CD155 explained

CD155 (cluster of differentiation 155), also known as the poliovirus receptor, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PVR gene.^{[1] [2]} It is a transmembrane protein that is involved in forming junctions between neighboring cells. It is also the molecule that poliovirus uses to enter cells. The gene is specific to the primates.

Function

CD155 is a Type I transmembrane glycoprotein in the immunoglobulin superfamily.^[3] Its normal cellular function is in the establishment of intercellular adherens junctions between epithelial cells.^[4]

The external domain mediates cell attachment to the extracellular matrix molecule vitronectin, while its intracellular domain interacts with the dynein light chain Tctex-1/DYNLT1.

The role of CD155 in the immune system is unclear, though it may be involved in intestinal humoral immune responses. Subsequent data has also suggested that CD155 may also be used to positively select MHC-independent T cells in the thymus.

Polio

Commonly known as Poliovirus Receptor (PVR), the protein serves as a cellular receptor for poliovirus in the first step of poliovirus replication. Transgenic mice that express the PVR gene have been constructed in order to study polio experimentally.^[5]

Structure

CD155 is a transmembrane protein with 3 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains, D1-D3, where D1 is recognized by the virus.

Low resolution structures of CD155 complexed with poliovirus have been obtained using electron microscopy^[6] while a high resolution structures of the ectodomain D1 and D2 of CD155 were solved by x-ray crystallography.^[7]

Further reading

• Pende D, Spaggiari GM, Marcenaro S . Analysis of the receptor-ligand interactions in the natural killer-mediated lysis of freshly isolated myeloid or lymphoblastic leukemias: evidence for the involvement of the Poliovirus receptor (CD155) and Nectin-2 (CD112) . Blood . 105 . 5 . 2066–73 . 2005 . 15536144 . 10.1182/blood-2004-09-3548 . etal. free .
• Pezzetti F, Palmieri A, Martinelli M . Linkage disequilibrium analysis of two genes mapping on OFC3: PVR and PVRL2 . Eur. J. Hum. Genet. . 15 . 9 . 992–4 . 2007 . 17534374 . 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201868 . etal. free .
• Stanietsky N, Simic H, Arapovic J . The interaction of TIGIT with PVR and PVRL2 inhibits human NK cell cytotoxicity . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 106 . 42 . 17858–63 . 2009 . 19815499 . 10.1073/pnas.0903474106 . 2764881 . 2009PNAS..10617858S . etal. free .
• Tomasec P, Wang EC, Davison AJ . Downregulation of natural killer cell–activating ligand CD155 by human cytomegalovirus UL141 . Nat. Immunol. . 6 . 2 . 181–8 . 2005 . 15640804 . 10.1038/ni1156 . 2844263 . etal.
• Liu T, Qian WJ, Gritsenko MA . Human Plasma N-Glycoproteome Analysis by Immunoaffinity Subtraction, Hydrazide Chemistry, and Mass Spectrometry . J. Proteome Res. . 4 . 6 . 2070–80 . 2005. 16335952 . 10.1021/pr0502065 . 1850943 . etal.
• Kimura K, Wakamatsu A, Suzuki Y . Diversification of transcriptional modulation: Large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes . Genome Res. . 16 . 1 . 55–65 . 2006 . 16344560 . 10.1101/gr.4039406 . 1356129 . etal.
• Pende D, Bottino C, Castriconi R . PVR (CD155) and Nectin-2 (CD112) as ligands of the human DNAM-1 (CD226) activating receptor: involvement in tumor cell lysis . Mol. Immunol. . 42 . 4 . 463–9 . 2005 . 15607800 . 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.07.028 . etal.
• Kono T, Imai Y, Yasuda S . The CD155/poliovirus receptor enhances the proliferation of ras-mutated cells . Int. J. Cancer . 122 . 2 . 317–24 . 2008 . 17893876 . 10.1002/ijc.23080 . 42542414 . etal. free .
• Minami Y, Ikeda W, Kajita M . Necl-5/poliovirus receptor interacts in cis with integrin alphaVbeta3 and regulates its clustering and focal complex formation . J. Biol. Chem. . 282 . 25 . 18481–96 . 2007 . 17446174 . 10.1074/jbc.M611330200 . etal. free .
• Yu X, Harden K, Gonzalez LC . The surface protein TIGIT suppresses T cell activation by promoting the generation of mature immunoregulatory dendritic cells . Nat. Immunol. . 10 . 1 . 48–57 . 2009 . 19011627 . 10.1038/ni.1674 . 205361984 . etal.
• Ohka S, Igarashi H, Nagata N . Establishment of a Poliovirus Oral Infection System in Human Poliovirus Receptor-Expressing Transgenic Mice That Are Deficient in Alpha/Beta Interferon Receptor . J. Virol. . 81 . 15 . 7902–12 . 2007 . 17507470 . 10.1128/JVI.02675-06 . 1951287 . etal.
• Zhang P, Mueller S, Morais MC . Crystal structure of CD155 and electron microscopic studies of its complexes with polioviruses . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 105 . 47 . 18284–9 . 2008 . 19011098 . 10.1073/pnas.0807848105 . 2587566 . 2008PNAS..10518284Z . etal. free .
• Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA . The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) . Genome Res. . 14 . 10B . 2121–7 . 2004 . 15489334 . 10.1101/gr.2596504 . 528928 . etal.
• Carlsten M, Norell H, Bryceson YT . Primary human tumor cells expressing CD155 impair tumor targeting by down-regulating DNAM-1 on NK cells . J. Immunol. . 183 . 8 . 4921–30 . 2009 . 19801517 . 10.4049/jimmunol.0901226 . etal. free .
• Kindberg E, Ax C, Fiore L, Svensson L . Ala67Thr mutation in the poliovirus receptor CD155 is a potential risk factor for vaccine and wild-type paralytic poliomyelitis . J. Med. Virol. . 81 . 5 . 933–6 . 2009 . 19319949 . 10.1002/jmv.21444 . 11567056 .
• Bachelet I, Munitz A, Mankutad D, Levi-Schaffer F . Mast cell costimulation by CD226/CD112 (DNAM-1/Nectin-2): a novel interface in the allergic process . J. Biol. Chem. . 281 . 37 . 27190–6 . 2006 . 16831868 . 10.1074/jbc.M602359200 . free .
• Meyer D, Seth S, Albrecht J . CD96 interaction with CD155 via its first Ig-like domain is modulated by alternative splicing or mutations in distal Ig-like domains . J. Biol. Chem. . 284 . 4 . 2235–44 . 2009 . 19056733 . 10.1074/jbc.M807698200 . etal. free .
• Pende D, Castriconi R, Romagnani P . Expression of the DNAM-1 ligands, Nectin-2 (CD112) and poliovirus receptor (CD155), on dendritic cells: relevance for natural killer-dendritic cell interaction . Blood . 107 . 5 . 2030–6 . 2006 . 16304049 . 10.1182/blood-2005-07-2696 . etal. free .
• Fujito T, Ikeda W, Kakunaga S . Inhibition of cell movement and proliferation by cell–cell contact-induced interaction of Necl-5 with nectin-3 . J. Cell Biol. . 171 . 1 . 165–73 . 2005 . 16216929 . 10.1083/jcb.200501090 . 2171219 . etal.

Notes and References

1. Web site: Entrez Gene: poliovirus receptor.
2. Koike S, Horie H, Ise I, Okitsu A, Yoshida M, Iizuka N, Takeuchi K, Takegami T, Nomoto A . The poliovirus receptor protein is produced both as membrane-bound and secreted forms . EMBO J. . 9 . 10 . 3217–24 . October 1990 . 2170108 . 552052 . 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07520.x.
3. Mendelsohn CL, Wimmer E, Racaniello VR . Cellular receptor for poliovirus: molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression of a new member of the immunoglobulin superfamily . Cell . 56 . 5 . 855–65 . 1989 . 2538245 . 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90690-9. 44296539 .
4. Maier MK, Seth S, Czeloth N . The adhesion receptor CD155 determines the magnitude of humoral immune responses against orally ingested antigens . European Journal of Immunology. 37. 8. 2214–25. 2007 . 17621371 . 10.1002/eji.200737072. 24583092 . etal.
5. Racaniello . Vincent R. . 2006-01-05 . One hundred years of poliovirus pathogenesis . Virology . Virology 50th Anniversary Issue . en . 344 . 1 . 9–16 . 10.1016/j.virol.2005.09.015 . 16364730 . 0042-6822. free .

6. He Y, Bowman VD, Mueller S, Bator CM, Bella J, Peng X, Baker TS, Wimmer E, Kuhn RJ, Rossmann MG . Interaction of the poliovirus receptor with poliovirus . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 97 . 1 . 79–84 . January 2000 . 10618374 . 26619 . 10.1073/pnas.97.1.79. free .

7. ,,, ; Zhang P, Mueller S, Morais MC, Bator CM, Bowman VD, Hafenstein S, Wimmer E, Rossmann MG . Crystal structure of CD155 and electron microscopic studies of its complexes with polioviruses . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 105 . 47 . 18284–9 . November 2008 . 19011098 . 2587566 . 10.1073/pnas.0807848105 . 2008PNAS..10518284Z . free .