PALM explained

Paralemmin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PALM gene.^{[1] [2] [3]}

This gene encodes a member of the paralemmin protein family. Other members of this family include CAP-23, GAP-43, MARCKS, and MacMARCKS. The product of this gene is a prenylated and palmitoylated phosphoprotein that associates with the cytoplasmic face of plasma membranes and is implicated in plasma membrane dynamics in neurons and other cell types. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants have been identified, but the full-length nature of only two transcript variants has been determined.

Further reading

• Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB . Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery . Genome Res. . 6 . 9 . 791–806 . 1997 . 8889548 . 10.1101/gr.6.9.791 . free .
• Nagase T, Seki N, Ishikawa K, etal . Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. VI. The coding sequences of 80 new genes (KIAA0201-KIAA0280) deduced by analysis of cDNA clones from cell line KG-1 and brain . DNA Res. . 3 . 5 . 321–9, 341–54 . 1997 . 9039502 . 10.1093/dnares/3.5.321 . free .
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, etal . Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 99 . 26 . 16899–903 . 2003 . 12477932 . 10.1073/pnas.242603899 . 139241 . 2002PNAS...9916899M . free .
• Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, etal . Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs . Nat. Genet. . 36 . 1 . 40–5 . 2004 . 14702039 . 10.1038/ng1285 . free .
• Gauthier-Campbell C, Bredt DS, Murphy TH, ((El-Husseini Ael-D)) . Regulation of Dendritic Branching and Filopodia Formation in Hippocampal Neurons by Specific Acylated Protein Motifs . Mol. Biol. Cell . 15 . 5 . 2205–17 . 2005 . 14978216 . 10.1091/mbc.E03-07-0493 . 404016 .
• Grimwood J, Gordon LA, Olsen A, etal . The DNA sequence and biology of human chromosome 19 . Nature . 428 . 6982 . 529–35 . 2004 . 15057824 . 10.1038/nature02399 . 2004Natur.428..529G . free .
• Brandenberger R, Wei H, Zhang S, etal . Transcriptome characterization elucidates signaling networks that control human ES cell growth and differentiation . Nat. Biotechnol. . 22 . 6 . 707–16 . 2005 . 15146197 . 10.1038/nbt971 . 27764390 .
• Suzuki Y, Yamashita R, Shirota M, etal . Sequence Comparison of Human and Mouse Genes Reveals a Homologous Block Structure in the Promoter Regions . Genome Res. . 14 . 9 . 1711–8 . 2004 . 15342556 . 10.1101/gr.2435604 . 515316 .
• Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, etal . The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) . Genome Res. . 14 . 10B . 2121–7 . 2004 . 15489334 . 10.1101/gr.2596504 . 528928 .
• Kimura K, Wakamatsu A, Suzuki Y, etal . Diversification of transcriptional modulation: Large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes . Genome Res. . 16 . 1 . 55–65 . 2006 . 16344560 . 10.1101/gr.4039406 . 1356129 .
• Basile M, Lin R, Kabbani N, etal . Paralemmin interacts with D3 dopamine receptors: implications for membrane localization and cAMP signaling . Arch. Biochem. Biophys. . 446 . 1 . 60–8 . 2006 . 16386234 . 10.1016/j.abb.2005.10.027 .
• Olsen JV, Blagoev B, Gnad F, etal . Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks . Cell . 127 . 3 . 635–48 . 2006 . 17081983 . 10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026 . 7827573 . free .

Notes and References

1. Burwinkel B, Miglierini G, Jenne DE, Gilbert DJ, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Ring HZ, Francke U, Kilimann MW . Structure of the human paralemmin gene (PALM), mapping to human chromosome 19p13.3 and mouse chromosome 10, and exclusion of coding mutations in grizzled, mocha, jittery, and hesitant mice . Genomics . 49 . 3 . 462–6 . Aug 1998 . 9615234 . 10.1006/geno.1998.5276 .
2. Kutzleb C, Sanders G, Yamamoto R, Wang X, Lichte B, Petrasch-Parwez E, Kilimann MW . Paralemmin, a Prenyl-Palmitoyl–anchored Phosphoprotein Abundant in Neurons and Implicated in Plasma Membrane Dynamics and Cell Process Formation . J Cell Biol . 143 . 3 . 795–813 . Dec 1998 . 9813098 . 2148134 . 10.1083/jcb.143.3.795 .
3. Web site: Entrez Gene: PALM paralemmin.