Prolyl endopeptidase explained

Prolyl endopeptidase (PE) also known as prolyl oligopeptidase or post-proline cleaving enzyme is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PREP gene.[1] [2]

Function

prolyl oligopeptidase
Ec Number:3.4.21.26
Cas Number:72162-84-6
Go Code:0004287
Align:left

Prolyl endopeptidase is a large cytosolic enzyme that belongs to a distinct class of serine peptidases. It was first described in the cytosol of rabbit brain as an oligopeptidase, which degrades the nonapeptide bradykinin at the Pro-Phe bond.[3] The enzyme is involved in the maturation and degradation of peptide hormones and neuropeptides such as alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH), thyrotropin-releasing hormone, angiotensin, neurotensin, oxytocin, substance P and vasopressin. PREP cleaves peptide bonds at the C-terminal side of proline residues. Its activity is confined to action on oligopeptides of less than 10 kD and it has an absolute requirement for the trans-configuration of the peptide bond preceding proline.

Prolyl endopeptidases are involved in the maturation and degradation of peptide hormones and neuropeptides.[2]

Structure

Prolyl endopeptidase is a cytosolic prolyl endopeptidase that cleaves peptide bonds on the C-terminal side of prolyl residues within peptides that are up to approximately 30 amino acids long. Only short protein residues are able to enter the active site of prolyl endopeptidase due to the distinct beta-propeller region that acts as a gating filter mechanism.[4] [5]

Prolyl endopeptidase was also found to be involved in the metabolism of VHL-PROTACs in in vitro studies.[6]

Clinical significance

Altered PREP activity may be associated with autism spectrum disorders and various psychological diseases such as schizophrenia, mania and clinical depression.[7]

However, there is conflicting information as to the exact role that prolyl endopeptidase plays in the pathophysiology of depression, with earlier studies documenting a decreased activity of the enzyme in depressed patients, but more recent studies demonstrating that inhibition of the same enzyme actually results in alleviation of depressive symptoms.[8] [9]

Some types of prolyl endopeptidase have been used in studies to decrease the propensity of gluten-containing wheat products to aggravate coeliac disease.[10] However, orally administered enzymes are potentially subject to inactivation in the gastrointestinal tract.[11]

Inhibitors

Several prolyl endopeptidase inhibitors are known,[12] [13] and have been suggested as possible nootropic and antidepressant drugs.[14] [15] Notable compounds include:

External links

Notes and References

  1. Vanhoof G, Goossens F, Hendriks L, De Meester I, Hendriks D, Vriend G, Van Broeckhoven C, Scharpe S . Cloning and sequence analysis of the gene encoding human lymphocyte prolyl endopeptidase . Gene . 149 . 2 . 363–6 . Dec 1994 . 7959018 . 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90177-5 .
  2. Web site: Entrez Gene: PREP prolyl endopeptidase.
  3. Oliveira EB, Martins AR, Camargo AC . Isolation of brain endopeptidases: Influence of size and sequence of substrates structurally related to bradykinin . Biochemistry . 15 . 9 . 1967–74 . May 1976 . 5120 . 10.1021/bi00654a026.
  4. Fülöp V, Böcskei Z, Polgár L . Prolyl oligopeptidase: an unusual beta-propeller domain regulates proteolysis . Cell . 94 . 2 . 161–70 . July 1998 . 9695945 . 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81416-6 . 17074611 . free .
  5. Fülöp V, Szeltner Z, Polgár L . Catalysis of serine oligopeptidases is controlled by a gating filter mechanism . EMBO Rep. . 1 . 3 . 277–81 . September 2000 . 11256612 . 1083722 . 10.1093/embo-reports/kvd048 .
  6. Castellani B, Eleuteri M, Di Bona S, Cruciani G, Desantis J, Goracci L . VHL-Modified PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) as a Strategy to Evade Metabolic Degradation in In Vitro Applications . Journal of Medicinal Chemistry . 66 . 18 . 13148–71 . September 2023 . 37699425 . 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01144. 261704865 .
  7. Momeni N, Nordström BM, Horstmann V, Avarseji H, Sivberg BV . Alterations of prolyl endopeptidase activity in the plasma of children with autistic spectrum disorders . BMC Psychiatry . 5 . 27 . 2005 . 15932649 . 1190193 . 10.1186/1471-244X-5-27 . free .
  8. Maes M, Goossens F, Scharpé S, Calabrese J, Desnyder R, Meltzer HY . Alterations in plasma prolyl endopeptidase activity in depression, mania, and schizophrenia: effects of antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and antipsychotic drugs . Psychiatry Res. . 58 . 217–25 . 1995 . 8570777 . 10.1016/0165-1781(95)02698-V . 3 . 42691937 .
  9. Khlebnikova NN, Krupina NA, Kushnareva EY, Zolotov NN, Kryzhanovskii GN . Effect of imipramine and prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-methionyl-2(S)-cyanopyrrolidine on activity of proline-specific peptidases in the brain of rats with experimental anxious-depressive syndrome . Bull Exp Biol Med. . 152 . 409–12 . 2012 . 22803098 . 10.1007/s10517-012-1540-z . 4 . 15088734 .
  10. Stepniak D, Spaenij-Dekking L, Mitea C, etal . Highly efficient gluten degradation with a newly identified prolyl endoprotease: implications for celiac disease . Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol . 291 . 4 . G621–9 . Oct 2006 . 16690904 . 10.1152/ajpgi.00034.2006 .
  11. Fuhrmann G, Leroux JC . In vivo fluorescence imaging of exogenous enzyme activity in the gastrointestinal tract . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 108 . 22 . 9032–7 . May 2011 . 21576491 . 3107327 . 10.1073/pnas.1100285108 . 2011PNAS..108.9032F . free .
  12. 17215128 . 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.12.036 . 15 . 5 . 2(S)-(Cycloalk-1-enecarbonyl)-1-(4-phenyl-butanoyl)pyrrolidines and 2(S)-(aroyl)-1-(4-phenylbutanoyl)pyrrolidines as prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitors . March 2007 . Bioorg. Med. Chem. . 2024–31 . Jarho EM, Venäläinen JI, Poutiainen S. etal.
  13. 19006380 . 10.1021/jm800944x . 51 . 23 . Prolyl oligopeptidase inhibition by N-acyl-pro-pyrrolidine-type molecules . December 2008 . J. Med. Chem. . 7514–22 . Kánai K, Arányi P, Böcskei Z. etal.
  14. 17700042 . 10.1159/000107070 . 55 . 3–4 . Psychotropic profile of S 17092, a prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor, using quantitative EEG in young healthy volunteers . 2007 . Neuropsychobiology . 176–83 . Morain P, Boeijinga PH, Demazières A, De Nanteuil G, Luthringer R. 27856130 .
  15. 19526123 . 147 . 1 . Effects of prolylendopeptidase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-methionyl-2(S)-cyanopyrrolidine on experimental depressive syndrome development in rats . January 2009 . Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. . 26–30 . Khlebnikova NN, Krupina NA, Bogdanova NG, Zolotov NN, Kryzhanovskii GN . 10.1007/s10517-009-0458-6. 25448235 .
  16. Yoshimoto T, Kado K, Matsubara F, Koriyama N, Kaneto H, Tsura D . Specific inhibitors for prolyl endopeptidase and their anti-amnesic effect . J. Pharmacobio-Dyn. . 10 . 12 . 730–5 . December 1987 . 3330562 . 10.1248/bpb1978.10.730 . free .
  17. Tarragó T, Kichik N, Claasen B, Prades R, Teixidó M, Giralt E . Baicalin, a prodrug able to reach the CNS, is a prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitor . Bioorg. Med. Chem. . 16 . 15 . 7516–24 . August 2008 . 18650094 . 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.04.067 .
  18. Toide K, Shinoda M, Miyazaki A . A novel prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor, JTP-4819--its behavioral and neurochemical properties for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease . Rev Neurosci . 9 . 1 . 17–29 . 1998 . 9683325 . 10.1515/revneuro.1998.9.1.17. 24450362 .
  19. Jalkanen AJ, Puttonen KA, Venäläinen JI, Sinervä V, Mannila A, Ruotsalainen S, Jarho EM, Wallén EA, Männistö PT . Beneficial effect of prolyl oligopeptidase inhibition on spatial memory in young but not in old scopolamine-treated rats . Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology . 100 . 2 . 132–8 . February 2007 . 17244263 . 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2006.00021.x . free .
  20. Morain P, Lestage P, De Nanteuil G, Jochemsen R, Robin JL, Guez D, Boyer PA . S 17092: a prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor as a potential therapeutic drug for memory impairment. Preclinical and clinical studies . CNS Drug Rev . 8 . 1 . 31–52 . 2002 . 12070525 . 10.1111/j.1527-3458.2002.tb00214.x . 6741683 .

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