PTP4A2 explained

Protein tyrosine phosphatase type IVA 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTP4A2 gene.^{[1] [2] [3]}

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to a small class of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family. PTPs are cell signaling molecules that play regulatory roles in a variety of cellular processes. PTPs in this class contain a protein tyrosine phosphatase catalytic domain and a characteristic C-terminal prenylation motif.

This PTP has been shown to primarily associate with plasmic and endosomal membrane through its C-terminal prenylation. This PTP was found to interact with the beta-subunit of Rab geranylgeranyltransferase II (beta GGT II), and thus may function as a regulator of GGT II activity.

Overexpression of this gene in mammalian cells conferred a transformed phenotype, which suggested its role in tumorigenesis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode two distinct isoforms have been described.

Further reading

• Rommens JM, Durocher F, McArthur J, etal . Generation of a transcription map at the HSD17B locus centromeric to BRCA1 at 17q21. . Genomics . 28 . 3 . 530–42 . 1996 . 7490091 . 10.1006/geno.1995.1185 .
• Montagna M, Serova O, Sylla BS, etal . A 100-kb physical and transcriptional map around the EDH17B2 gene: identification of three novel genes and a pseudogene of a human homologue of the rat PRL-1 tyrosine phosphatase. . Hum. Genet. . 96 . 5 . 532–8 . 1996 . 8529999 . 10.1007/bf00197407. 24567366 .
• Cates CA, Michael RL, Stayrook KR, etal . Prenylation of oncogenic human PTP(CAAX) protein tyrosine phosphatases. . Cancer Lett. . 110 . 1–2 . 49–55 . 1997 . 9018080 . 10.1016/S0304-3835(96)04459-X .
• Gjörloff-Wingren A, Saxena M, Han S, etal . Subcellular localization of intracellular protein tyrosine phosphatases in T cells . Eur. J. Immunol. . 30 . 8 . 2412–21 . 2000 . 10940933 . 10.1002/1521-4141(2000)30:8<2412::AID-IMMU2412>3.0.CO;2-J . 8132613 .
• Hartley JL, Temple GF, Brasch MA . DNA cloning using in vitro site-specific recombination . Genome Res. . 10 . 11 . 1788–95 . 2001 . 11076863 . 10.1101/gr.143000 . 310948 .
• Si X, Zeng Q, Ng CH, etal . Interaction of farnesylated PRL-2, a protein-tyrosine phosphatase, with the beta-subunit of geranylgeranyltransferase II . J. Biol. Chem. . 276 . 35 . 32875–82 . 2001 . 11447212 . 10.1074/jbc.M010400200 . free .
• Wang Q, Holmes DI, Powell SM, etal . Analysis of stromal-epithelial interactions in prostate cancer identifies PTPCAAX2 as a potential oncogene . Cancer Lett. . 175 . 1 . 63–9 . 2002 . 11734337 . 10.1016/S0304-3835(01)00703-0 .
• Wang J, Kirby CE, Herbst R . The tyrosine phosphatase PRL-1 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitotic spindle and is required for normal mitosis . J. Biol. Chem. . 277 . 48 . 46659–68 . 2003 . 12235145 . 10.1074/jbc.M206407200 . free .
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, etal . Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 99 . 26 . 16899–903 . 2003 . 12477932 . 10.1073/pnas.242603899 . 139241 . 2002PNAS...9916899M . free .
• Pathak MK, Dhawan D, Lindner DJ, etal . Pentamidine is an inhibitor of PRL phosphatases with anticancer activity . Mol. Cancer Ther. . 1 . 14 . 1255–64 . 2003 . 12516958 .
• Werner SR, Lee PA, DeCamp MW, etal . Enhanced cell cycle progression and down regulation of p21(Cip1/Waf1) by PRL tyrosine phosphatases . Cancer Lett. . 202 . 2 . 201–11 . 2004 . 14643450 . 10.1016/S0304-3835(03)00517-2 .
• Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, etal . The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) . Genome Res. . 14 . 10B . 2121–7 . 2004 . 15489334 . 10.1101/gr.2596504 . 528928 .
• Wiemann S, Arlt D, Huber W, etal . From ORFeome to biology: a functional genomics pipeline . Genome Res. . 14 . 10B . 2136–44 . 2004 . 15489336 . 10.1101/gr.2576704 . 528930 .
• Mehrle A, Rosenfelder H, Schupp I, etal . The LIFEdb database in 2006 . Nucleic Acids Res. . 34 . Database issue . D415–8 . 2006 . 16381901 . 10.1093/nar/gkj139 . 1347501 .
• Gregory SG, Barlow KF, McLay KE, etal . The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1 . Nature . 441 . 7091 . 315–21 . 2006 . 16710414 . 10.1038/nature04727 . 2006Natur.441..315G . free .
• Radke I, Götte M, Kersting C, etal . Expression and prognostic impact of the protein tyrosine phosphatases PRL-1, PRL-2, and PRL-3 in breast cancer . Br. J. Cancer . 95 . 3 . 347–54 . 2006 . 16832410 . 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603261 . 2360632 .
• Dumaual CM, Sandusky GE, Crowell PL, Randall SK . Cellular localization of PRL-1 and PRL-2 gene expression in normal adult human tissues . J. Histochem. Cytochem. . 54 . 12 . 1401–12 . 2007 . 16957164 . 10.1369/jhc.6A7019.2006 . 3958126 .
• Ewing RM, Chu P, Elisma F, etal . Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry . Mol. Syst. Biol. . 3 . 1. 89 . 2007 . 17353931 . 10.1038/msb4100134 . 1847948 .

Notes and References

1. Zhao Z, Lee CC, Monckton DG, Yazdani A, Coolbaugh MI, Li X, Bailey J, Shen Y, Caskey CT . Characterization and genomic mapping of genes and pseudogenes of a new human protein tyrosine phosphatase . Genomics . 35 . 1 . 172–81 . Sep 1996 . 8661118 . 10.1006/geno.1996.0336 .
2. Zeng Q, Hong W, Tan YH . Mouse PRL-2 and PRL-3, two potentially prenylated protein tyrosine phosphatases homologous to PRL-1 . Biochem Biophys Res Commun . 244 . 2 . 421–7 . Apr 1998 . 9514946 . 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8291 .
3. Web site: Entrez Gene: PTP4A2 protein tyrosine phosphatase type IVA, member 2.