| Cross River | |
| Subdivision Type1: | Country |
| Subdivision Name1: | Cameroon, Nigeria |
| Length: | 489km (304miles) |
| Discharge2 Location: | Mamfe, Cameroon (Basin size: |
| Discharge2 Min: | [1] |
| Discharge2 Avg: | (Period: 1967–1977)[2] |
| Discharge2 Max: | [3] |
| Discharge1 Location: | Cross River Estuary, Bight of Biafra, Nigeria |
| Discharge1 Avg: | (Period: 1979–2015) [4] (Period: 1971–2000) 2465.5m3/s[5] |
| Source1 Coordinates: | 5.3919°N 9.8624°W |
| Source1 Elevation: | 2728m (8,950feet)[6] |
| Mouth Coordinates: | 4.761°N 8.3468°W |
| River System: | Cross River |
| Basin Size: | [7] to 53590km2[8] |
| Tributaries Left: | Mfi, Mbu, Bali, Munaya, Awa, Ibe, Ukpon, Ekpor, Udep, Calabar, Great Kwa |
| Tributaries Right: | Bagwor, Mak, Mo, Mam, Munaya, Oyi, Obokum, Afi, Anyim, East Aboine, West Aboine, Enyong, Ikpa |
Cross River (native name: Oyono)[9] is the main river in southeastern Nigeria and gives its name to Cross River State. It originates in Cameroon, where it takes the name of the Manyu River.[10] Although not long by African standards its catchment has high rainfall and it becomes very wide. Over its last 80km (50miles) to the sea it flows through swampy rainforest with numerous creeks and forms an inland delta near its confluence with the Calabar River,[11] about 20km (10miles) wide and 50km (30miles) long between the cities of Oron on the west bank and Calabar, on the east bank, more than 30km (20miles) from the open sea. The delta empties into a broad estuary[12] which it shares with a few smaller rivers. At its mouth in the Atlantic Ocean, the estuary is 24km (15miles) wide. The eastern side of the estuary is in the neighboring country of Cameroon.[13]
The major tributary of Cross River is the river Aloma, coming from Benue State to merge with Cross River in Cross River State. Cross River State is connected with a major highway to its sister state Akwa Ibom. The distance between Oron and Calabar is 21km (13miles) by boat and about 200km (100miles) by road. The population of the lower Cross River traditionally use water transport and Calabar has long had a major seaport, in the Calabar River about 10km (10miles) from its confluence with the Cross River and about 55km (34miles) from the sea. The Itu bridge on the Cross River is along Itu-Calabar highway and is reported to be one of the landmark achievements of the Gowon administration when it was completed in 1975.[14]
The Cross River forms a boundary between two tropical moist forest ecoregions: the Cross-Niger transition forests, which lie west of the river between the Cross and Niger Rivers, and the Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests, which lie to the east between the Cross River and the Sanaga River of Cameroon. The average annual rainfall varies from 1,760 mm in the northern part of the state to 3,100 mm in the southern part (WSSSRP II 2016).[15]
Cross River also gives its name to a national park and a family of languages.[16]
The Cross River Region is of great historical importance, being a) within the likely homeland from which Bantu speaking people migrated across most of Sub-Saharan Africa 3000–5000 years ago, b) the location of where the Nsibidi Script was created, and c) the location of Calabar, one of the largest centers during the Atlantic slave trade.[17]
During some months of monitoring, iron, manganese, lead, arsenic, and chromium were identified in the water at levels hazardous for drinking; thus, the water was polluted with these heavy metals and could not be relied on to serve as a potable water supply for Nigerians.