Pahlavi dynasty explained

Pahlavi
Type:Royal house
Coat Of Arms:Imperial Coat of Arms of Iran.svg
Coat Of Arms Size:200px
Coat Of Arms Caption:Arms of dominion of the Shahs, and therefore coat of arms, of Pahlavi Iran from 1932. The emblem of the dynasty is the mountain and sun in the blue circle in the middle.
Country:Imperial State of Iran
Origin:Mazandaran
Founder:Reza Shah
Current Head:Reza Pahlavi
Final Ruler:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Other Families:Muhammad Ali dynasty (1941–1948)
Motto:Persian: مرا داد فرمود و خود داور است
Motto Trans:Justice He bids me do, as He will judge me

The Pahlavi dynasty (Persian: دودمان پهلوی) was the last Iranian royal dynasty that ruled for almost 54 years between 1925 and 1979. The dynasty was founded by Reza Shah Pahlavi, a non-aristocratic Mazanderani soldier[1] in modern times, who took on the name of the Pahlavi language spoken in the pre-Islamic Sasanian Empire to strengthen his nationalist credentials.[2] [3] [4] [5]

The dynasty replaced the Qajar dynasty in 1925 after the 1921 coup d'état, beginning on 14 January 1921 when 42-year-old soldier Reza Khan was promoted by British General Edmund Ironside to lead the British-run Persian Cossack Brigade.[6] About a month later, under British direction, Reza Khan's 3,000-4,000 strong detachment of the Cossack Brigade reached Tehran in what became known as the 1921 Persian coup d'état.[7] The rest of the country was taken by 1923, and by October 1925 the Majlis agreed to depose and formally exile Ahmad Shah Qajar. The Majlis declared Reza Pahlavi as the new Shah of Iran on 12 December 1925, pursuant to the Persian Constitution of 1906.[8] Initially, Pahlavi had planned to declare the country a republic, as his contemporary Atatürk had done in Turkey, but abandoned the idea in the face of British and clerical opposition.[9]

The dynasty ruled Iran for 28 years as a form of constitutional monarchy from 1925 until 1953, and following the overthrow of the elected prime minister, for a further 26 years as a more autocratic monarchy until the dynasty was itself overthrown in 1979.

Family background

In 1878, Reza Khan was born at the village of Alasht in Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province. His parents were Abbas Ali Khan and Noushafarin Ayromlou.[10] [11] His mother was a Muslim immigrant from Georgia (then part of the Russian Empire),[12] [13] whose family had emigrated to mainland Qajar Iran after Iran was forced to cede all of its territories in the Caucasus following the Russo-Persian Wars several decades prior to Reza Shah's birth.[14] His father was a Mazandarani, commissioned in the 7th Savadkuh Regiment, and served in the Anglo-Persian War in 1856.

Heads of House of Pahlavi

Name Portrait Family relations Lifespan Entered office Left office
Shahs of Iran
1Son of Abbas Ali 1878–1944 15 December 1925 16 September 1941
(Abdication)
2Son of Reza Shah 1919–1980 16 September 1941 11 February 1979
(Iranian Revolution)
In pretence
1Son of Reza Shah 1919–1980 11 February 1979 27 July 1980
(Death)
Wife of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 1938– 27 July 1980 31 October 1980
2Son of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 1960– 31 October 1980 Incumbent

Consorts

PictureNameFatherBirthMarriageBecame ConsortCeased to be ConsortDeathSpouse
Tadj ol-MoloukTeymūr Khan Ayromlou1896191615 December 1925 16 September 1941
husband's abdication
1982 Reza Shah
Esmat DowlatshahiGholam Ali Mirza Dowlatshahi190519231995
Princess Fawzia of EgyptFuad I of Egypt1921193916 September 1941 17 November 1948
divorced
2013 Mohammad Reza Shah
Soraya Esfandiary-BakhtiaryKhalil Esfandiary-Bakhtiary193212 February 1951 15 March 1958
divorced
2001
Farah DibaSohrab Diba1938 21 December 1959 11 February 1979
husband's deposition
Alive

Heirs

The former constitution of Iran specifically provided that only a male who was not descended from Qajar dynasty could become the heir apparent.[15] This made all half-brothers of Mohammad Reza ineligible to become heirs to the throne.[15] Until his death in 1954, the Shah's only full brother Ali Reza was his heir presumptive.[15]

The constitution also required the Shah to be of Iranian descent, meaning that his father and mother are Iranian.[16]

Line of succession in February 1979

Current Line of Succession

List of crown princes

Name Portrait Relationship to monarch Became heir Ceased to be heir; reason
Office vacant from 15 December 1925 to 24 April 1926
1Eldest son 25 April 1926[17] 16 September 1941
(Became king)
Office vacant from 16 September 1941 to 26 October 1967
2Eldest son 1 November 1960 (Proclaimed) ----26 October 1967 (Designated) 11 February 1979
(Father deposed)

Royal jewels

See main article: Pahlavi Crown, Empress Crown and Iranian Crown Jewels.

Monuments

See main article: Mausoleum of Reza Shah and Shahyad Tower.

Use of titles

Emperor, followed by Shâhanshâh of Iran, with style His Imperial Majesty

Shahbânu or Empress, followed by first name, followed by "of Iran", with style Her Imperial Majesty

See also

Notes and References

  1. Book: Aghaie, Kamran Scot. The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran. 1 December 2011. University of Washington Press. 978-0-295-80078-3. en.
  2. کوروش . نوروز مرادی . نوری . مصطفی . سندی نویافته از نیای رضاشاه . پیام بهارستان . 1388 . د۲،س ۱،ش۴ .
  3. Book: معتضد . خسرو . تاج های زنانه . 1387 . نشر البرز . تهران . 9789644425974 . 46 47 48 49 50 51 جلد اول . چاپ اول.
  4. Book: نیازمند . رضا . رضاشاه از تولد تا سلطنت . 1387 . حکایت قلم نوین . تهران . 9645925460 . 15 16 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 39 40 43 44 45 . چاپ ششم.
  5. Book: زیباکلام . صادق . رضاشاه . 1398 . روزنه،لندن:اچ انداس . تهران . 9781780837628 . 61, 62 . اول.
  6. Book: Cyrus Ghani. Sīrūs Ghanī. Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power. 6 January 2001. I.B.Tauris. 978-1-86064-629-4. 147–.
  7. Brysac, Shareen Blair. "A Very British Coup: How Reza Shah Won and Lost His Throne." World Policy Journal 24, no. 2 (2007): 90–103. Accessed 8 August 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40210096
  8. Web site: Mashallah Ajudani. Ajoudani. 17 January 2013. 22 October 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181022170922/http://ajoudani.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=62&Itemid=27. dead.
  9. Book: Curtis. Glenn E.. Hooglund. Eric. Eric Hooglund. Iran: A Country Study: A Country Study. Government Printing Office. 978-0-8444-1187-3. 27.
  10. Book: Gholam Reza Afkhami. The Life and Times of the Shah. 2 November 2012. 27 October 2008. University of California Press. 978-0-520-25328-5. 4.
  11. Zirinsky. Michael P.. Imperial power and dictatorship: Britain and the rise of Reza Shah, 1921-1926. International Journal of Middle East Studies. 1992. 24. 4. 639–663. 2 November 2012. 10.1017/s0020743800022388. 159878744 .
  12. Book: "(..) His mother, who was of Georgian origin, died not long after, leaving Reza in her brother's care in Tehran. (...).". The Life and Times of the Shah. Gholam Reza . Afkhami . University of California Press . 2009 . 4 .
  13. Book: "(...) His mother, Nush Afarin, was a Georgian Muslim immigrant (...).". The Pahlavi Dynasty: An Entry from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam . GholamAli Haddad Adel . EWI Press . 2012 . 3 . etal.
  14. Homa Katouzian. "State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis" I.B.Tauris, 2006. p 269
  15. Book: Dareini . Ali Akbar . The rise and fall of the Pahlavi dynasty . 1999 . 81-208-1642-0 . 446 . Motilal Banarsidass Publ. . 2. The Shah gives another account for his separation with Fawzia. "For reasons still obscure to medical science, Queen Fawzia bore only one child; thus unfortunately no male heir issued from our marriage. Under the Persian Constitution the crown must pass by direct line of descent to a male heir. This rules out not only my daughter but also my three sisters. The Constitution further stipulates that no one descended from the previous Qajar dynasty is eligible to become king. Since two of my father’s wives were of Qajar blood, my half-brothers who are their sons are ineligible. In fact I had only one brother not related to the Qajar line, and to my sorrow he was to die in an aeroplane crash in 1954. With these limitations it is no wonder that my advisors felt it important for my wife to bear a son. It is true that the Constitution might have been amended, but the dimate of opinion seemed opposed to tampering with the provisions relating to the royal succession. Besides, I was young and, quite apart from the constitutional factor, I wanted more children. When Queen Fawzia went to Egypt on an extended stay, we decided on a divorce." Please see Mission for My Country His Imperial Majesty Mohammad Reza Shah Pahiavi, Hutchinson and Co. (Publishers) Ltd., London, 1961–1968; pp. 219–220.
  16. Book: Hoyt. Edwin Palmer . The Shah: The Glittering Story of Iran and Its People. P. S. Eriksson. 1976 . 9780839777533. 49.
  17. Book: Curtis . Glenn . Iran, a country study . Hooglund . Eric . Washington, D.C., US . Library of Congress . April 2008 . 186 . 978-0-8444-1187-3 .