PADI2 explained

Protein-arginine deiminase type-2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PADI2 gene.^{[1] [2]}

This gene encodes a member of the peptidyl arginine deiminase family of enzymes, which catalyze the post-translational deimination of proteins by converting arginine residues into citrullines in the presence of calcium ions. The family members have distinct substrate specificities and tissue-specific expression patterns. The type II enzyme is the most widely expressed family member. Known substrates for this enzyme include myelin basic protein in the central nervous system and vimentin in skeletal muscle and macrophages.

This enzyme is thought to play a role in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative human disorders, including Alzheimer disease and multiple sclerosis, and it has also been implicated in glaucoma pathogenesis. This gene exists in a cluster with four other paralogous genes.^[3]

Further reading

• Vossenaar ER, Zendman AJ, van Venrooij WJ, Pruijn GJ . PAD, a growing family of citrullinating enzymes: genes, features and involvement in disease. . BioEssays . 25 . 11 . 1106–18 . 2004 . 14579251 . 10.1002/bies.10357 . 22194514 .
• Chavanas S, Méchin MC, Nachat R, etal . Peptidylarginine deiminases and deimination in biology and pathology: relevance to skin homeostasis. . J. Dermatol. Sci. . 44 . 2 . 63–72 . 2006 . 16973334 . 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2006.07.004 .
• Moscarello MA, Mastronardi FG, Wood DD . The role of citrullinated proteins suggests a novel mechanism in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. . Neurochem. Res. . 32 . 2 . 251–6 . 2007 . 17031564 . 10.1007/s11064-006-9144-5 . 1794624 .
• Nagase T, Ishikawa K, Suyama M, etal . Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XIII. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro. . DNA Res. . 6 . 1 . 63–70 . 1999 . 10231032 . 10.1093/dnares/6.1.63 . free .
• Venter JC, Adams MD, Myers EW, etal . The sequence of the human genome. . Science . 291 . 5507 . 1304–51 . 2001 . 11181995 . 10.1126/science.1058040 . 2001Sci...291.1304V . free .
• Ishigami A, Ohsawa T, Asaga H, etal . Human peptidylarginine deiminase type II: molecular cloning, gene organization, and expression in human skin. . Arch. Biochem. Biophys. . 407 . 1 . 25–31 . 2002 . 12392711 . 10.1016/S0003-9861(02)00516-7 .
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, etal . Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 99 . 26 . 16899–903 . 2003 . 12477932 . 10.1073/pnas.242603899 . 139241 . 2002PNAS...9916899M . free .
• Chavanas S, Méchin MC, Takahara H, etal . Comparative analysis of the mouse and human peptidylarginine deiminase gene clusters reveals highly conserved non-coding segments and a new human gene, PADI6. . Gene . 330 . 19–27 . 2004 . 15087120 . 10.1016/j.gene.2003.12.038 .
• Sambandam T, Belousova M, Accaviti-Loper MA, etal . Increased peptidylarginine deiminase type II in hypoxic astrocytes. . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. . 325 . 4 . 1324–9 . 2005 . 15555572 . 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.173 .
• Nakayama-Hamada M, Suzuki A, Kubota K, etal . Comparison of enzymatic properties between hPADI2 and hPADI4. . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. . 327 . 1 . 192–200 . 2005 . 15629448 . 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.11.152 .
• Ishigami A, Ohsawa T, Hiratsuka M, etal . Abnormal accumulation of citrullinated proteins catalyzed by peptidylarginine deiminase in hippocampal extracts from patients with Alzheimer's disease. . J. Neurosci. Res. . 80 . 1 . 120–8 . 2005 . 15704193 . 10.1002/jnr.20431 . 45747014 .
• Gregory SG, Barlow KF, McLay KE, etal . The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1. . Nature . 441 . 7091 . 315–21 . 2006 . 16710414 . 10.1038/nature04727 . 2006Natur.441..315G . free .
• Bhattacharya SK, Crabb JS, Bonilha VL, etal . Proteomics implicates peptidyl arginine deiminase 2 and optic nerve citrullination in glaucoma pathogenesis. . Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. . 47 . 6 . 2508–14 . 2006 . 16723463 . 10.1167/iovs.05-1499 . free .
• Mastronardi FG, Noor A, Wood DD, etal . Peptidyl argininedeiminase 2 CpG island in multiple sclerosis white matter is hypomethylated. . J. Neurosci. Res. . 85 . 9 . 2006–16 . 2007 . 17469138 . 10.1002/jnr.21329 . 27139497 .

Notes and References

1. Watanabe K, Senshu T . Isolation and characterization of cDNA clones encoding rat skeletal muscle peptidylarginine deiminase . J Biol Chem . 264 . 26 . 15255–60 . Oct 1989 . 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)84818-4 . 2768262 . free .
2. Web site: Entrez Gene: PADI2 peptidyl arginine deiminase, type II.
3. Web site: Entrez Gene: PADI2 peptidyl arginine deiminase, type II.