| Pío de Tristán | |
| Office1: | Interim Viceroy of Peru |
| Term Start1: | December 9, 1824 |
| Term End1: | December 30, 1824[1] |
| Predecessor1: | José de la Serna |
| Successor1: | Position abolished |
| Monarch1: | Ferdinand VII |
| Office2: | 2nd President of South Peru |
| Term Start2: | October 12, 1838 |
| Term End2: | February 23, 1839 |
| Predecessor2: | Ramón Herrera y Rodado |
| Successor2: | Position abolished |
| Birth Date: | July 11, 1773 |
| Birth Place: | Arequipa, Peru |
| Death Place: | Lima, Peru |
| Burial Place: | General Cemetery of Lima |
| Occupation: | Politician, general |
| Known For: | Last Spanish viceroy of Peru, last president of South Peru |
| Relatives: | Flora Tristan, niece |
| Allegiance: |  Spain |
| Rank: | Field marshal |
| Serviceyears: | 1780–1824 |
| Battles: | Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II War of the Pyrenees Chuquisaca Revolution Latin American Wars of Independence
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Juan Pío Camilo de Tristán y Moscoso (July 11, 1773, Arequipa - August 24, 1859, Lima) was a Peruvian general and politician who served as the second President of South Peru from October 12, 1838 to February 23, 1839. He was nominally the last viceroy of Peru, serving in that capacity from December 9 to December 30, 1824, but not exercising power.
Tristán was born in Arequipa to a wealthy family descended from the House of Borgia, something which he felt proud of.[1] Later in life, Tristán y Moscoso went to Spain, where he fought the French in the War of the Convention (1793–1795). On his return to Peru he was elected alcalde (mayor) of Arequipa (1808). He was a general in the Royalist army in Peru. In June 1811 he fought as part of the victorious Royalist forces in the Battle of Guaqui.
He led a Royalist force into the territory of present-day Argentina after the Battle of Guaqui. He was defeated at Tucumán and again at Salta, by one of his classmates at Salamanca, rebel General Manuel Belgrano. The Battle of Salta took place on February20, 1813. Belgrano had been sent by the Second Triumvirate (of insurgents in Buenos Aires) to attack the city, at the northern extremity of the old Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata. This he did, completely defeating the troops of Tristán. It was the first military victory achieved under the flag of Argentina.
After his defeat, Tristán signed a 40-day truce and returned to Peru. The defeat of the Royalists at Salta gave the insurgents domination over the northern part of the old viceroyalty and also led to revolts against the Spanish in Charcas, Potosí and, later, Cochabamba, Upper Peru (now Bolivia). At the expiration of the truce, General Belgrano followed Tristán into Upper Peru, entering the territory of Charcas on May7, 1813. However, Belgrano was defeated at Vilcapugio on November1, and again at Ayohuma on November14.
The December 1824 defeat of Viceroy José de la Serna in the Battle of Ayacucho effectively ended Spanish power in Peru. Tristán was the most senior Spanish military officer in the colony, and as such he assumed the office of provisional viceroy, solely for the purpose of transferring power to the nationalists.
After this, he chose to stay in Peru, and was active in Peruvian politics. He exercised the functions of prefect and commander in Arequipa. Then he was Peruvian minister of war and marine. He was Minister of Finance of Peru in 1836.[2] He participated in the creation of the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation and served as its foreign minister. From October12, 1838 to February23, 1839 he was president of the state of South Peru within the Confederation. He died in Lima in1859.
He later lived in the Tristán del Pozo House, formerly owned by some relatives, and is described, by his niece, Flora Tristan, in her travel book Pérégrinations d'une paria (Peregrinations of a Pariah, 1838).[3] [4] Flora Tristan was a feminist and socialist writer, and, incidentally, the maternal grandmother of French painter Paul Gauguin.