| Subdivision Type: | Country |
| Subdivision Name: | Estonia |
| Subdivision Type1: | County |
| Subdivision Name1: | Pärnu County |
| Subdivision Type2: | Municipality |
| Subdivision Name2: | Pärnu |
| Timezone: | EET |
| Utc Offset: | +2 |
| Timezone Dst: | EEST |
| Utc Offset Dst: | +3 |
| Mapsize: | 230px |
| Pushpin Map: | Estonia#Baltic Sea#Europe |
| Pushpin Relief: | 1 |
| Official Name: | Pärnu |
| Settlement Type: | City |
| Other Name: | Pärnu linn City of Pärnu |
| Established Title: | Founded |
| Established Date: | 1251 |
| Area Total Km2: | 32.22 |
| Population Total: | 40228 |
| Population Footnotes: | [1] |
| Population Rank: | 4th |
| Population As Of: | 2022 |
| Population Density Km2: | auto |
| Demographics Type1: | Ethnicity (2021) |
| Demographics1 Title1: | Estonians |
| Demographics1 Info1: | 83.7% |
| Demographics1 Title2: | Russians |
| Demographics1 Info2: | 10.6% |
| Demographics1 Title3: | other |
| Demographics1 Info3: | 5.7% |
| Elevation M: | 10 |
| Registration Plate: | F |
Pärnu (in Estonian pronounced as /ˈpærˑnu/) is the fourth-largest city in Estonia and third in terms of the ethnic Estonian population. Situated in southwest Estonia, Pärnu is located south of the Estonian capital, Tallinn, and west of Estonia's second-largest city, Tartu. The city sits off the coast of Pärnu Bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Riga, which is a part of the Baltic Sea. In the city, the Pärnu River drains into the Gulf of Riga.
Pärnu is a popular summer holiday resort town among Estonians with many hotels, restaurants and large beaches. The city is served by Pärnu Airport.
Pärnu or Old Pärnu (Latin: Perona|links=no, German: Pernau, Alt-Pernau|links=no, Estonian: Vana-Pärnu|links=no), which was founded by the bishop of Ösel–Wiek, suffered heavily under pressure of the concurrent town, and was finally destroyed . Another town, Embeke (later German: Neu-Pernau|links=no, Estonian: Uus-Pärnu|links=no) was founded by the Livonian Order, who began building an Ordensburg nearby in 1265. The latter town, then known by the German name of German: Pernau, was a member of the Hanseatic League and an important ice-free harbor for Livonia. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth took control of town between 1560 and 1617; the Poles and Lithuanians fought the Swedes nearby in 1609. Sweden took control of the town during the 16th-century Livonian War as part of Swedish Livonia, although it was not formally ceded by Poland-Lithuania until the 1660 Treaty of Oliva. Sweden then lost Livonia to the Russian Empire in the 1710 Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia and the 1721 Treaty of Nystad, following the Great Northern War. It belonged to the Imperial Russian Governorate of Livonia until 1917, when it was transferred to the short-lived Autonomous Governorate of Estonia. The city is occasionally referred to as Pyarnu, an incorrect reverse-transliteration from the Russian Russian: Пярну.
The town became part of independent Estonia in 1918 following World War I and the Estonian War of Independence.
The city was occupied by the Soviet Red Army along with the rest of Estonia in 1940 during World War II, and its German population fled the town. It was briefly occupied by Germany from 1941 until 1944 before it was reoccupied by the Soviet Union during its counteroffensives. Pärnu then continued as being part of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic from 1944 to 1991, when Estonia restored its independence.
During the Great Northern War, the University of Dorpat (Tartu) was relocated to Pärnu from 1699 to 1710. The university has still maintained a branch campus in Pärnu to this day (1,000 students in the 2004/2005 school year).[2]
There are seven districts in Pärnu: Ülejõe, Rääma, Vana-Pärnu, Kesklinn, Rannarajoon, Eeslinn and Raeküla.[3]
Pärnu lies within the temperate humid continental climate zone.
| Colspan=14 | Coastal temperature data for Pärnu | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year | |
| Average sea temperature °C (°F) | 0.4 (32.72) | 0.0 (32.00) | style="" | -0.1 (31.82) | 1.9 (35.42) | 7.7 (45.86) | 14.7 (58.46) | 19.4 (66.92) | 19.1 (66.38) | 15.9 (60.62) | 10.7 (51.26) | 6.7 (44.06) | 3.6 (38.48) | 8.3 (47.00) |
| Colspan=14 style="background:#ffffff;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;" | Source 1: Seatemperature.org[4] |
Pärnu River, Sauga River, Reiu River, Pärnu Moat, Pärnu Bay.
Pärnu Moat was previously a part of Pärnu Fortress. Nowadays, it is mainly used as a venue for different events.[5]
| Year | 1881 | 1897 | 1922 | 1934 | 1959 | 1970 | 1979 | 1989 | 2000 | 2011 | 2012 | 2017 | 2021 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 12,966 | 12,898 | 18,499 | 20,334 | 22,367 | 50,224 | 54,051 | 53,885 | 45,500 | 39,728 | 40,401 | 40,700 | 40,228 |
| 1922[6] | 1934[7] | 1941[8] | 1959[9] | 1970[10] | 1979[11] | 1989 | 2000[12] | 2011[13] | 2021[14] | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| amount | % | amount | % | amount | % | amount | % | amount | % | amount | % | amount | % | amount | % | amount | % | amount | % | ||
| Estonians | 16440 | 89.0 | 18436 | 90.7 | 18370 | 96.7 | 26669 | 73.9 | 34370 | 74.2 | 36748 | 74.1 | 37939 | 72.4 | 36112 | 79.4 | 33000 | 83.1 | 33682 | 83.7 | |
| Russians | 494 | 2.67 | 469 | 2.31 | 328 | 1.73 | - | - | 9146 | 19.7 | 9676 | 19.5 | 10753 | 20.5 | 6951 | 15.3 | 5076 | 12.8 | 4256 | 10.6 | |
| Ukrainians | - | - | 7 | 0.03 | - | - | - | - | 1010 | 2.18 | 1255 | 2.53 | 1631 | 3.11 | 966 | 2.12 | 671 | 1.69 | 887 | 2.20 | |
| Belarusians | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 412 | 0.89 | 493 | 0.99 | 546 | 1.04 | 297 | 0.65 | 179 | 0.45 | 184 | 0.46 | |
| Finns | - | - | 14 | 0.07 | 11 | 0.06 | - | - | 517 | 1.12 | 543 | 1.09 | 534 | 1.02 | 331 | 0.73 | 254 | 0.64 | 324 | 0.81 | |
| Jews | 236 | 1.28 | 248 | 1.22 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | 190 | 0.41 | 138 | 0.28 | 76 | 0.15 | 35 | 0.08 | 20 | 0.05 | 13 | 0.03 | |
| Latvians | - | - | 143 | 0.70 | 88 | 0.46 | - | - | 135 | 0.29 | 165 | 0.33 | 150 | 0.29 | 85 | 0.19 | 65 | 0.16 | 128 | 0.32 | |
| Germans | 1030 | 5.57 | 871 | 4.28 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 105 | 0.21 | 132 | 0.25 | 69 | 0.15 | 50 | 0.13 | 55 | 0.14 | |
| Tatars | - | - | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 76 | 0.15 | 103 | 0.20 | 45 | 0.10 | 33 | 0.08 | 31 | 0.08 | |
| Poles | - | - | 34 | 0.17 | 26 | 0.14 | - | - | - | - | 108 | 0.22 | 81 | 0.15 | 60 | 0.13 | 35 | 0.09 | 37 | 0.09 | |
| Lithuanians | - | - | 10 | 0.05 | 6 | 0.03 | - | - | 60 | 0.13 | 80 | 0.16 | 83 | 0.16 | 82 | 0.18 | 60 | 0.15 | 58 | 0.14 | |
| unknown | 0 | 0.00 | 28 | 0.14 | 8 | 0.04 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 226 | 0.50 | 59 | 0.15 | 129 | 0.32 | |
| other | 281 | 1.52 | 74 | 0.36 | 167 | 0.88 | 9398 | 26.1 | 476 | 1.03 | 236 | 0.48 | 361 | 0.69 | 241 | 0.53 | 226 | 0.57 | 444 | 1.10 | |
| Total | 18481 | 100 | 20334 | 100 | 19004 | 100 | 36067 | 100 | 46316 | 100 | 49623 | 100 | 52389 | 100 | 45500 | 100 | 39728 | 100 | 40228 | 100 | |
Today Pärnu is an economically balanced region with a comprehensive range of industries. Foreign investments and new businesses with up-to-date technologies have enhanced job creation and higher competitiveness of the businesses in the world markets. Several enterprises of Pärnu region stand out as the best in Estonia.
Significant flows of exports from Pärnu region and South-Estonia pass through the Port of Pärnu which lies at the mouth of the Pärnu River. In recent years, the port has developed into an important regional harbour for south-western and southern Estonia.Pärnu's fame as a rehabilitation and holiday resort dates back to the middle of the 19th century. The foundation of the first bathing facility in 1838 is considered the birth date of Pärnu resort. Today Pärnu has all desirable qualities of a modern holiday resort – it has spas and rehabilitation centres, hotels, conference and concert venues, golf courses and tennis courts, restaurants and pubs. It's long tradition as a resort has made Pärnu well known in Finland and Scandinavian countries.
The majority of the tourists in Pärnu are Finns, Swedes and Russians. German, Latvian, and Norwegian tourists have also become more common.
In 1837, a tavern near the beach was made into a bathing establishment. The establishment accommodated 5–6 bathrooms that provided hot seawater baths in summer and operated as a sauna in winter. The wooden building was burnt down in the course of World War I. In 1927, the present stone building of Pärnu Mud Baths was erected at the same site.
Since 1996 Pärnu has been known as Estonia's Summer Capital.[15] [16]
Starting from 2015 the city of Pärnu hosts the annual Weekend Festival, the largest dance music festival in the Nordic and Baltic region. Stages are headlined by DJs from across the electronic dance music spectrum, with audiovisual support. Some of the past and upcoming artists to perform include Martin Garrix, David Guetta, Avicii, Steve Aoki, The Chainsmokers, Tiësto, Armin van Buuren, Hardwell, Robin Schulz, Afrojack, deadmau5, Knife Party, Desiigner and many more.Pärnu is also known for its seawall. According to legend, if a couple holds hands while journeying along the wall and kisses at its endpoint they will stay together forever.[17]
24. Republic of Pärnu website Republic of Pärnu in-game page "The Republic of Pärnu", fictional nation on sim-strat game politicsandwar.com. browser-video-game. Created C. 2022