Pacific DC Intertie explained

The Pacific DC Intertie (also called Path 65) is an electric power transmission line that transmits electricity from the Pacific Northwest to the Los Angeles area using high voltage direct current (HVDC). The line capacity is 3.1 gigawatts, which is enough to serve two to three million Los Angeles households and represents almost half of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) electrical system's peak capacity.^[1]

The intertie originates near the Columbia River at the Celilo Converter Station of Bonneville Power Administration's grid outside The Dalles, Oregon and is connected to the Sylmar Converter Station north of Los Angeles, which is owned by five utility companies and managed by LADWP. The Intertie can transmit power in either direction, but power flows mostly from north to south.

The section of the line in Oregon is owned and operated by Bonneville Power Administration, while the line in Nevada and California is owned and operated by Los Angeles Department of Water and Power.^[2] The transition is at the Oregon–Nevada border, at 41.9964°N -119.9623°W.

This is one of two HVDC lines serving Los Angeles; the other is Path 27.

Overview

The idea of sending hydroelectric power to Southern California had been proposed as early as the 1930s, but was opposed and scrapped. By 1961, US president John F. Kennedy authorized a large public works project, using new high voltage direct current technology from Sweden. The project was undertaken as a close collaboration between General Electric of the US and ASEA of Sweden. Private California power companies had opposed the project but their technical objections were rebutted by Uno Lamm of ASEA at an IEEE meeting in New York in 1963. When completed in 1970 the combined AC and DC transmission system was estimated to save consumers in Los Angeles approximately US$600,000 per day by use of cheaper electric power from dams on the Columbia River.

One advantage of direct current over AC is that DC current penetrates the entire conductor as opposed to AC current which only penetrates to the skin depth. For the same conductor size, the effective resistance is greater with AC than DC, hence more power is lost as heat with AC. In general, the total cost for HVDC is less than an AC line if the line length is over 500–600 miles, and with advances in conversion technology, this distance has been reduced considerably. A DC line is also ideal for connecting two AC systems that are not synchronized with each other. HVDC lines can help stabilize a power grid against cascading blackouts since power flow through the line is controllable.

The Pacific Intertie takes advantage of differing power demand patterns between the northwestern and southwestern US. During winter, the northern region operates electrical heating devices while the southern portion uses relatively little electricity. In summer, the north uses little electricity while the south reaches peak demand due to air conditioning usage. Any time the Intertie demand lessens, the excess is distributed elsewhere on the western power grid (states west of the Great Plains, including Colorado and New Mexico).^[3]

Components

The Pacific Intertie consists of:^[4]

• The Celilo Converter Station which converts three phase 60 Hz AC at 230 to 500 kV to ±500 kV DC (1000 kV pole-to-pole) at 45.5942°N -121.1142°W.
  • The grounding system at Celilo consists of 1,067 cast iron anodes buried in a 2feet trench of petroleum coke, which behaves as an electrode, arranged in a ring of 32551NaN1 circumference at Rice Flats (near Rice, Oregon), which is 10.6km (06.6miles) SSE of Celilo. It is connected to the converter station by two aerial 644mm2 ACSR (aluminum conductor, steel reinforced) conductors, which end at a "dead-end" tower situated at 45.4976°N -121.0646°W.
• A 1361adj=onNaNadj=on overhead transmission line consisting of two steel-cored ACSR conductors, each 1.6inches in diameter with a conducting cross-sectional area of 1171mm2, carrying 500 kV.
  • The two lines when combined have a capacity of 3.1 gigawatts (in bipolar mode).
• The Sylmar Converter Station (34.3117°N -118.4814°W) which converts DC to 230 kV AC (a process also called inverting) and is phase-synchronized with the L.A. power grid.
  • The Sylmar grounding system is a line of 24 silicon-iron alloy electrodes submerged in the Pacific Ocean at Will Rogers State Beach^[5] suspended in concrete enclosures about 0.5to above the ocean floor. The grounding array, which is 480NaN0 from the converter station and is connected by a pair of 644mm2 ACSR conductors, which are in the sections north of Kenter Canyon Terminal Tower at 34.0681°N -118.4885°W installed instead of the ground conductors on the pylons. It runs from Kenter Canyon Terminal Tower, via DWP Receiving Station U (Tarzana; a former switching station), Receiving Station J (Northridge) and Rinaldi Receiving Station (also a former switching station) to Sylmar Converter Station. On the section between Receiving Stations J and Rinaldi, one of the two shielding conductors on each of two parallel-running 230 kV transmission lines is used as electrode line conductor.

History

The first phase of the scheme, completed in May 1970, used only mercury-arc valves in the converters.^[6] The valves were series connected in three six-pulse valve bridges for each pole. The blocking voltage of the valves was 133 kV with a maximum current of 1,800 amperes, for a transmission rating of 1,440 MW with a symmetrical voltage of 400 kV with respect to earth.

Each converter station housed six mercury arc valves groups, consisting each of seven valves, for a total of 42 valves in each converter.The valves had a width of 2.15m (07.05feet), a height of 3.2m (10.5feet) and a length of 3.5m (11.5feet) and weighed 14000lb. Each valve contained 1.1litre mercury, with a weight of 14.9kg (32.8lb).

• 1972: After the Sylmar earthquake, the Sylmar Converter Station had to be reconstructed due to extensive damage.
• 1982: The power rating of the mercury arc valve rectifiers was raised by various improvements to 1,600 MW.
• 1984: The transmission voltage was pushed to 500 kV and the transmission power was increased to 2,000 MW by adding one six-pulse thyristor valve group rated at 100 kV to each pole.
• 1989: A further increase of the transmission power to 3,100 MW took place by installing a 1,100 MW parallel connected thyristor converter in Celilo and Sylmar. This upgrade started in 1985 was called the Pacific Intertie Expansion.^[7] This expanded the converter station to two sites, Sylmar West (situated at 34.3089°N -118.4869°W)^[8] and Sylmar East (situated at 34.3117°N -118.4814°W).
• 1993: One pole of the Pacific Intertie Expansion converter station at Sylmar was completely destroyed by fire.^[9] The converter was replaced in 1994–1995 by Siemens.^[10]
• 1994: After the Northridge earthquake, the Sylmar Converter Station had to be reconstructed due to extensive damage.
• 2004: The Sylmar East station was upgraded from 1,100 MW to 3,100 MW. The controls and older converters, including the mercury arc valves, were completely replaced by a single pair of 3,100 MW 12-pulse converters built by ABB. This allowed the Sylmar East station to handle the full capacity.^[11] In parallel with this project, the six-pulse mercury arc valves at the Celilo Converter Station were replaced with Siemens light-triggered thyristors in compliance with their Modified Age Replacement Policy (MARP).
• 2005: The Sylmar East station was rededicated as the Sylmar Converter Station.^[11]
• 2014-2015: The Celilo converter substation was upgraded in a similar manner to the Sylmar East upgrade. The North converter was upgraded from 1,100 MW to 3,100 MW. The new converter was built by the ABB. The new converter connects at 500kV AC instead of the previous 230kV AC connection. After completion, all of the equipment for the south converter was removed.^{[12] [13]}

See also

• Uno Lamm
• Path 27
• North American Electric Reliability Corporation
• WECC Intertie Paths
• Path 66

External links

• Pacific Intertie (abb.com)
• The Pacific Intertie Scheme (BPA, via web.archive.com)
• Wecc.biz

Notes and References

1. Web site: Sharon Bernstein and Amanda Covarrubias . July 10, 2006 . Heat Wave Caught DWP Unprepared . . 23 September 2020 .
2. Web site: Pacific Direct Current Intertie (PDCI) Upgrade Project (DOE/EA-1937) Lake, Jefferson, Crook, Deschutes, and Wasco counties, Oregon . Bonneville Power Administration . 2019-12-29.
3. Web site: Power System Security in the New Industry Environment: Challenges and Solutions . . Prabha Kundur, Powertech Labs Inc. . 17 . . October 3, 2003 . 2006-09-11 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060822101832/http://ewh.ieee.org/r7/toronto/events/oct0303/prabha.ppt . August 22, 2006.
4. Web site: The Pacific Intertie Scheme . . 2000-11-03 . 2009-08-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20050426045806/http://www.transmission.bpa.gov/cigresc14/Compendium/PACIFIC.htm . 2005-04-26.
5. Web site: Review of The Infrastructural City, edited by Kazys Varnelis . Places Journal.
6. Compendium of HVDC schemes, CIGRÉ Technical Brochure No. 003, 1987, pp57-62.
7. Web site: Pacific Intertie . Hitachi Energy . 20 April 2024.
8. Web site: Sylmar West HVDC station . ABB . 20 April 2024.
9. "Fire aspects of HVDC thyristor valves and valve halls", CIGRÉ Technical Brochure No. 136, February 1999.
10. Christl, N., Faehnrich, W., Lips, P., Rasmussen, F., Sadek, K., "Thyristor Valve Replacement Of The Pacific Intertie Expansion Sylmar East 500 Kv HVDC Converter Station", IEEE Sixth International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission (Conf. Publ. No. 423), 1996.
11. News: ABB Rededicates Sylmar Converter Station (Press Release) . ABB . 24 March 2005 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090201125328/http://www.abb.com/cawp/seitp202/A719AD829B2496D085256FD4006BF446.aspx . 1 February 2009.
12. "Celilo Converter Station", Bonneville Power Administration https://www.bpa.gov/news/pubs/FactSheets/fs-201604-Celilo-Converter-Station.pdf, April 2016. (Fact Sheet)
13. "ABB completes upgrade of first major HVDC link in U.S. transmission history", ABB https://new.abb.com/news/detail/45972/abb-completes-upgrade-of-first-major-hvdc-link-in-us-transmission-history 20 June 2016. (press release)