PAS domain explained

Symbol:PAS
PAS fold
Pfam:PF00989
Pfam Clan:CL0183
Interpro:IPR013767
Smart:PAS
Prosite:PDOC50112
Scop:2phy
Cdd:cd00130
Pdb:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

A Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) domain is a protein domain found in all kingdoms of life.[1] Generally, the PAS domain acts as a molecular sensor, whereby small molecules and other proteins associate via binding of the PAS domain.[2] [3] [4] Due to this sensing capability, the PAS domain has been shown as the key structural motif involved in protein-protein interactions of the circadian clock, and it is also a common motif found in signaling proteins, where it functions as a signaling sensor.[5] [6]

Discovery

PAS domains are found in a large number of organisms from bacteria to mammals. The PAS domain was named after the three proteins in which it was first discovered:[7]

Since the initial discovery of the PAS domain, a large quantity of PAS domain binding sites have been discovered in bacteria and eukaryotes. A subset called PAS LOV proteins are responsive to oxygen, light and voltage.[8]

Structure

Although the PAS domain exhibits a degree of sequence variability, the three-dimensional structure of the PAS domain core is broadly conserved.[9] This core consists of a five-stranded antiparallel β-sheet and several α-helices. Structural changes, as a result of signaling, predominantly originate within the β-sheet. These signals propagate via the α-helices of the core to the covalently-attached effector domain.[10] In 1998, the PAS domain core architecture was first characterized in the structure of photoactive yellow protein (PYP) from Halorhodospira halophila. In many proteins, a dimer of PAS domains is required, whereby one binds a ligand and the other mediates interactions with other proteins.

Examples of PAS in organisms

The PAS domains that are known share less than 20% average pairwise sequence identity, meaning they are surprisingly dissimilar. PAS domains are frequently found on proteins with other environmental sensing mechanisms. Also, many PAS domains are attached to photoreceptive cells.

Bacteria

Often in the bacterial kingdom, PAS domains are positioned at the amino terminus of signaling proteins such as sensor histidine kinases, cyclic-di-GMP syntheses and hydrolases, and methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins.

Neurospora

See main article: Neurospora.

In the presence of light, White Collar-1 (WC-1) and White Collar-2 (WC-2) dimerizes via mediation by the PAS domains, which activates translation of FRQ.[11]

Drosophila

In the presence of light, CLK and CYC attach via a PAS domain, activating the translation of PER, which then associates to Tim via the PER PAS domain. The following genes contain PAS binding domains: PER, Tim, CLK, CYC.

Arabidopsis

See main article: Arabidopsis. A PAS domain is found in the ZTL and NPH1 genes. These domains are very similar to the PAS domain found in the Neurospora circadian-associated protein WC-1.[12]

Mammals

The circadian clock that is currently understood for mammals begins when light activates BMAL1 and CLK to bind via their PAS domains. That activator complex regulates Per1, Per2, and Per3 which all have PAS domains that are used to bind to cryptochromes 1 and 2 (CRY 1,2 family). The following mammalian genes contain PAS binding domains: Per1, Per2, Per3, Cry1, Cry2, Bmal, Clk, Pasd1.

Other mammalian PAS roles

Within Mammals, both PAS domains play important roles. PAS A is responsible for the protein-protein interactions with other PAS domain proteins, while PAS B has a more versatile role. It mediates interactions with chaperonins and other small molecules like dioxin, but PAS B domains in NPAS2, a homolog of the Drosophila clk gene, and the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) also help to mediate ligand binding.[13] Furthermore, PAS domains containing the NPAS2 protein have been shown to be a substitute for the Clock gene in mutant mice who lack the Clock gene completely.[14]

The PAS domain also directly interacts with BHLH. It is typically located on the C-Terminus of the BHLH protein. PAS domains containing BHLH proteins form a BHLH-Pas protein, typically found and encoded in HIF, which require both the PAS domain and BHLH domain and the Clock gene.[15] [16] [17]

Notes and References

  1. Henry. Jonathan T.. Crosson. Sean. Ligand-binding PAS domains in a genomic, cellular, and structural context. Annual Review of Microbiology. 261–286. 10.1146/annurev-micro-121809-151631. 1 January 2011. 21663441. 65. 3298442.
  2. Liu. Yu C.. Machuca. Mayra A.. Beckham. Simone A.. Gunzburg. Menachem J.. Roujeinikova. Anna. Structural basis for amino-acid recognition and transmembrane signalling by tandem Per-Arnt-Sim (tandem PAS) chemoreceptor sensory domains. Acta Crystallographica Section D. 2127–2136. 10.1107/S139900471501384X. 1 October 2015. 26457436. 71. 10. 2015AcCrD..71.2127L .
  3. Möglich. Andreas. Ayers. Rebecca A.. Moffat. Keith. Structure and signaling mechanism of Per-ARNT-Sim domains. Structure. 1282–1294. 10.1016/j.str.2009.08.011. 14 October 2009. 19836329. 17. 10. 3092527.
  4. Hennig. Sven. Strauss. Holger M.. Vanselow. Katja. Yildiz. Özkan. Schulze. Sabrina. Arens. Julia. Kramer. Achim. Wolf. Eva. Structural and Functional Analyses of PAS Domain Interactions of the Clock Proteins Drosophila PERIOD and Mouse PERIOD2. PLOS Biology. 7. 4. e1000094. 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000094. 19402751. 2671562. 28 April 2009 . free .
  5. Ponting CP, Aravind L . PAS: a multi-functional domain family comes to light . Curr. Biol. . 7 . 11 . R674–7 . November 1997 . 9382818 . 10.1016/S0960-9822(06)00352-6. 14105830 . free .
  6. Hefti MH, Françoijs KJ, de Vries SC, Dixon R, Vervoort J . The PAS fold. A redefinition of the PAS domain based upon structural prediction . Eur. J. Biochem. . 271 . 6 . 1198–208 . March 2004 . 15009198 . 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04023.x. free .
  7. Möglich. Andreas. Ayers. Rebecca A.. Moffat. Keith. Structure and Signaling Mechanism of Per-ARNT-Sim Domains. Structure. 1282–1294. 10.1016/j.str.2009.08.011. 14 October 2009. 3092527. 19836329. 17. 10.
  8. Rosato. Ezio. Tauber. Eran. Kyriacou. Charalambos P.. Molecular genetics of the fruit-fly circadian clock. European Journal of Human Genetics. 14. 6. 729–738. en. 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201547. 16721409. 1 January 2006. free.
  9. Henry. Jonathan T.. Crosson. Sean. Ligand-Binding PAS Domains in a Genomic, Cellular, and Structural Context. Annual Review of Microbiology. 65. 261–286. en. 10.1146/annurev-micro-121809-151631. 21663441. 3298442. 1 January 2011.
  10. Structure and Signaling Mechanism of Per-ARNT-Sim Domains. 3092527 . 19836329. 10.1016/j.str.2009.08.011. 17. 10. Structure. 1282–94 . Möglich . A . Ayers . RA . Moffat . K. 2009.
  11. Harmer. Stacey L.. Panda. Satchidananda. Kay. Steve A.. Molecular Bases of Circadian Rhythms. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 17. 215–253. en. 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.17.1.215. 11687489. 28 November 2003.
  12. Somers. David. Schultz. Thomas. Kay. Steve. Milnamow. Maureen. ZEITLUPE Encodes a Novel Clock-Associated PAS Protein from Arabidopsis. Cell. 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80841-7. 10847686. 101. 3. 319–329. 2000. 3013788. free.
  13. McIntosh. Brian. Hogenesch. John. Bradfield. Christopher. Mammalian Per-Arnt-Sim Proteins in Environmental Adaptation . Annual Review of Physiology. 72. 625–645. en. 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909-135922. 20148691. 2010.
  14. Debruyne JP, Noton E, Lambert CM, Maywood ES, Weaver DR, Reppert SM . A clock shock: mouse CLOCK is not required for circadian oscillator function . Neuron . 50 . 3 . 465–77 . May 2006 . 16675400 . 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.03.041 . 19028601 . free .
  15. Jones. Susan. An overview of the basic helix-loop-helix proteins. Genome Biology. 5. 6. 226. 10.1186/gb-2004-5-6-226. 15186484. 463060. 1 January 2004 . free .
  16. Ke. Qingdong. Costa. Max. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 (HIF-1). Molecular Pharmacology. 70. 5. 1469–1480. en. 10.1124/mol.106.027029. 16887934. 1 November 2006. 2522614.
  17. Wang. G. L.. Jiang. B. H.. Rue. E. A.. Semenza. G. L.. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 is a basic-helix-loop-helix-PAS heterodimer regulated by cellular O2 tension. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 5510–5514. 6 June 1995. 7539918. 92. 12. 41725. 10.1073/pnas.92.12.5510. 1995PNAS...92.5510W . free.