PSME2 explained

Proteasome activator complex subunit 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PSME2 gene.^{[1] [2]}

Function

The 26S proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex with a highly ordered structure composed of 2 complexes, a 20S core and a 19S regulator. The 20S core is composed of 4 rings of 28 non-identical subunits; 2 rings are composed of 7 alpha subunits and 2 rings are composed of 7 beta subunits. The 19S regulator is composed of a base, which contains 6 ATPase subunits and 2 non-ATPase subunits, and a lid, which contains up to 10 non-ATPase subunits. Proteasomes are distributed throughout eukaryotic cells at a high concentration and cleave peptides in an ATP/ubiquitin-dependent process in a non-lysosomal pathway. An essential function of a modified proteasome, the immunoproteasome, is the processing of class I MHC peptides. The immunoproteasome contains an alternate regulator, referred to as the 11S regulator or PA28, that replaces the 19S regulator. Three subunits (alpha, beta and gamma) of the 11S regulator have been identified. This gene encodes the beta subunit of the 11S regulator, one of the two 11S subunits that is induced by gamma-interferon. Three beta and three alpha subunits combine to form a heterohexameric ring. Six pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 4, 5, 8, 10 and 13.

Interactions

PSME2 has been shown to interact with PSME1.^{[3] [4]}

Further reading

• Coux O, Tanaka K, Goldberg AL . Structure and functions of the 20S and 26S proteasomes . Annu. Rev. Biochem. . 65 . 801–47 . 1996 . 8811196 . 10.1146/annurev.bi.65.070196.004101 .
• Sijts A, Sun Y, Janek K, Kral S, Paschen A, Schadendorf D, Kloetzel PM . The role of the proteasome activator PA28 in MHC class I antigen processing . Mol. Immunol. . 39 . 3–4 . 165–9 . 2002 . 12200048 . 10.1016/S0161-5890(02)00099-8 .
• Goff SP . Death by deamination: a novel host restriction system for HIV-1 . Cell . 114 . 3 . 281–3 . 2003 . 12914693 . 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00602-0 . free .
• Dubiel W, Pratt G, Ferrell K, Rechsteiner M . Purification of an 11 S regulator of the multicatalytic protease . J. Biol. Chem. . 267 . 31 . 22369–77 . 1992 . 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)41681-X . 1429590 . free .
• Mott JD, Pramanik BC, Moomaw CR, Afendis SJ, DeMartino GN, Slaughter CA . PA28, an activator of the 20 S proteasome, is composed of two nonidentical but homologous subunits . J. Biol. Chem. . 269 . 50 . 31466–71 . 1995 . 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)31717-4 . 7989312 . free .
• Maruyama K, Sugano S . Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides . Gene . 138 . 1–2 . 171–4 . 1994 . 8125298 . 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8 .
• Ahn K, Erlander M, Leturcq D, Peterson PA, Früh K, Yang Y . In vivo characterization of the proteasome regulator PA28 . J. Biol. Chem. . 271 . 30 . 18237–42 . 1996 . 8663520 . 10.1074/jbc.271.30.18237 . free .
• Seeger M, Ferrell K, Frank R, Dubiel W . HIV-1 tat inhibits the 20 S proteasome and its 11 S regulator-mediated activation . J. Biol. Chem. . 272 . 13 . 8145–8 . 1997 . 9079628 . 10.1074/jbc.272.13.8145 . free .
• McCusker D, Jones T, Sheer D, Trowsdale J . Genetic relationships of the genes encoding the human proteasome beta subunits and the proteasome PA28 complex . Genomics . 45 . 2 . 362–7 . 1998 . 9344661 . 10.1006/geno.1997.4948 .
• Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S . Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library . Gene . 200 . 1–2 . 149–56 . 1997 . 9373149 . 10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3 .
• Hendil KB, Khan S, Tanaka K . Simultaneous binding of PA28 and PA700 activators to 20 S proteasomes . Biochem. J. . 332 (Pt 3) . Pt 3 . 749–54 . 1998 . 10.1042/bj3320749 . 9620878 . 1219536 .
• Madani N, Kabat D . An Endogenous Inhibitor of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Human Lymphocytes Is Overcome by the Viral Vif Protein . J. Virol. . 72 . 12 . 10251–5 . 1998 . 10.1128/JVI.72.12.10251-10255.1998 . 9811770 . 110608 .
• Wójcik C, Tanaka K, Paweletz N, Naab U, Wilk S . Proteasome activator (PA28) subunits, alpha, beta and gamma (Ki antigen) in NT2 neuronal precursor cells and HeLa S3 cells . Eur. J. Cell Biol. . 77 . 2 . 151–60 . 1999 . 9840465 . 10.1016/s0171-9335(98)80083-6 .
• Simon JH, Gaddis NC, Fouchier RA, Malim MH . Evidence for a newly discovered cellular anti-HIV-1 phenotype . Nat. Med. . 4 . 12 . 1397–400 . 1998 . 9846577 . 10.1038/3987 . 25235070 .
• McCusker D, Wilson M, Trowsdale J . Organization of the genes encoding the human proteasome activators PA28alpha and beta . Immunogenetics . 49 . 5 . 438–45 . 1999 . 10199920 . 10.1007/s002510050517 . 40575791 .
• Tanahashi N, Murakami Y, Minami Y, Shimbara N, Hendil KB, Tanaka K . Hybrid proteasomes. Induction by interferon-gamma and contribution to ATP-dependent proteolysis . J. Biol. Chem. . 275 . 19 . 14336–45 . 2000 . 10799514 . 10.1074/jbc.275.19.14336 . free .
• Mulder LC, Muesing MA . Degradation of HIV-1 integrase by the N-end rule pathway . J. Biol. Chem. . 275 . 38 . 29749–53 . 2000 . 10893419 . 10.1074/jbc.M004670200 . free .
• Sheehy AM, Gaddis NC, Choi JD, Malim MH . Isolation of a human gene that inhibits HIV-1 infection and is suppressed by the viral Vif protein . Nature . 418 . 6898 . 646–50 . 2002 . 12167863 . 10.1038/nature00939 . 2002Natur.418..646S . 4403228 .

Notes and References

1. Ahn JY, Tanahashi N, Akiyama K, Hisamatsu H, Noda C, Tanaka K, Chung CH, Shibmara N, Willy PJ, Mott JD . Primary structures of two homologous subunits of PA28, a gamma-interferon-inducible protein activator of the 20S proteasome . FEBS Lett . 366 . 1 . 37–42 . Jul 1995 . 7789512 . 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00492-R . free .
2. Web site: Entrez Gene: PSME2 proteasome (prosome, macropain) activator subunit 2 (PA28 beta).
3. Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorski RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghbi HY, Smolyar A, Bosak S, Sequerra R, Doucette-Stamm L, Cusick ME, Hill DE, Roth FP, Vidal M . Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network . . 437 . 7062 . 1173–8 . Oct 2005 . 16189514 . 10.1038/nature04209 . 2005Natur.437.1173R . 4427026 .
4. Ahn K, Erlander M, Leturcq D, Peterson PA, Früh K, Yang Y . In vivo characterization of the proteasome regulator PA28 . J. Biol. Chem. . 271 . 30 . 18237–42 . Jul 1996 . 8663520 . 10.1074/jbc.271.30.18237 . free .