Piaggio P.180 Avanti Explained

The Piaggio P.180 Avanti is an executive/VIP light transport aircraft, designed by Piaggio Aero and built in Italy. It features twin, wing-mounted turboprop engines, in a pusher configuration.[1] The Avanti seats up to nine people in a pressurized cabin and may be flown by one or two pilots. The design is of three-surface configuration, having both a small forward wing and a conventional tailplane, as well as its main wing, with the main wing spars passing behind the passenger cabin area. The FAI lists it as the fastest propeller-driven aircraft with speed of 927.4km/h.[2]

Development

A 1980s wave of new-generation planes, developed to appeal to Fortune 500 clients, included Piaggio's Avanti and Beech Aircraft Corp.'s very similar Starship.[3] [4] Engineering studies for the airplane that would eventually be named Avanti began in 1979 and designs were tested in wind tunnels in Italy and the United States in 1980 and 1981, conducted by Professor Jan Roskam from the University of Kansas (using Wichita State University's wind tunnel and Boeing's transonic wind tunnel in Seattle)[5] along with Professor Gerald Gregorek at Ohio State University (using OSU's 2D pressure wind tunnel).[6] [7]

Piaggio's chief engineer,,[8] filed in 1982 to patent the Avanti design.[9] [10] Beginning in 1983, Gates Learjet partnered with Piaggio to develop a fuselage for the new aircraft (referred to as Gates Piaggio GP-180).[11] [12] Learjet's design influence can be seen in the steeply raked windshield and the two large ventral delta fins under the tail.[13] At high angles of attack these delta fins provide a nose-down pitching moment and help to avoid a potential stall,[14] [15] [16] and they increase stability in flight by damping yaw and Dutch roll.

Gates Learjet's financial problems ended their collaboration in January 1986, but Piaggio continued the project, and the first prototype flew on 23 September 1986.[17] The P.180 Avanti received Italian certification on 7 March 1990 and American certification was obtained on 2 October 1990.[18] [19]

The first 12 fuselages were manufactured in Wichita, Kansas, with H & H Parts and Plessey Midwest, then flown to Italy for final assembly.[20] Avanti Aviation Wichita ran out of money in 1994; the project languished until a group of investors led by Piero Ferrari became involved in 1998. The 100th aircraft was delivered in October 2005 and the 150th in May 2008. Piaggio reported that, as of October 2010, the Avanti and Avanti II fleets had logged over 500,000 flying hours.

An improved Avanti II obtained European and U.S. certification in November 2005. Six months later, 70 planes had been ordered, including 36 by Avantair. Avanti II received type approval for Russia in 2011.[21] The Avanti II featured uprated Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-66B turboprop engines and flies about 18 km/h (11 mph) faster, with better fuel economy; and an all-new "glass panel" avionics suite from Rockwell Collins reduced cockpit clutter.[22] [23] In addition to heading, attitude and navigation information, flat panel color liquid crystal displays add collision avoidance (TCAS), ground proximity (TAWS) and real-time graphic weather depiction.[24]

The Avanti is marketed as being faster than other turboprops and many midsized jets, with cost efficiency as much as 40 percent better than market-competing jets, as a result of less drag and a lower fuel burn rate.[25] [26] Powered by the same Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-66 engines as the Beech Super King Air 200, the Avanti II is 100kn faster than that model.[27] Flying magazine judged the Avanti to be the "Fastest Civilian Turboprop Twin" in 2014, saying "Avanti's speed is pretty much on par with Cessna's M2, while providing more space and a lower operating cost."[28]

First flown in 2013, the P.1HH UAV prototype crashed off Sicily in May 2016 after 100 hours of flight tests; a second prototype flew in July 2017 before two others joined. The first Avanti EVO manufactured at the new $150 million factory at Albenga Airport was delivered in 2016, one year after moving production from its previous Genoa Cristoforo Colombo Airport plant.[29]

On 22 November 2018, Piaggio Aerospace entered receivership after declaring itself insolvent as its restructuring plan failed. After the financial crisis of 2007–2008, a key US fractional customer went bankrupt and P.180 Evo sales dropped from a 2008 peak of 30 deliveries to just three in 2018. By November 2018, no P.1HHs were delivered to the UAE and the Italian Ministry of Defence €766 million support for the P.2HH program was frozen as populist coalition partner Five Star Movement prioritized social programmes over defence spending.[30]

On 21 June 2019, the Italian government committed to € million in orders to make the business more attractive to a potential buyer: €260 million from the defence ministry for nine new Avanti Evos, plus an upgrade of 19 earlier aircraft; €200 million for engine maintenance; €160 million for the P1HH HammerHead certification completion and at least one system (two aircraft and one ground station) acquisition; and €96 million for logistics support. While the deals should be approved later, two aircraft had been delivered so far in 2019, and two more remain in the backlog. Three non-binding expressions of interest to buy the aircraft business had been received, 10 for the engine business and 26 for the whole company. The official tender for the sale of Piaggio Aerospace was to start after the summer of 2019.[31]

By December 2020, the fleet surpassed one million flight hours. 246 aircraft have been produced, of which 213 are in service: 96 in Europe, 95 in the Americas, 18 in Asia-Pacific, and four in Africa and the Middle East.[32]

Design

The Avanti's counter-rotating[33] turboprop engines are placed on a mid-set, high-aspect-ratio wing located just behind the cabin. The three-surface design incorporates both a T-tail and a pair of small, fixed forewings having slight anhedral and landing flaps. On the Avanti II these flaps automatically deploy in concert with the main wing flaps. This reduces the load on the tailplane, even when the flaps are deployed, by reducing the pitch-down moment created by the deployment of the main wing flaps. This in turn allows the size of both the tailplane and the main wing to be reduced.[34] [35] [36] This particular three-lifting-surface configuration was patented in 1982.

The forward wing's angle of incidence is slightly greater than that of the main wing, so that it stalls before the main wing, producing an automatic nose-down effect prior to the onset of main-wing stall; its five-degree anhedral (negative dihedral) keeps the stream wash interference clear of the engine inlets, the main wing and the tailplane.

The cabin cross-section varies continuously along the length of the aircraft; the shape approximates an NACA airfoil section, and the slowly changing curve helps prolong laminar flow on the front of the fuselage. Piaggio claims that the fuselage contributes up to 20% of the Avanti's total lift, with the front and rear wing providing the remaining 80%. Due to the unusual fuselage shape, the mid-cabin is considerably wider than the cockpit. The front and rear airfoils are custom sections designed by Jerry Gregorek[37] of Ohio State University's Aeronautical and Astronautical Research Laboratory to achieve a drag-reducing 50% laminar flow at cruise. The company claims the overall design of the P.180 Avanti II enables the wing to be 34% smaller than on conventional aircraft.[38]

The P.180 is reported to have good fuel efficiency relative to small turbojets flying in the same speed and altitude range. Flight International stated:

"The Avanti has no direct turboprop competitors, its closest jet rivals are the Raytheon Premier I and the Cessna Citation CJ2+ ... Piaggio says low-drag laminar flow is maintained to around 50% of the wing chord, compared with around 20–25% for conventional tractor turboprops where propeller wash disturbs the airflow over the wing... specific air range at high altitude is 3.4km/kg compared with around 2km/kg for current jets or 2.7km/kg for other turboprops."[39]

By this estimate, fuel efficiency is 70% better than comparable jet aircraft, although this greater efficiency is achieved only at a relatively slow 315 KTAS and FL410.[40] P.180 Avanti II Specifications now show slightly lower numbers for specific range of 3.1km/kg.

Interior noise is lower than in conventional turboprop aircraft, because the propellers and engine exhausts are behind the cabin. Piaggio quotes 68 dBA. However, due to the strongly disturbed flow in which the pusher propellers operate, the exterior noise is higher. The exterior noise level and its higher pitched sound has been shown to be the result primarily of the interaction of the turbine engine exhaust flows and the five-bladed pusher propellers (est. +9 dB).[41] On takeoff, the Avanti has been measured at 81.9 dBA sideline noise level, slightly lower than the Beechcraft King Air at 82.8 dBA. This is below FAA stage-3 noise limits, which set a maximum of 89 EPNdB for takeoff.[42] [43] However, the P.180 has been the subject of noise complaints at airports, such as Aspen–Pitkin County Airport in Colorado,[44] as well as Naples Municipal Airport, Florida, where that airport authority determined that it was the noisiest aircraft using the facility.[45] Alan Parker, chairman of the Naples Municipal Airport Authority's technical committee, described the Avanti as "irritating loud" and compared the high-pitched sound to "fingernails on a chalkboard".[46]

The Piaggio P.180 Avanti has a sea-level standard-day maximum-gross-weight takeoff distance of 8690NaN0 and a landing roll of 8720NaN0.[47]

Deliveries were at a high of 30 in 2008, but only two in 2013.

In 2014 Piaggio announced development of an updated version, named EVO.[48] It uses new Hartzell composite propellers, with blades of scimitar configuration. Its wings carry new winglets; aerodynamic improvements have been incorporated, and an additional 60-gallon (400 lb) fuel tank option to increase range to 1770nmi.[49] [50] The company predicts improved climb performance, 250 nmi greater range, and 3% reduction in fuel usage. The revised propeller shape, combined with a lower engine speed, promises a 68% reduction in external noise. Avanti EVO type certification was granted by EASA on 28 November 2014,[51] and by the FAA on 6 July 2015.[52] Projected purchase price was $7.4 million in 2014.[53] By 2021 the equipped price was $7.695 million.[54] The first EVO was delivered in April 2015, with five more to follow the same year.[55]

Variants

P.180 Avanti
  • First production variant.
    P180 M
  • Military version with a combination passenger/freighter configuration for use as a VIP and light utility transport.
    P.180 RM
  • Variant for use in radio calibration.
    P.180 AMB
  • Air ambulance variant.[56]
    P.180 APH
  • Aerial cartography.
    Variant with improved avionics and engines.[57]
    EVO
  • Variant with 400kt TAS and higher useful load.[58]
    Multirole Patrol Aircraft (MPA)
  • Initially called Maritime Patrol Aircraft, MPA is a variant of the Avanti II with a larger wingspan and bigger fuel tanks.[59] As with the EVO propulsion system, MPA uses more powerful Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-66B engines and Hartzell five-blade scimitar propellers.[60] MPA electronics include the Albatros mission system from Saab Group and Pro Line Fusion avionics from Rockwell Collins.[61]
    Piaggio-Selex P.1HH Hammerhead
  • Medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle based on the Avanti II airframe, with an increased wingspan and the ability to carry up to of weapons.[62] The P.1HH HammerHead Mission Management System is based on the Selex ES (now Leonardo S.p.A.) skyISTAR solution.[63] [64] The vehicle's first flight took place in December 2013 from Trapani–Birgi Italian Air Force base.[65]
  • The Italian Air Force signed an agreement with Piaggio Aerospace to buy three Unmanned Aerial System P.1HH HammerHead (six aircraft and three ground control stations) with delivery starting from the early months of 2016.[66] [67] [68] United Arab Emirates Air Force ordered eight P.1HH aircraft.[69] [70] On 31 May 2016 the first P.1HH prototype crashed off the Sicilian coast,[71] [72] delaying flight testing for thirteen months during construction of a second prototype. Piaggio flew the second prototype at Trapani–Birgi military airport on 5 July 2017[73] The UAE was to take delivery of six P.1HHs in 2018 and the remaining two in 2019, however by November 2018, no P.1HHs had been delivered and Piaggio Aerospace requested to be placed into receivership.[30]
    P.2HH
  • Piaggio develops with Leonardo, the Italian and UAE Armed Forces a P.1HH successor for 2023, with a new wing, more composite materials, and re-thought systems.[74] With a larger wing and airframe, maximum endurance rose to 30 h, but following the 2018 Italian election, the country's €766 million program for 20 aircraft and 10 control stations was suspended.[30]

    Operators

    Civil

    The Avanti is operated by charter companies and small feeder airlines, and is also used as a business aircraft. The fractional aircraft operator Avantair was Piaggio's largest client, with a fleet of 57 Avanti aircraft, before they went bankrupt and the fleet was liquidated.[75] [76]

    In May 2017, 220 aircraft were in operation around the world,[77] with 89 being first-generation Avanti, 126 second-generation Avanti II and 6 Avanti EVO models.[78]

    A Piaggio Avanti San Diego-to-Charleston flight in 2003, piloted by Joe Ritchie with co-pilot Steve Fossett, set National Aeronautic Association and Fédération Aéronautique Internationale transcontinental speed records with an average speed of,[79] breaking the previous Los Angeles to New York turboprop record of 395.21 knots set by Chuck Yeager in 1986 in a Piper Cheyenne 400LS. Elapsed time for the Avanti's coast-to-coast trip was 3:51:52.[80]

    Government

    Accidents and incidents

    On 21 October 2022, Rainer Schaller, the owner of Gold's Gym, along with his wife and two children, plus two others, were killed in the crash of a German-registered Avanti into the ocean near Limón, Costa Rica. The flight had departed Palenque, Mexico.[91]

    References

    Notes
    Bibliography

    External links

    Notes and References

    1. News: Fuel Miser . 15 January 2012 . 30 December 2008 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20120118035157/http://www.flyingmag.com/pilot-reports/turboprops/fuel-miser . 18 January 2012 . live.
    2. Web site: Records World Air Sports Federation . 2024-01-13 . www.fai.org.
    3. News: Weiner . Eric. Innovative Plane Making Its Debut. 22 June 2017 . The New York Times. 5 June 1989 . Like the Starship, the Piaggio Avanti features a canard and rear-mounted engines. But the Avanti is made mostly of aluminum, not composites. It weighs thousands of pounds less than the Starship and is about 60 m.p.h. faster. . https://web.archive.org/web/20171220073328/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/05/business/innovative-plane-making-its-debut.html . 20 December 2017 . live.
    4. News: Martin . Ed. Business Jets Ready for Takeoff. 19 June 2017. Chicago Tribune. Knight-Ridder Newspapers. 29 October 1989. This is the futuristic Piaggio Avanti. It, and a handful of other avant-garde designs like it are leading American business aviation into the 1990s..
    5. Web site: Dr. Jan Roskam Project Advisor. DARcorp. Design, Analysis and Research Corporation. 22 June 2017. Jan Roskam managed the low speed and transonic speed windtunnel programs for the SIAI Marchetti S-211 and Piaggio 180-Avanti.. https://web.archive.org/web/20170218015207/http://darcorp.com/About_Us/Profile/Jan_Roskam/. 18 February 2017. dead.
    6. Book: Roskam, Jan . Roskam's airplane war stories : an account of the professional life and work of Dr. Jan Roskam, airplane designer and teacher . DARcorporation . Lawrence, Kan . 2002 . 9781884885570 . 195–198 . Jan Roskam.
    7. Research Investment & Commercial Success : Piaggio Aero Industries. Cozzolino. A.. 20 June 2006. Fifth Community Aeronautics Days. http://www.aerodays2006.org. BMVIT. Sustainable Solutions for New Horizons. 11–13. Vienna. 22 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20090106201436/http://www.aerodays2006.org/sessions/G_Sessions/G4/G42.pdf. 6 January 2009. dead.
    8. Web site: Dr. Alessandro Mazzoni. M3 Aviation Inc. 22 June 2017. As Director of Engineering for I.A.M. Rinaldo Piaggio from 1974 to 1991, he designed the P.180 Avanti, and is the US Patent holder (4746081) for the Three Lifting Surface Configuration (3LSC) aircraft.. https://web.archive.org/web/20170425231734/http://m3aviation.com/bio-mazzoni.html. 25 April 2017. live.
    9. US. 4746081. patent. Aircraft having three lift surfaces. 27 May 1982. 1988-05-24. 1982-01-25. Mazzoni. Alessandro. Industrie Aeronautiche e Rinaldo Piaggio S.p.A..
    10. US. D280892. patent. Aircraft ornamental design. 10 June 1982. 1985-10-08. 1982-01-25. Mazzoni. Alessandro. Rinaldo Piaggio S.p.A..
    11. News: Kleinfield. N. R.. BUSINESS PEOPLE; GATES LEARJET PICKS 2-DIVISION MANAGER. 22 June 2017. The New York Times. 14 December 1984. Mr. Neal… …will also direct and coordinate the company's role in developing the new Gates Piaggio business aircraft, designated the GP-180.. https://web.archive.org/web/20170903081350/http://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/14/business/business-people-gates-learjet-picks-2-division-manager.html. 3 September 2017. live.
    12. News: . Avanti doubts composite benefit. 19 June 2017. Flight International. 12 October 1985. It is manufactured using techniques 'unique' to an aircraft of its size, according to Ronald Neal, the manager who heads Gates Learjet's involvement with the aircraft, currently limited to fuselage construction.. https://web.archive.org/web/20170903075956/https://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1985/1985%20-%202804.PDF. 3 September 2017. live.
    13. News: Huber. Mark. Piaggio Avanti. 18 June 2017. Business Jet Traveler. September 2002. https://web.archive.org/web/20170903080806/https://www.bjtonline.com/business-jet-news/piaggio-avanti. 3 September 2017. live.
    14. News: Gerzanics. Mike. Pushing the envelope. 17 June 2017. Flightglobal. 22 January 2002. https://web.archive.org/web/20170903072553/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pushing-the-envelope-141673/. 3 September 2017. live.
    15. News: Hodgkins. Stan. Piaggio Avanti II. 17 June 2017. P1 Magazine. 26 May 2011. Cambridge. https://web.archive.org/web/20170903075233/http://p1-mag.com/piaggio-avanti-ii/. 3 September 2017. live.
    16. News: . The Sexy Avanti P180. 17 June 2017. Airport Journals. 1 June 2002. https://web.archive.org/web/20170611132010/http://airportjournals.com/the-sexy-avanti-p180/. 11 June 2017. live.
    17. Taylor 1988, p. 163
    18. Taylor 1999, p. 439
    19. De'Pompeis. Roberto. Cinquetti. Paolo. Martini. P.I. Sergio. Development and Certification Flight Test on the Piaggio P.180 Avanti Aircraft: A General Overview. SAE Technical Paper. 1. 1 April 1991. 10.4271/911003. SAE Technical Paper Series.
    20. News: . Italy certificates Avanti. 18 June 2017. Flight International. 21 March 1990. 19. https://web.archive.org/web/20160817075313/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200851.html. 17 August 2016. live.
    21. News: Morrison. Murdo. IN FOCUS: Piaggio looks to special missions market with P180 Avanti and new jet. 17 June 2017. Flightglobal. 6 December 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20180208123650/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/in-focus-piaggio-looks-to-special-missions-market-with-p180-avanti-and-new-jet-365373/ . 8 February 2018. live.
    22. News: George. Fred. Piaggio P180 Avanti II . 19 June 2017. Aviation Week. October 2010. 40. Perhaps its greatest asset is being the world’s most eco-friendly, twin-turbine business aircraft. . https://web.archive.org/web/20170607192634/http://awin.aviationweek.com/portals/aweek/media/Articles/p180_survey.html . 7 June 2017. live.
    23. News: Goyer. Robert. Piaggio P.180 Avanti II. 19 June 2017. Flying. 19 April 2012. Think of the Avanti II as a jet with props and you’ll be close to the mark…. https://web.archive.org/web/20170609202602/http://www.flyingmag.com/aircraft/turboprops/piaggio-p180-avanti-ii. 9 June 2017. live.
    24. News: Berlin. Jeff. Ciao, Avanti. 16 June 2017. Plane & Pilot. Madavor Media . 1 March 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20170715174953/http://www.planeandpilotmag.com/article/ciao-avanti/ . 15 July 2017. live.
    25. Web site: Jason. Fogelson. Piaggio's P180 Avanti II Turboprop Challenges Executive Jets. Forbes. 18 April 2012. 16 October 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121215103146/http://www.forbes.com/sites/jasonfogelson/2012/03/15/piaggios-p180-avanti-ii-turboprop-challenges-executive-jets/5/. 15 December 2012. live.
    26. News: Reeves. Benjamin. Piaggio Aero P180 Avanti II: Too Much Private Plane Or Just Right?. 12 June 2017. International Business Times. 6 April 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20170503222015/http://www.ibtimes.com/piaggio-aero-p180-avanti-ii-too-much-private-plane-or-just-right-701456. 3 May 2017. live.
    27. News: Barnard. Bailey S.. Test Flight: Piaggio Aero P.180 Avanti II. 17 June 2017. Robb Report. 4 April 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170606080011/http://robbreport.com/automobiles/aviation/test-flight-piaggio-aero-p-180-avanti-ii-229619/. 6 June 2017. live.
    28. News: Bergqvist. Pia. Fastest Airplanes: Top Performers in Their Class. 16 June 2017. Flying. 17 September 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20170903072940/http://www.flyingmag.com/aircraft/fastest-aircraft-top-performers-their-class . 3 September 2017. live.
    29. News: First Avanti EVO Delivered from New Piaggio Plant . Aviation Week . 1 November 2016 . 3 November 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161104020808/http://aviationweek.com/nbaa-2016/first-avanti-evo-delivered-new-piaggio-plant . 4 November 2016 . live .
    30. News: What went wrong at Piaggio and is there a way back? . 29 November 2018 . Murdo . Morrison . Flight Global . 29 November 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181129184224/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/analysis-what-went-wrong-at-piaggio-and-is-there-a-454006/ . 29 November 2018 . live .
    31. News: Italian government throws Piaggio €700 million lifeline . 24 June 2019 . Kate . Sarsfield . Flightglobal . 26 June 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190626062809/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/italian-government-throws-piaggio-700-million-lifel-459275/ . 26 June 2019 . live .
    32. The P.180 fleet reaches one million flight hours. December 1, 2020 . Piaggio Aerospace .
    33. .
    34. .
    35. .
    36. .
    37. News: Gregorek . Gerald . A Word From the Doctor . subscription . 21 June 2017 . . 1 September 2007 . The Avanti was one of the highlights of my career. The laminar flow airfoils were very clean sheet. I think they were the first of the new breed of laminar flow airfoils that demonstrated high performance at transonic speeds. . https://web.archive.org/web/20180315073513/http://aviationweek.com/awin/word-doctor . 15 March 2018 . live.
    38. .
    39. .
    40. .
    41. .
    42. .
    43. .
    44. News: Urquhart . Janet . Aspen airport gets earful about noisy airplane . 12 June 2017 . . 9 September 2011 . Operation of the P180 has climbed onto lists maintained by the airport, which tracks noise events and noise complaints, though the aircraft is actually quieter, in terms of decibels, than some private jets, according to Paul Dunholter, noise consultant for the airport. It’s the pitch that’s noticeable. . https://web.archive.org/web/20171212140720/https://www.aspentimes.com/news/aspen-airport-gets-earful-about-noisy-airplane/ . 12 December 2017 . live.
    45. News: Miguel-Navarro . Tracy X. . Naples airport addressing noise complaints with Avanti aircraft . 14 December 2011 . . 25 April 2010.
    46. News: Naples Targets Piaggio Noise . 13 December 2011 . Niles . Russ . 13 December 2011 . AVweb . https://web.archive.org/web/20100501162214/http://www.avweb.com/avwebbiz/news/Naples_Targets_Piaggio_Noise_202459-1.html . 1 May 2010 . live.
    47. Web site: Piaggio . P180 Avanti II . dead . 28 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130123211909/http://www.piaggioaero.com/#/en/products/p180-avanti-ii/overview . 23 January 2013.
    48. .
    49. News: George . Fred . Avanti Launches EVO: An Improved Avanti II . 12 June 2017 . . 20 May 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171019010456/http://aviationweek.com/ebace/avanti-launches-evo-improved-avanti-ii . 19 October 2017 . live.
    50. Web site: P180 Avanti EVO . Avanti EVO dedicated site . . 12 June 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170627035717/http://www.avantievo.piaggioaerospace.it/ . 27 June 2017 . live.
    51. Web site: TCDS EASA.A.059 Issue 10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151004010325/http://easa.europa.eu/documents/type-certificates/aircraft-cs-25-cs-22-cs-23-cs-vla-cs-lsa/easaa059 . dead . 4 October 2015 . EASA . . 12 June 2017 . 23 May 2017.
    52. Web site: TCDS A59EU Rev 22 Piaggio Aero Industries S.p.A. . Regulatory and Guidance Library . . 13 June 2017 . 6 July 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161115015716/http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/15c345078fc7ee5e86257eb5006f4264/$FILE/A59EU_Rev_22.pdf . 15 November 2016 . live.
    53. http://aviationweek.com/zhuhai-2014/piaggio-says-chinese-italian-style Piaggio Says Chinese Like Italian Style
    54. News: Purchase planning handbook - turboprops table . Second Quarter 2021 . Business & Commercial Aircraft.
    55. Web site: Piaggio Avanti Evo enters service . Reed Business Information Limited . flightglobal.com . 22 April 2015 . 21 April 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150426003205/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/piaggio-avanti-evo-enters-service-411436/ . 26 April 2015 . live.
    56. News: Huettel. Steve. Air Ambulance Worldwide helps critically ill patients around the globe. 15 June 2017. Tampa Bay Times. 4 July 2010. Mark Jones describes his company’s newest ambulance, the Piaggio P180, as 'a turboprop that thinks it’s a jet.'. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100808170216/http://www.tampabay.com/news/business/airlines/air-ambulance-worldwide-helps-critically-ill-patients-around-the-globe/1106737. 8 August 2010.
    57. Web site: EASA TCDS EASA.A.059 Piaggio P.180. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120401063811/http://www.easa.eu.int/certification/type-certificates/docs/aircrafts/EASA-TCDS-A.059_Piaggio_Aero_Industies_Spa_P.180-06-18022011.pdf. 1 April 2012.
    58. AOPA Pilot. Avanti EVO deliveries begin. March 2015. 48.
    59. News: Sweetman. Bill. Bill Sweetman. Piaggio, Saab Tackle Ambitious MPA Program. 19 June 2017. Aviation Week. 11 July 2012.
    60. News: Bergqvist. Pia. Piaggio Rolls Out MPA. 13 June 2017. Flying. 10 November 2015. Italian twin-turboprop modified for military missions.. https://web.archive.org/web/20170622212141/http://www.flyingmag.com/aircraft/turboprops/piaggio-rolls-out-mpa. 22 June 2017. live.
    61. News: Tomkins. Richard. New multirole aircraft shown by Piaggio Aerospace. 13 June 2017. UPI. 16 November 2016. Piaggio Aerospace has rolled out a new multi-role aircraft it is developing with a company from the United Arab Emirates.. https://web.archive.org/web/20170215151615/http://www.upi.com/Defense-News/2015/11/16/Piaggio-Aerospace-rolls-out-new-multi-role-turboprop/3431447695936/. 15 February 2017. live.
    62. Web site: The Italian Air Force Is Buying 10 Of These Strange-Looking Drones. Davies. Alex. 19 June 2013. Business Insider. 2 August 2013. New York. https://web.archive.org/web/20130901123037/http://www.businessinsider.com/piaggio-aero-unveils-p1hh-hammerhead-uas-2013-6. 1 September 2013. live.
    63. Web site: Piaggio Aero Industries unveils at the 2013 Paris Air Show – DETAIL – Selex ES. 26 December 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20150511120750/http://www.selex-es.com/-/piaggio-aero-hammerhead-uas-launch. 11 May 2015. live.
    64. News: Osborne. Tony. Piaggio Reveals Unmanned Avanti. 14 June 2017. Aviation Week. 18 February 2013. The Hammerhead will be controlled from mission control stations produced by Selex, with line of sight and beyond line of sight using satellite communications.. https://web.archive.org/web/20170903091901/http://aviationweek.com/defense/piaggio-reveals-unmanned-avanti. 3 September 2017. live.
    65. Web site: First Flight of the P.1HH HammerHead UAS. YouTube. 26 December 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140514105137/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lznciYMmo54. 14 May 2014. live.
    66. Web site: L'Aeronautica "cliente di lancio" del Piaggio P.1HH – Analisi Difesa. analisidifesa.it. 22 April 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091140/http://www.analisidifesa.it/2015/02/laeronautica-cliente-di-lancio-del-piaggio-p-1hh/. 2 April 2015. live.
    67. News: Eshel. Tamir. Italian Air Force to acquire six HammerHead MALE UAVs. 14 June 2017. Defense Update. 26 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20170527012419/http://defense-update.com/20150226_hammerhead_uav.html. 27 May 2017. live.
    68. News: Kington. Tom. Italian AF First To Buy HammerHead UAV. 14 June 2017. USA Today. 26 February 2015.
    69. News: Chong. Jordan. Piaggio looks to increase awareness in Australia at Avalon. 11 June 2017. Australian Aviation. 27 February 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170705181250/http://australianaviation.com.au/2017/02/piaggio-looks-to-increase-awareness-in-australia-at-avalon/. 5 July 2017. live.
    70. News: Stevenson. Beth. UAE announced as first export customer for Hammerhead UAV. 14 June 2017. Flightglobal. 6 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20180218211320/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/uae-announced-as-first-export-customer-for-hammerhea-422929/. 18 February 2018. live.
    71. News: Kington. Tom. Piaggio Aero Drone Prototype Crashes in Mediterranean. 14 June 2017. Defense News. 1 June 2016. Given that the crashed aircraft was the only version flying, the delivery schedule may suffer while investigators seek the cause of the incident..
    72. News: Murdo. Morrison. INTERVIEW: Piaggio chief executive Renato Vaghi. 14 June 2017. Flightglobal. 22 November 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20181129184151/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/interview-piaggio-chief-executive-renato-vaghi-431524/. 29 November 2018. live.
    73. News: Murdo. Morrison. Piaggio resumes flight testing of P.1HH HammerHead UAV. 18 September 2017. Flightglobal. 6 July 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170720175551/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/piaggio-resumes-flight-testing-of-p1hh-hammerhead-u-439082/. 20 July 2017. live.
    74. News: Piaggio developing successor to P.1HH UAV . 6 June 2018 . Murdo Morrison . FlightGlobal.
    75. Web site: Avantair, Inc. Reports Fiscal 2012 Third Quarter Financial Results, See "fleet of 57 aircraft" at bottom of page. https://web.archive.org/web/20120624124226/http://www.avantair.com/press-release/avantair-inc.-reports-fiscal-2012-third-quarter-financial-results.html. dead. 24 June 2012.
    76. Web site: Chad Trautvetter. Selling Off Avantair, Piece by Piece | Aviation International News. Ainonline.com. 29 April 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140429234238/http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/aviation-international-news/2014-02-01/selling-avantair-piece-piece. 29 April 2014. live.
    77. News: Piaggio Steps Up Its Comeback . 22 May 2017 . John Morris . ShowNews . Aviation Week Network . 22 May 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170619200851/http://aviationweek.com/ebace-2017/piaggio-steps-its-comeback . 19 June 2017 . live .
    78. Web site: . Avanti EVO now available in MedEvac. FlyCorporate. 11 June 2017. 10 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20190225103114/http://www.fly-corporate.com/avanti-evo-now-available-medevac/. 25 February 2019. live.
    79. Web site: FAI Record ID #7631. FAI portal. Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. 16 June 2017.
    80. Web site: Harrison. Kirby J.. Piaggio gets confirmation of Avanti speed records. AINonline. Aviation International News. 16 June 2017. 4 August 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20180905023242/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/aviation-international-news/2008-08-04/piaggio-gets-confirmation-avanti-speed-records. 5 September 2018. live.
    81. Aboulafia, Richard. Jane's Civil Aircraft, 1996, Harper Collins, p. 197
    82. Web site: RCMP sells sleek plane for half of asking price. 24 July 2014. CBC News. 3 August 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150917101332/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/rcmp-sells-sleek-plane-for-half-of-asking-price-1.2715734. 17 September 2015. live.
    83. Taylor 1999, pp. 438–39.
    84. Web site: P 180 . Aeronautica Militare . 16 July 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160815231945/http://www.aeronautica.difesa.it/mezzi/mlinea/Pagine/P180.aspx . 15 August 2016 . live .
    85. Web site: Accordo A.M. E Dipartimento Protezione Civile . Aeronautica Militare . 17 December 2020.
    86. Flight International 15–21 December 2009, p. 43
    87. Web site: O nas – Lotnicze Pogotowie Ratunkowe. About Us – Polish Medical Air Rescue. PL. Lotnicze Pogotowie Ratunkowe. 25 April 2016. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160407044652/http://www.lpr.com.pl/pl/onas.html. 7 April 2016.
    88. Web site: State ATM Corporation Participates in International Aerospace Show MAKS-2017. EN. 7 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170730183042/http://www.gkovd.ru/en/news/state-atm-corporation-participates-in-international-aerospace-show-maks-2017/. 30 July 2017. live.
    89. News: Peaford. Alan. PARIS AIR SHOW: UAE selects Piaggio Avanti for multi-utility role. 15 June 2017. Flightglobal. 15 June 2009. The United Arab Emirates air force has selected the Piaggio P180 Avanti II as part of a fleet expansion programme, which includes two of the business aircraft for use as light multi-utility aircraft..
    90. News: Gale. Ivan. Air Force purchases two aircraft from Italy's Piaggio Aero. 15 June 2017. The National. 15 June 2009. Abu Dhabi.
    91. Web site: Gold’s Gym Owner, Family Killed In Costa Rica Crash. 24 October 2022 . Niles. Russ. AVweb. 23 October 2022. https://archive.today/20221024120755/https://www.avweb.com/aviation-news/golds-gym-owner-family-killed-in-costa-rica-crash/. 24 October 2022. live.

    This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Piaggio P.180 Avanti".

    Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.