Oxymonad Explained

The Oxymonads (or Oxymonadida) are a group of flagellated protists found exclusively in the intestines of animals, mostly termites and other wood-eating insects. Along with the similar parabasalid flagellates, they harbor the symbiotic bacteria that are responsible for breaking down cellulose. There is no evidence for presence of mitochondria (not even anaerobic mitochondrion-like organelles like hydrogenosomes or mitosomes) in oxymonads and three species have been shown to completely lack any molecular markers of mitochondria.[1]

It includes e.g. Dinenympha, Pyrsonympha, Oxymonas,[2] Streblomastix,[3] Monocercomonoides, and Blattamonas.[4]

Characteristics

Most Oxymonads are around 50 μm in size and have a single nucleus, associated with four flagella. Their basal bodies give rise to several long sheets of microtubules, which form an organelle called an axostyle, but different in structure from the axostyles of parabasalids. The cell may use the axostyle to swim, as the sheets slide past one another and cause it to undulate. An associated fiber called the preaxostyle separates the flagella into two pairs. A few oxymonads have multiple nuclei, flagella, and axostyles.

Relationship to Trimastix and Paratrimastix

The free-living flagellates Trimastix and Paratrimastix are closely related to the oxymonads.[5] [6] They lack aerobic mitochondria and have four flagella separated by a preaxostyle, but unlike the oxymonads have a feeding groove. This character places the Oxymonads, Trimastix, and Paratrimastix among the Excavata, and in particular they may belong to the metamonads. Molecular phylogenetic studies indeed place Preaxostyla (oxymonads, Trimastix, and Paratrimastix) in Metamonada.[7] [8]

Taxonomy

Notes and References

  1. Novák . Lukáš V. F. . Treitli . Sebastian C. . Pyrih . Jan . Hałakuc . Paweł . Pipaliya . Shweta V. . Vacek . Vojtěch . Brzoň . Ondřej . Soukal . Petr . Eme . Laura . Dacks . Joel B. . Karnkowska . Anna . Eliáš . Marek . Hampl . Vladimír . 2023-12-07 . Dutcher . Susan K. . Genomics of Preaxostyla Flagellates Illuminates the Path Towards the Loss of Mitochondria . PLOS Genetics . en . 19 . 12 . e1011050 . 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011050 . free . 1553-7404 . 10703272 . 38060519.
  2. Moriya S . Molecular phylogeny of three oxymonad genera: Pyrsonympha, Dinenympha and Oxymonas . J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. . 50 . 3 . 190–7 . 2003 . 12836875 . 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00115.x. vanc. Dacks JB . Takagi A . 3 . Noda . Satoko . Ohkuma . Moriya . Doolittle . W. Ford . Kudo . Toshiaki. 26831383 . free .
  3. Treitli . Sebastian C. . Kolisko . Martin . Husník . Filip . Keeling . Patrick J. . Hampl . Vladimír . 2019-09-24 . Revealing the metabolic capacity of Streblomastix strix and its bacterial symbionts using single-cell metagenomics . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . en . 116 . 39 . 19675–19684 . 10.1073/pnas.1910793116 . free . 0027-8424 . 6765251 . 31492817. 2019PNAS..11619675T .
  4. Treitli . Sebastian C. . Kotyk . Michael . Yubuki . Naoji . Jirounková . Eliška . Vlasáková . Jitka . Smejkalová . Pavla . Šípek . Petr . Čepička . Ivan . Hampl . Vladimír . November 2018 . Molecular and Morphological Diversity of the Oxymonad Genera Monocercomonoides and Blattamonas gen. nov. . Protist . en . 169 . 5 . 744–783 . 10.1016/j.protis.2018.06.005. 30138782 .
  5. Dacks JB . Oxymonads are closely related to the excavate taxon Trimastix . Mol. Biol. Evol. . 18 . 6 . 1034–44 . June 2001 . 11371592 . 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003875. vanc. Silberman JD . Simpson AG . 3 . Moriya . S . Kudo . T . Ohkuma . M . Redfield . RJ. free .
  6. Zhang . Qianqian . Táborský . Petr . Silberman . Jeffrey D. . Pánek . Tomáš . Čepička . Ivan . Simpson . Alastair G.B. . September 2015 . Marine Isolates of Trimastix marina Form a Plesiomorphic Deep-branching Lineage within Preaxostyla, Separate from Other Known Trimastigids (Paratrimastix n. gen.) . Protist . en . 166 . 4 . 468–491 . 10.1016/j.protis.2015.07.003. 26312987 .
  7. Zhang . Qianqian . Táborský . Petr . Silberman . Jeffrey D. . Pánek . Tomáš . Čepička . Ivan . Simpson . Alastair G.B. . September 2015 . Marine Isolates of Trimastix marina Form a Plesiomorphic Deep-branching Lineage within Preaxostyla, Separate from Other Known Trimastigids (Paratrimastix n. gen.) . Protist . en . 166 . 4 . 468–491 . 10.1016/j.protis.2015.07.003. 26312987 .
  8. Stairs . Courtney W. . Táborský . Petr . Salomaki . Eric D. . Kolisko . Martin . Pánek . Tomáš . Eme . Laura . Hradilová . Miluše . Vlček . Čestmír . Jerlström-Hultqvist . Jon . Roger . Andrew J. . Čepička . Ivan . December 2021 . Anaeramoebae are a divergent lineage of eukaryotes that shed light on the transition from anaerobic mitochondria to hydrogenosomes . Current Biology . en . 31 . 24 . 5605–5612.e5 . 10.1016/j.cub.2021.10.010. 34710348 . 2021CBio...31E5605S .
  9. Collection of genus-group names in a systematic arrangement . Part 1- Virae, Prokarya, Protists, Fungi . etal . 30 June 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160814234049/http://mave.tweakdsl.nl/tn/genera1.html . 14 August 2016 . dead .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Oxymonad".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.