To counter the insurgency and bring stability in Afghanistan, the United States built bases and garrisons for the Afghan National Security Forces, and is using unmanned aerial vehicles to carry out drone attacks in Pakistan, mainly the Haqqani network in and around the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA).

In September 2017, Brad Sherman, a US lawmaker, suggested conditioning US aid to Afghanistan to the recognition of Durand Line. He added:

Islamic Republic era skirmishes

The following is an incomplete list of recent events relating to the Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes. Most of these events cannot be independently verified because news journalists usually have very limited access to reaching the areas where the fighting take place.

Islamic Emirate era skirmishes

The Taliban returned to power after capturing Kabul on the 2021 offensive. The Taliban-led Afghanistan has been increasingly involved in border conflicts with Pakistan.[76]

See also

Sources

Notes and References

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  2. Web site: Jun 1961 - "Pakhtoonistan" Dispute. - Military Operations in Frontier Areas. - Pakistani Allegations of Afghan Incursions.. Keesing's Record of World Events. 17 July 2021. 8 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220108165724/https://web.stanford.edu/group/tomzgroup/pmwiki/uploads/1303-1961-06-KS-AJG.pdf. live.
  3. Web site: 2012-04-02. Cross-border attack : TTP militants storm border post in Mohmand. 2022-02-24. The Express Tribune. en. 24 February 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220224173324/https://tribune.com.pk/story/358949/cross-border-attack-ttp-militants-storm-border-post-in-mohmand. live.
  4. Web site: Pakistan-Taliban clash spill into Afghanistan. 31 May 2014. Voice of America. 3 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20170512215911/https://www.voanews.com/a/pakistan-taliban-clashes-spill-over-into-afghanistan/1926719.html. 12 May 2017 . live .
  5. Web site: 5 soldiers killed as militants attack check posts in Mohmand Agency. 6 March 2017. 3 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20170306053109/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1346993/5-pakistan-army-soldiers-killed-militants-attack-check-posts-mohmand-agency/. 6 March 2017. live.
  6. Web site: SATP. 2020-09-29. Persistent Tension On Afghanistan-Pakistan Border – Analysis. 2022-02-24. Eurasia Review. en-US. 22 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211022033416/https://www.eurasiareview.com/29092020-persistent-tension-on-afghanistan-pakistan-border-analysis/. live.
  7. Web site: Pakistani soldiers killed in firing along Afghanistan border. 2022-02-24. www.aljazeera.com. en. 13 August 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210813055957/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/30/pakistani-soldiers-killed-in-firing-along-afghanistan-border. live.
  8. Web site: 2018-06-16. Three soldiers martyred, five terrorists killed in cross-border attacks. 2022-02-24. Geo.tv. en. 24 February 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220224163244/https://www.geo.tv/latest/199394-three-soldiers-martyred-five-terrorists-killed-in-cross-border-attacks. live.
  9. Web site: Pakistan: Cross-border firing kills one in Bajaur district (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province) September 21. 2022-02-24. Pakistan: Cross-border firing kills one in Bajaur district (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province) September 21 | Crisis24. en. 24 February 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220224163240/https://crisis24.garda.com/alerts/2020/09/pakistan-cross-border-firing-kills-one-in-bajaur-district-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-province-september-21. live.
  10. Web site: Pakistani Taliban leader who ordered shooting of Malala Yousafzai killed in airstrike on Afghan border. 15 June 2018. Business Insider. A member of the Pakistani Taliban told Reuters by telephone on Friday the group was trying to get word from Afghanistan, where most of the Pakistani Taliban fighters are now based.. 22 August 2019. 5 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210505125144/https://www.businessinsider.com/pakistani-taliban-leader-mullah-fazlullah-killed-in-afghanistan-strike-2018-6. live.
  11. Web site: Clashes hit Pakistan-Afghanistan border. 17 March 2017. Al Jazeera. 22 August 2019. 14 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200614102641/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/03/clashes-pakistan-afghanistan-border-kill-170317061451793.html. live.
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