Christmas flood of 1964 should not be confused with Christmas Week flood of 1955.
| Christmas flood of 1964 | |
| Duration: | 20 days – |
| Areas Affected: | California, Oregon, and Washington states |
The Christmas flood of 1964 was a major flood in the United States' Pacific Northwest and some of Northern California between December 18, 1964, and January 7, 1965, spanning the Christmas holiday.[1]
Considered a 100-year flood,[2] it was the worst flood in recorded history on nearly every major stream and river in coastal Northern California and one of the worst to affect the Willamette River in Oregon. It also affected parts of southwest Washington, Idaho, and Nevada.[3]
In Oregon, 17 or 18 people died as a result of the disaster, and it caused hundreds of millions of dollars in damage. The flooding on the Willamette covered 152789acres.[4] The National Weather Service rated the flood as the fifth most destructive weather event in Oregon in the 20th century.[5]
California Governor Pat Brown was quoted as saying that a flood of similar proportions could "happen only once in 1,000 years," and it was often referred to later as the Thousand Year Flood. The flood killed 19 people, heavily damaged or completely devastated at least 10 towns, destroyed all or portions of more than 20 major highway and county bridges, carried away millions of board feet of lumber and logs from mill sites, devastated thousands of acres of agricultural land, killed 4,000 head of livestock, and caused $100 million in damage in Humboldt County, California, alone.
An atypical cold spell began in Oregon on December 13, 1964, that froze the soil, and it was followed by unusually heavy snow.[3] [6] Subsequently, an atmospheric river brought persistent, heavy, warm rain.[3] [6] The temperature increased by 30to. This melted the snow, but left the soil frozen and impermeable.[6] Some places received the equivalent of a year's rain in just a few days. Albany received 13inches of rain in December, almost double its average December rainfall of 7inches.[3] Detroit recorded an extra 18inches of rain, and at Crater Lake, where the average normal December rainfall is 12inches, there was over 38inches of rain.[3] As rivers and streams overflowed and the soil became saturated, mudslides occurred, roads closed, and reservoirs overflowed.[3] Many towns were isolated.[3] By the end of the flood, every river in Oregon was above flood stage, and more than 30 major bridges were impassable.[3]
Heavy warm rain and melting snow caused more flooding in late January 1965, after the waters had begun to recede from the December flood.[1] More mudslides occurred in places that had withstood the December flooding, and there were more deaths.[1] Many streams in the northern San Joaquin Valley reached higher flows than they had in December.[7]
The Christmas flood of 1964 was "the most severe rainstorm to ever occur over central Oregon, and among the most severe over western Oregon since the late 1870s", according to the National Weather Service office in Portland.[5]
Some of the worst mudslides occurred in the Mount Hood Corridor, and one man died in a mud and debris avalanche near Rhododendron that destroyed 15 houses.[3] Other deaths occurred from drowning and electrocution, and one man died when the new John Day bridge collapsed.[1] [3]
Yamhill County was severely affected.[3] The Highway 219 bridge between Newberg and St. Paul, and Wilsonville Road between Newberg and Wilsonville were closed, trapping hundreds of people.[3]
On the Oregon Coast, downtown Reedsport was flooded with 8feet of water, and in Coos Bay, a massive logjam contributed to severe flooding.[3] The ports at Gold Beach and Brookings were destroyed.[3]
At Oregon City, Willamette Falls was unrecognizable as a waterfall, and the city was flooded by several feet of water.[3] In Portland, the lower deck of the Steel Bridge was underwater and had also been hit by a log raft consisting of around 1,000 logs.[3] The impact of the raft severely damaged the Hawthorne Bridge, closing it for a year.[3] At 12feet above flood stage, the flooding of the Willamette River at Portland in 1964 was second only to the 1948 flood that wiped out Vanport City.[3] At its peak, the water was at the top of Downtown Portland's seawall.[1]
Salem Memorial Hospital (now Salem Health) had to be evacuated[8] after waters from nearby Shelton Ditch and Mill Creek flooded the hospital's basement. Hospital staff, parks department employees, and inmates from the Oregon State Penitentiary placed sandbags around the hospital to prevent floodwaters from coming in. Eventually, the flooding coupled with a loss of power led to the decision to evacuate patients to Salem General Hospital on Center Street. 121 patients were evacuated from Salem Memorial by hospital staff, doctors, ambulance crews, and the National Guard. The hospital was able to reopen five days later after extensive work to repair the flooding damage.[9]
The Southern Pacific (SP) rail line between Portland and San Francisco was out of service for eighteen days as crews repaired damage from landslides near the 4885feet Cascade Summit; and the parallel Willamette Pass highway was blocked for several days. Salt Creek washed out 25mile of Oregon Route 58 and undermined the SP viaduct footings. Landslides covered 700feet of SP track near Oakridge, and swept away 130feet of the Noisy Creek bridge 20mile north of Crescent Lake. The Willamette River washed out 300feet of SP track between Portland and Albany.[10]
Starting on December 21, intense downpours across Northern California caused numerous streams to flood, many to record-breaking levels. California Governor Brown declared 34 counties in the region disaster areas.[1] [7] Together, Del Norte, Humboldt, Mendocino, Siskiyou, Trinity, and Sonoma counties sustained more damage than the other 28 counties combined.[7] Twenty-six U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) stream gauges were destroyed.[7]
The Eel, Smith, Klamath, Trinity, Salmon, and Mad rivers, as well as other rivers and large streams, all went well beyond flood stage and peaked nearly simultaneously around December 21 and 22, breaking previous records (notably those set in the "hundred year" flood of 1955 in most cases).[1] [7] Sixteen state highway bridges were destroyed in California's 1st congressional district, most of them on Highway 101, and another ten county bridges were destroyed in Humboldt County.[7] The flood destroyed 37mile of track with multiple stream and river crossings of the Northwestern Pacific Railroad through the Eel River canyon, the region's only major railroad.[11]
Many communities of Del Norte and Humboldt counties suffered extensive power outages and were left isolated or cut off from the rest of the state for a period, including the region's larger populated areas around Humboldt Bay, such as Eureka and Arcata, despite the fact that those cities were located on higher ground and not in the path of raging rivers. Riverside communities like Klamath, Orleans, Myers Flat, Weott, South Fork, Shively, Pepperwood, Stafford, and Ti-Bar were completely destroyed by flood waters; some of them were never rebuilt and none regained their former status. Metropolitan, Rio Dell, and Scotia were significantly damaged.[7] The Pacific Lumber Company sawmill at Scotia lost 40e6board feet of logs and lumber washed downstream.[11] Crescent City, still recovering from the tsunami created by the 1964 Alaska earthquake only nine months earlier, also suffered from the floods.[7]
Over 550disp=flipNaNdisp=flip of rain fell on the Eel River basin in a span of two days. By December 23, 752000ft3/s of water rushed down the Eel River at Scotia (still upstream from the confluence of the Van Duzen River),[12] 200000ft3/s more than the 1955 flood, and more than the average discharge of the entire Mississippi River basin.[13] Just under 200000ft3/s of water flowed down the South Fork Eel River alone, causing severe damage along its entire length.[12] Every stream gauge on the Eel River was destroyed[7] except the one at Fernbridge[14] where the bridge survived the flood. The flood crest at Miranda was 46feet. Signs were later placed on top of tall poles to mark the unusual height of the water.[15]
The Smith River, located in Del Norte County near the Oregon border, reached flows of 228000ft3/s at Hiouchi,[16] easily surpassing the 1955 flood's previous record of 165000ft3/s.[7] The town of Gasquet received 26.6inches of rain over an eight-day period, and Crescent City received 9.2inches.[7]
The Klamath River reached flows of 557000ft3/s,[17] submerging the town of Klamath under 15feet of water.[7]
The Trinity River, one of the Klamath's largest tributaries, also flooded and wrought destruction along its length. The Trinity, however, did not break the 1955 flood's records because of the newly constructed Trinity Dam, which stored 372200acre.ft of runoff from the storm.[7] Nonetheless, 231000ft3/s of water rushed down the river at Hoopa.[18]
Between December 20 and December 26, 10390000acre.ft of water flowed into the Pacific Ocean from the combined rivers and streams on the North Coast (of California).[7]
In the California Central Valley, the Yosemite Valley was flooded, and residents of Yuba City were evacuated.[1] Many streams reached record flood stages, including the Feather River, Yuba River, American River, Cottonwood Creek, and Butte Creek. The flood caused the uncompleted Hell Hole Dam on the Rubicon River to fail, sending even more water downstream.[7] In total, 375000acres of the Central Valley was flooded.[7]
In southwest Washington, rising rivers threatened Centralia and Longview–Kelso[1] and closed Interstate 5 and all railways at flooded Kalama for over a week. In Nevada, the Truckee River threatened Reno.[1]