Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine explained

Type:vaccine
Target:SARS-CoV-2
Vaccine Type:viral
Tradename:Vaxzevria, Covishield[1]
Licence Eu:yes
Dailymedid:AstraZeneca_COVID-19_Vaccine
Pregnancy Au:B1
Pregnancy Au Comment:[2] [3] [4]
Routes Of Administration:Intramuscular
Atc Prefix:J07
Atc Suffix:BN02
Legal Au:S4
Legal Au Comment:[5] [6] [7] [8]
Legal Br:Approved
Legal Br Comment:[9] [10]
Legal Ca:Rx-only
Legal Ca Comment:/ Schedule D[11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]
Legal Uk:POM
Legal Uk Comment:[17] [18] [19]
Legal Eu:Marketing authorisation issued
Legal Eu Comment:[20] [21] [22]
Legal Status:

Approved[23]

Full list of Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine authorisations

Cas Number:2420395-83-9
Drugbank:DB15656
Unii:B5S3K2V0G8
Kegg:D12115
Synonyms:AZD1222,[24]
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19,[25]
ChAdOx1-S,
COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca,[26]
AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine,
AZD2816[27]

The Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID19 vaccine, sold under the brand names Covishield[28] and Vaxzevria[29] among others, is a viral vector vaccine for the prevention of COVID-19. It was developed in the United Kingdom by Oxford University and British-Swedish company AstraZeneca,[30] [31] [32] using as a vector the modified chimpanzee adenovirus ChAdOx1.[33] The vaccine is given by intramuscular injection. Studies carried out in 2020 showed that the efficacy of the vaccine is 76.0% at preventing symptomatic COVID-19 beginning at 22 days following the first dose and 81.3% after the second dose. A study in Scotland found that, for symptomatic COVID-19 infection after the second dose, the vaccine is 81% effective against the Alpha variant (lineage B.1.1.7) and 61% against the Delta variant (lineage B.1.617.2).

The vaccine is stable at refrigerator temperatures and has a good safety profile, with side effects including injection-site pain, headache, and nausea, all generally resolving within a few days.[34] More rarely, anaphylaxis may occur; the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) has 268 reports out of some 21.2million vaccinations . In very rare cases (around 1 in 100,000 people), the vaccine has been associated with an increased risk of blood clots when in combination with low levels of blood platelets (embolic and thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination).[35] According to the European Medicines Agency, as of 4 April 2021, a total of 222 cases of blood clots had been recorded among 34 million people who had been vaccinated in the European Economic Area (a percentage of 0.0007%).[36]

On 30 December 2020, the vaccine was first approved for use in the UK vaccination programme,[37] [38] and the first vaccination outside of a trial was administered on 4 January 2021.[39] The vaccine has since been approved by several medicine agencies worldwide, such as the European Medicines Agency (EMA), and the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (provisional approval in February 2021),[40] and was approved for an Emergency Use Listing by the World Health Organization (WHO).[41] More than 3billion doses of the vaccine were supplied to countries worldwide.[42] Some countries have limited its use to elderly people at higher risk for severe COVID-19 illness due to concerns over the very rare side effects of the vaccine in younger individuals.[43]

The vaccine is no longer in production owing to the subsidence of the COVID-19 pandemic and the availability of updated vaccines. AstraZeneca withdrew its marketing authorizations for the vaccine from the European market on 27 March 2024,[44] and worldwide by 7 May 2024.[45]

Medical uses

The Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID19 vaccine is used to provide protection against infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus in order to prevent COVID-19 in adults aged 18 years and older. The medicine is administered by two doses given by intramuscular injection into the deltoid muscle (upper arm). The initial course consists of two doses with an interval of 4 to 12 weeks between doses. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends an interval of 8 to 12 weeks between doses for optimal efficacy.[46]

, there was no evidence that a third booster dose was needed to prevent severe disease in healthy adults.[46] [47]

Effectiveness

Preliminary data from a study in Brazil with 61 million individuals from 18 January to 30 June 2021 indicate that the effectiveness against infection, hospitalization and death is similar between most age groups, but protection against all these outcomes is significantly reduced in those aged 90 or older, attributable to immunosenescence.

A vaccine is generally considered effective if the estimate is ≥50% with a >30% lower limit of the 95% confidence interval.[48] Effectiveness is generally expected to slowly decrease over time.[49]

Preliminary data suggest that the initial two-dose regimen is not effective against symptomatic disease caused by the Omicron variant from the 15th week onwards.[50] A regimen of two doses of the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine followed by a booster dose of the Pfizer–BioNTech or the Moderna vaccine is initially about 60% effective against symptomatic disease caused by Omicron, then after 10 weeks the effectiveness drops to about 35% with the Pfizer–BioNTech and to about 45% with the Moderna vaccine.[51] The vaccine remains effective against severe disease, hospitalization and death.[52] [53]

Contraindications

The Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine should not be administered to people who have had capillary leak syndrome.[54]

Adverse effects

The most common side effects in the clinical trials were usually mild or moderate and got better within a few days after vaccination.

Vomiting, diarrhoea, fever, swelling, redness at the injection site and low levels of blood platelets occurred in less than 1 in 10 people. Enlarged lymph nodes, decreased appetite, dizziness, sleepiness, sweating, abdominal pain, itching and rash occurred in less than 1 in 100 people.

An increased risk of the rare and potentially fatal thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) has been associated with mainly younger female recipients of the vaccine.[55] [56] [57] [58] Analysis of VigiBase reported embolic and thrombotic events after vaccination with Oxford–AstraZeneca, Moderna and Pfizer vaccines, found a temporally related incidence of 0.21 cases per 1 million vaccinated-days.[59]

Anaphylaxis and other allergic reactions are known side effects of the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) has assessed 41 cases of anaphylaxis from around 5million vaccinations in the United Kingdom.[60] [61]

Capillary leak syndrome is a possible side effect of the vaccine.

The European Medicines Agency (EMA) listed Guillain-Barré syndrome as a very rare side effect of the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine and added a warning in the product information.[62]

Additional side effects include tinnitus (persistent ringing in the ears), paraesthesia (unusual feeling in the skin, such as tingling or a crawling sensation), and hypoaesthesia (decreased feeling or sensitivity, especially in the skin).

Pharmacology

The Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine is a viral vector vaccine containing a modified, replication-deficient chimpanzee adenovirus ChAdOx1,[33] containing the full‐length codon‐optimised coding sequence of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein along with a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) leader sequence.[63] [64] The adenovirus is called replication-deficient because some of its essential genes required for replication were deleted and replaced by a gene coding for the spike protein. However, the HEK 293 cells used for vaccine manufacturing, express several adenoviral genes, including the ones required for the vector to replicate.[65] [66] [67] Following vaccination, the adenovirus vector enters the cells and releases its genes, in the form of DNA, which are transported to the cell nucleus; thereafter, the cell's machinery does the transcription from DNA into mRNA and the translation into spike protein.[68] The approach to use adenovirus as a vector to deliver spike protein is similar to the approach used by the Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine and the Russian Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine.[69] [70]

The protein of interest is the spike protein, a protein on the exterior of the virus that enables SARS-type coronaviruses to enter cells through the ACE2 receptor.[71] Following vaccination, the production of coronavirus spike protein within the body will cause the immune system to attack the spike protein with antibodies and T-cells if the virus later enters the body.[72]

Manufacturing

To manufacture the vaccine the virus is propagated on HEK 293 cell lines and then purified multiple times to completely remove the cell culture.[73]

The vaccine costs around to per dose to manufacture.[74] On 17 December 2020, a tweet by the Belgian Budget State Secretary revealed that the European Union (EU) would pay per dose, The New York Times suggesting the lower price might relate to factors including investment in vaccine production infrastructure by the EU.[75]

the vaccine active substance (ChAdOx1-SARS-COV-2) was being produced at several sites worldwide,[76] with AstraZeneca claiming to have established 25 sites in 15 countries.[77] The UK sites at that time were Oxford and Keele, with bottling and finishing in Wrexham.[76] Other sites at that time included the Serum Institute of India at Pune.[76] The Halix site at Leiden was approved by the EMA on 26 March 2021, joining three other sites approved by the EU.[78]

History

The vaccine arose from a collaboration between Oxford University's Jenner Institute and Vaccitech, a private company spun off from the university, with financing from Oxford Sciences Innovation, Google Ventures, and Sequoia Capital, among others.[79] The first batch of the COVID-19 vaccine produced for clinical testing was developed by Oxford University's Jenner Institute and the Oxford Vaccine Group in collaboration with Italian manufacturer Advent Srl located in Pomezia.[80] The team is led by Sarah Gilbert, Adrian Hill, Andrew Pollard, Teresa Lambe, Sandy Douglas and Catherine Green.[81] [80]

Early development

In February 2020, the Jenner Institute agreed a collaboration with the Italian company Advent Srl for the production of a batch of 1,000 doses of a vaccine candidate for clinical trials.[82] Originally, Oxford intended to donate the rights to manufacture and market the vaccine to any drugmaker who wanted to do so, but after the Gates Foundation urged Oxford to find a large company partner to get its COVID-19 vaccine to market, the university backed off of this offer in May 2020.[83] [84] [85] The UK government then encouraged Oxford to work with AstraZeneca, a company based in Europe, instead of Merck & Co., a US-based company (The Guardian reported the initial partner was the German-based Merck Group instead).[86] Government ministers also had concerns that a vaccine manufactured in the US would not be available in the UK, according to anonymous sources in The Wall Street Journal. Financial considerations at Oxford and spin-out companies may have also played a part in the decision to partner with AstraZeneca.[87] [88]

An initially not-for-profit licensing agreement was signed between the university and AstraZeneca PLC, in May 2020, with 1billion doses of potential supply secured, with the UK reserving access to the initial 100million doses. Furthermore, the US reserved 300million doses, as well as the authority to perform Phase III trials in the US. The collaboration was also granted of UK government funding, and of US government funding, to support the development of the vaccine.[89] In June 2020, the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) confirmed that the third phase of trials for the vaccine would begin in July 2020.[90] On 4 June, AstraZeneca announced that the COVAX program for equitable vaccine access managed by the WHO and financed by CEPI and GAVI had spent $750m to secure 300million doses of the vaccine to be distributed to low-income or under-developed countries.[91] [92]

Preliminary data from a study that reconstructed funding for the vaccine indicates that funding was at least 97% public, almost all from UK government departments, British and American scientific institutes, the European Commission and charities.[93]

Clinical trials

In July 2020, AstraZeneca partnered with IQVIA to accelerate the timeframe for clinical trials being planned or conducted in the US.[94] On 31 August, AstraZeneca announced that it had begun enrolment of adults for a US-funded, 30,000-subject late-stage study.[95]

Clinical trials for the vaccine candidate were halted worldwide on 8 September, as AstraZeneca investigated a possible adverse reaction which occurred in a trial participant in the UK.[96] [97] Trials were resumed on 13 September after AstraZeneca and Oxford, along with UK regulators, concluded it was safe to do so.[98] AstraZeneca was later criticised for refusing to provide details about potentially serious neurological side effects in two trial participants who had received the experimental vaccine in the UK.[99] While the trials resumed in the UK, Brazil, South Africa, Japan[100] and India, the US did not resume clinical trials of the vaccine until 23 October.[101] This was due to a separate investigation by the Food and Drug Administration surrounding a patient illness that triggered a clinical hold, according to the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary Alex Azar.[102]

The results of the COV002 phase II/III trial showed that immunity lasts for at least one year after a single dose.[103]

Results of Phase III trial

On 23 November 2020, the first interim data was released by Oxford University and AstraZeneca from the vaccine's ongoing Phase III trials.[104] The interim data reported a 70% efficacy, based on combined results of 62% and 90% from different groups of participants who were given different dosages. The decision to combine results from two different dosages was met with criticism from some who questioned why the results were being combined.[105] [106] [107] AstraZeneca responded to the criticism by agreeing to carry out a new multi-country trial using the lower dose, which had led to the 90% claim.[108]

The full publication of the interim results from four ongoing Phase III trials on 8 December allowed regulators and scientists to begin evaluating the vaccine's efficacy.[109] The December report showed that at 21 days after the second dose and beyond, there were no hospitalisations or severe disease in those who received the vaccine, compared to 10 cases in the control groups. The rate of serious adverse events was balanced between the active and control groups, which suggested that the active vaccine did not pose safety concerns beyond a rate experienced in the general population. One case of transverse myelitis was reported 14 days after the second-dose was administered as being possibly related to vaccination, with an independent neurological committee considering the most likely diagnosis to be of an idiopathic, short-segment, spinal cord demyelination. The other two cases of transverse myelitis, one in the vaccine group and the other in the control group, were considered to be unrelated to vaccination.

A subsequent analysis, published on 19 February 2021, showed an efficacy of 76.0% at preventing symptomatic COVID-19 beginning at 22 days following the first dose, increasing to 81.3% when the second dose is given 12 weeks or more after the first.[110] However, the results did not show any protection against asymptomatic COVID-19 following only one dose. Beginning 14 days following timely administration of a second dose, with different duration from the first dose depending on trials, the results showed 66.7% efficacy at preventing symptomatic infection, and the UK arm (which evaluated asymptomatic infections in participants) was inconclusive as to the prevention of asymptomatic infection. Efficacy was higher at greater intervals between doses, peaking at around 80% when the second dose was given at 12 weeks or longer after the first. Preliminary results from another study with 120 participants under 55 years of age showed that delaying the second dose by up to 45 weeks increases the resulting immune response and that a booster (third) dose given at least six months later produces a strong immune response. A booster dose may not be necessary, but it alleviates concerns that the body would develop immunity to the vaccine's viral vector, which would reduce the potency of annual inoculations.[111]

On 22 March 2021, AstraZeneca released interim results from the phase III trial conducted in the US that showed efficacy of 79% at preventing symptomatic COVID-19 and 100% efficacy at preventing severe disease and hospitalisation.[112] The next day, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) published a statement countering that those results may have relied on "outdated information" that may have provided an incomplete view of the efficacy data.[113] [114] [115] [116] AstraZeneca later revised its efficacy claim to be 76% after further review of the data.[117] On 29 September 2021, AstraZeneca shows of 74% efficacy rate in the US trial.[118]

Single dose effectiveness

A study on the effectiveness of a first dose of the Pfizer–BioNTech or Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines against COVID-19 related hospitalisation in Scotland was based on a national prospective cohort study of 5.4million people. Between 8 December 2020 and 15 February 2021, 1,137,775 participants were vaccinated in the study, 490,000 of whom were given the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine. The first dose of the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine was associated with a vaccine effect of 94% for COVID-19-related hospitalisation at 28–34 days post-vaccination. Combined results (all vaccinated participants, whether Pfizer–BioNTech or Oxford–AstraZeneca) showed a significant vaccine effect for prevention of COVID-19-related hospitalisation, which was comparable when restricting the analysis to those aged ≥80 years (81%). The majority of the participants over the age of 65 were given the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine.[119]

Nasal spray

On 25 March 2021, the University of Oxford announced the start of a phase I clinical trial to investigate the efficacy of an intranasal spray method.[120] [121]

Approvals

The first country to issue a temporary or emergency approval for the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine was the UK. The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) began a review of efficacy and safety data on 27 November 2020,[122] followed by approval for use on 30 December 2020, becoming the second vaccine approved for use in the national vaccination programme.[123] The BBC reported that the first person to receive the vaccine outside of clinical trials was vaccinated on 4 January 2021.

The European Medicines Agency (EMA) began review of the vaccine on 12 January 2021, and stated in a press release that a recommendation could be issued by the agency by 29 January, followed by the European Commission deciding on a conditional marketing authorisation within days.[124] On 29 January 2021, the EMA recommended granting a conditional marketing authorisation for AZD1222 for people 18 years of age and older,[125] and the recommendation was accepted by the European Commission the same day.[126] Prior to approval across the EU, the Hungarian regulator unilaterally approved the vaccine instead of waiting for EMA approval.[127] In October 2022, the conditional marketing authorisation was converted to a standard one.

On 30 January 2021, the Vietnamese Ministry of Health approved the AstraZeneca vaccine for use, becoming the first vaccine to be approved in Vietnam.[128] The vaccine has since been approved by a number of non-EU countries, including Argentina,[129] Bangladesh,[130] Brazil,[131] the Dominican Republic,[132] El Salvador,[133] India,[134] [135] Israel,[136] Malaysia,[137] Mexico,[138] Nepal,[139] Pakistan,[140] the Philippines,[141] Sri Lanka,[142] and Taiwan[143] regulatory authorities for emergency usage in their respective countries.

South Korea granted approval of the AstraZeneca vaccine on 10 February 2021, thus becoming the first vaccine to be approved for use in that country. The regulator recommended the two-shot regimen be used in all adults, including the elderly, noting that consideration is needed when administering the vaccine to individuals over 65 years of age due to limited data from that demographic in clinical trials.[144] [145] On the same day, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued interim guidance and recommended the AstraZeneca vaccine for all adults, its Strategic Advisory Group of Experts also having considered use where variants were present and concluded there was no need not to recommend it.[146]

In February 2021, the government and regulatory authorities in Australia (16 February 2021) and Canada (26 February 2021) granted approval for temporary use of the vaccine.[147]

On 19 November 2021, the vaccine was approved for use in Canada.

Suspensions

South Africa

On 7 February 2021, the vaccine rollout in South Africa was suspended. Researchers from the University of the Witwatersrand released interim, non-peer-reviewed data that suggested the AstraZeneca vaccine provided minimal protection against mild or moderate disease infection among young people.[148] [149] The BBC reported on 8 February 2021 that Katherine O'Brien, director of immunisation at the WHO, felt it was "really plausible" the AstraZeneca vaccine could have a "meaningful impact" on the Beta variant (lineage B.1.351), particularly in preventing serious illness and death.[150] The same report also indicated the Deputy Chief Medical Officer for England Jonathan Van-Tam said the Witwatersrand study did not change his opinion that the AstraZeneca vaccine was "rather likely" to have an effect on severe disease from the Beta variant.[150] The South African government subsequently cancelled the use of the AstraZeneca vaccine.

European Union

On 3 March 2021, Austria suspended the use of one batch of vaccine after two people had blood clots after vaccination, one of whom died.[151] In total, four cases of blood clots have been identified in the same batch of 1million doses. Although no causal link with vaccination has been shown,[152] several other countries, including Denmark, Norway, Iceland,[153] Bulgaria,[154] Ireland,[155] Italy, Spain,[156] Germany,[157] France, the Netherlands[158] and Slovenia[159] also halted the vaccine rollout over the following days while waiting for the EMA to finish a safety review triggered by the cases.

In April 2021, the EMA concluded its safety review and concluded that unusual blood clots with low blood platelets should be listed as very rare side effects while reaffirming the overall benefits of the vaccine.[160] Following this announcement EU countries have resumed use of the vaccine with some limiting its use to elderly people at higher risk for severe COVID-19 illness.[161]

On 11 March 2021, the Norwegian government temporarily suspended the vaccine's use, awaiting more information regarding potential adverse effects. Then, on 15 April, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health recommended to the government to permanently suspended vaccination with AstraZeneca due to the "rare but severe incidents with low platelet counts, blood clots, and haemorrhages," since in the case of Norway, "the risk of dying after vaccination with the AstraZeneca vaccine would be higher than the risk of dying from the disease, particularly for younger people."[162] At the same time, the Norwegian government announced their decision to wait for a final decision and to establish an expert group to provide a broader assessment on the safety of the AstraZeneca and Janssen vaccines.[163] [164] On 10 May, the expert committee also recommended suspending the use of both vaccines.[165] Finally, on 12 May —two months after the initial suspension— the Prime Minister of Norway announced that the government decided to completely remove the AstraZeneca vaccine from the Norwegian Coronavirus Immunisation Programme, and people who have had the first will be offered another coronavirus vaccine for their second dose.[166] [167]

On 30 March 2021, the German Ministry of Health announced that the use of the vaccine in people aged 60 and below should be the result of a recipient-specific discussion,[168] and that younger patients could still be given the AstraZeneca vaccine, but only "at the discretion of doctors, and after individual risk analysis and thorough explanation".

On 14 April, the Danish Health Authority suspended use of the vaccine.[169] [170] [171] [172] The Danish Health Authority said that it had other vaccines available, and that the next target groups being a lower-risk population had to be "[weighed] against the fact that we now have a known risk of severe adverse effects from vaccination with AstraZeneca, even if the risk in absolute terms is slight."

A 2021 study found that the decisions to suspend the vaccine led to increased vaccine hesitancy across the West, even in countries that did not suspend the vaccine.[173]

In October 2022, the conditional marketing authorisation was converted to a standard one.

Despite the continued authorisation, most EU countries stopped the administration of the vaccine by end of 2021. After an initial quick uptake, the number of doses administered remained at 67 Million since October 2021.[174]

Canada

On 29 March 2021, Canada's National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) recommended that distribution of the vaccine be suspended for patients below the age of 55; NACI chairwoman Caroline Quach-Thanh stated that the risk of blood clots was higher in younger patients, and that NACI needed to "evolve" its recommendations as new data becomes available. Most Canadian provinces subsequently announced that they would follow this guidance.[175] [176] [177] there had been three confirmed cases of blood clotting tied to the vaccine in Canada, out of over 700,000 doses administered in the country.[178] [179] [180]

Beginning 18 April 2021, amid a major third wave of the virus, several Canadian provinces announced that they would backtrack on the NACI recommendation and extend eligibility for the AstraZeneca vaccine to residents as young as 40 years old, including Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, and Saskatchewan. Quebec also extended eligibility to residents 45 and older.[181] [182] [183] The NACI guidance was a recommendation which did not affect the formal approval of the vaccine by Health Canada for all adults over 18; it stated on 14 April 2021 that it had updated its warnings on the vaccine as part of an ongoing review, but that "the potential risk of these events is very rare, and the benefits of the vaccine in protecting against COVID-19 outweigh its potential risks."[184]

On 23 April 2021, citing the current state of supplies for mRNA-based vaccines and new data, NACI issued a recommendation that the vaccine could be offered to patients as young as 30 years old if benefits outweighed the risks, and the patient did "not wish to wait for an mRNA vaccine".[185]

Beginning 11 May 2021, multiple provinces announced that they would suspend use of the AstraZeneca vaccine once again, citing either supply issues or the blood clotting risk. Some provinces stated that they planned to only use the AstraZeneca vaccine for outstanding second doses.[186] [187] [188] On 1 June 2021, NACI issued guidance, citing the safety concerns as well as European studies showing an improved antibody response, recommending that an mRNA vaccine be administered as a second dose to patients that had received the AstraZeneca vaccine as their first dose.[189]

Indonesia

In March 2021, Indonesia halted the rollout of the vaccine while awaiting more safety guidance from the World Health Organization,[190] and then resumed using the vaccine on 19 March.[191]

Australia

In June 2021, Australia revised its recommendations for the rollout of the vaccine, recommending that the Pfizer Comirnaty vaccine be used for people aged under 60 years if the person has not already received a first dose of AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine. The AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine can still be used in people aged under 60 years where the benefits are likely to outweigh the risks for that person, and the person has made an informed decision based on an understanding of the risks and benefits in consultation with a medical professional.[192]

Malaysia

After initially approving the use of the AstraZeneca vaccine, Malaysian health authorities removed the vaccine from the country's mainstream vaccination programme due to public concerns about its safety in late April 2021.[193] The AstraZeneca vaccines was distributed in designated vaccination centres, with the public being allowed to register for the vaccine on a voluntary basis. All 268,800 doses of the initial batch of the vaccine were fully booked in three and a half hours after the registration opened for residents of the state of Selangor and the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur.[194] A second batch of 1,261,000 doses was offered to residents of the states of Selangor, Penang, Johore, Sarawak, and the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur. A total of 29,183 doses were reserved for previously waitlisted registrants, and 275,208 doses were taken up by senior citizens during a grace 3-day period. The remaining 956,609 doses were then offered to those aged 18 and above, and was completely booked within an hour.[195]

On 10 May 2024, Health Minister Dzulkefly Ahmad announced that the Malaysian Government would continue to offer care to individuals suffering from adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines including the AstraZeneca vaccine. He also confirmed that the Malaysian Government had data on adverse effects caused by COVID-19 vaccines and methods for treating the side effects.[196] On 13 May, Deputy Health Minister Lukanisman Awang Sauni confirmed that the Malaysian Government would release a report on the AstraZeneca vaccine's adverse effects later in the week.[197]

Safety review

In March 2021, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) stated that there is no indication that vaccination has been the cause of the observed clotting issues, which were not listed as side effects of the vaccine.[198] At the time, according to the EMA, the number of thromboembolic events in vaccinated people was no higher than that seen in the general population., 30 cases of events of thromboembolism events had been reported among the almost 5million people vaccinated in the European Economic Area. The UK's MHRA also stated that after more than 11million doses administered, it had not been confirmed that the reported blood clots were caused by the vaccine and that vaccinations would not be stopped.[199] On 12 March 2021 the WHO stated that a causal relationship had not been shown and that vaccinations should continue.[200] AstraZeneca confirmed on 14 March 2021 that after examining over 17million people who have been vaccinated with the vaccine, no evidence of an increased risk of blood clots in any particular country was found.[201] The company reported that, across the EU and UK, there had been 15 events of deep vein thrombosis and 22 events of pulmonary embolism reported among those given the vaccine, which is much lower than would be expected to occur naturally in a general population of that size.

In March 2021, the German Paul-Ehrlich Institute (PEI) reported that out of 1.6million vaccinations, seven cases of cerebral vein thrombosis in conjunction with a deficiency of blood platelets had occurred.[202] According to the PEI, the number of cases of cerebral vein thrombosis after vaccination was statistically significantly higher than the number that would occur in the general population during a similar time period. These reports prompted the PEI to recommend a temporary suspension of vaccinations until the EMA had completed their review of the cases.[203]

The World Health Organization (WHO) issued a statement on 17 March, regarding the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine safety signals, and still considers the benefits of the vaccine to outweigh its potential risks, further recommending that vaccinations continue.[204] On 18 March, the EMA announced that out of the around 20million people who had received the vaccine, general blood clotting rates were normal, but that it had identified seven cases of disseminated intravascular coagulation, and eighteen cases of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis.[205] A causal link with the vaccine was not proven, but the EMA said it would conduct further analysis and recommended informing people eligible for the vaccine of the fact that the possibility it may cause rare clotting problems had not been disproven. The EMA confirmed that the vaccine's benefits outweighed the risks. On 25 March, the EMA released updated product information.[206] [207] [208]

According to the EMA, 100,000 cases of blood clots occur naturally each month in the EU, and the risk of blood clots was not statistically higher in the vaccinated population. The EMA noted that COVID-19 itself causes an increased risk of the development of blood clots, and as such the vaccine would lower the risk of the formation of blood clots even if the 15 cases' causal link were to be confirmed.[209] Italy resumed vaccinations after the EMA's statement,[210] with most of the remaining European countries following suit and resuming their AstraZeneca inoculations shortly thereafter.[211] To reassure the public of the vaccine's safety, the British and French Prime Ministers, Boris Johnson and Jean Castex, had themselves vaccinated with it in front of the media shortly after the restart of the AstraZeneca vaccination campaigns in the EU.[212]

In April 2021, the EMA issued its direct healthcare professional communication (DHPC) about the vaccine.[213] The DHPC indicated that a causal relationship between the vaccine and blood clots (thrombosis) in combination with low blood platelets (thrombocytopenia) was plausible and identified it as a very rare side effect of the vaccine. According to the EMA these very rare adverse events occur in around 1 out of 100,000 vaccinated people.

Further development

Efficacy against variants

A study published in April 2021 by researchers from the COVID-19 Genomics United Kingdom Consortium, the AMPHEUS Project, and the Oxford COVID-19 Vaccine Trial Group indicated the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine showed somewhat reduced efficacy against infection with the Alpha variant (lineage B.1.1.7), with 70.4% efficacy in absolute terms against Alpha versus 81.5% against other variants.[214] Despite this, the researchers concluded that the vaccine remained effective at preventing symptomatic infection from this variant and that vaccinated individuals infected symptomatically typically had shorter duration of symptoms and less viral load, thereby reducing the risk of transmission.[215] Following the identification of notable variants of concern, concern arose that the E484K mutation, present in the Beta and Gamma variants (lineages B.1.351 and P.1), could evade the protection given by the vaccine.[216] In February 2021, the collaboration was working to adapt the vaccine to target these variants,[217] with the expectation that a modified vaccine would be available "in a few months" as a "booster" given to people who had already completed the two-dose series of the original vaccine.[218]

In June 2021, AstraZeneca published a press release confirming undergoing Phase II/III trials of an AZD2816 COVID-19 variant vaccine candidate. The new vaccine would be based on the current Vaxzevria adenoviral vector platform but modified with spike proteins based on the Beta (B.1.351 lineage) variant.[27] Phase II/III trials saw 2849 volunteers participating from UK, South Africa, Brazil and Poland with parallel dosing of both the current Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine and the variant vaccine candidate.[219] [27] By September 2021, AZD2816 vaccine candidate is still undergoing Phase II/III trials with intent to switch to this vaccine if approved by government regulators. Particularly the government of Thailand, with delivery of additional 60 million doses of AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine agreed for 2022.[220]

Heterologous prime-boost vaccination

In December 2020, a clinical trial was registered to examine a heterologous prime-boost vaccination course consisting of one dose of the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine followed by Sputnik Light based on the Ad26 vector 29 days later.[221]

After suspensions due to rare cases of blood clots in March 2021, Canada and several European countries recommended receiving a different vaccine for the second dose. Despite the lack of clinical data on the efficacy and safety of such heterologous combinations, some experts believe that doing so may boost immunity, and several studies have begun to examine this effect.[222] [223]

In June 2021, preliminary results from a study of 463 participants showed that a heterologous prime-boost vaccination course consisting of one dose of the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine followed by one dose of the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine produced the strongest T cell activity and an antibody level almost as high as two doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. The reversal of the order resulted in T cell activity at half the potency and one-seventh the antibody levels, the latter still five times higher than two doses of Oxford–AstraZeneca. The lowest T cell activity was observed in homologous courses, when both doses were of the same vaccine.[224]

In July 2021, a study of 216 participants found that a heterologous prime-boost vaccination course consisting of one dose of the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine followed by one dose of the Moderna vaccine produced a similar level of neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses with increased spike-specific cytotoxic T cells compared to a homologous course consisting of two doses of the Moderna vaccine.[225]

Society and culture

The Oxford University and AstraZeneca collaboration was seen as having the potential as being a low-cost vaccine with no onerous storage requirements.[226] A series of events including a deliberate undermining of the AstraZeneca vaccine for geopolitical purposes by both the EU and EU member states including miscommunication, reports of supply difficulties (responsibility of which were due to the EU mis-handling vaccine procurement)[227] misleading reports of inefficacy and adverse effects[228] as well as the high-profile European Commission–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine dispute, have been a public relations disaster for both Brussels and member states,[229] [230] and in the opinion of one academic has led to increased vaccine hesitancy.[226]

In April 2021, the vaccine was a key component of the WHO backed COVAX (COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access) program, with the WHO, the EMA, and the MHRA continuing to state that the benefits of the vaccine outweigh any possible side effects.[231]

About 69million doses of the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine were administered in the EU/EEA from authorization to 26 June 2022.[232]

Economics

Vaccine supply agreements by country!Country!Date!Doses
United Kingdom17 May 2020100 million[233] [234]
United States21 May 2020300 million[235]
COVAX (WHO)4 June 2020300 million[236]
29 September 2020100 million[237]
Egypt22 June 2020Unknown[238]
Japan8 August 2020120 million[239]
Australia19 August 202025 million[240]
European Union27 August 2020400 million[241] [242] [243] [244]
Canada25 September 202020 million[245] [246]
Switzerland16 October 20205.3 million[247] [248]
Bangladesh5 November 202030 million[249]
Thailand27 November 202026 million[250]
Philippines27 November 20202.6 million[251]
South Korea1 December 202020 million[252]
South Africa7 January 20211 million[253]
Agreements for access to vaccines began being signed in May 2020, with the UK having priority for the first 100million doses if trials proved successful, with the final agreement being signed at the end of August.[254] [255]

On 21 May 2020, AstraZeneca agreed to provide 300million doses to the US for, implying a cost of per dose. An AstraZeneca spokesman said the funding also covers development and clinical testing.[256] It also reached a technology transfer agreement with the Mexican and Argentinean governments and agreed to produce at least 400million doses to be distributed throughout Latin America. The active ingredients would be produced in Argentina and sent to Mexico to be completed for distribution.[257] In June 2020, Emergent BioSolutions signed a deal to manufacture doses of the AstraZeneca vaccine specifically for the US market. The deal was part of the Trump administration's Operation Warp Speed initiative to develop and rapidly scale production of targeted vaccines before the end of 2020.[258] Catalent would be responsible for the finishing and packaging process.[259]

On 4 June 2020, the WHO's COVAX (COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access) facility made initial purchases of 300million doses from the company for low- to middle-income countries. Also, AstraZeneca and Serum Institute of India reached a licensing agreement to independently supply 1billion doses of the Oxford University vaccine to middle- and low-income countries, including India.[260] [261] Later in September, funded by a grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the COVAX program secured an additional 100 million doses at US$3 per dose.

On 27 August 2020, AstraZeneca concluded an agreement with the EU, to supply up to 400million doses to all EU and select European Economic Area (EEA) member states. The European Commission took over negotiations started by the Inclusive Vaccines Alliance, a group made up of France, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands, in June 2020.[262] [263] [264]

On 5 November 2020, a tripartite agreement was signed between the government of Bangladesh, the Serum Institute of India, and Beximco Pharma of Bangladesh. Under the agreement Bangladesh ordered 30million doses of Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine from Serum through Beximco for $4 per shot. On the other hand, Indian government has given 3.2 million doses to Bangladesh as a gift which were also produced by Serum. But Serum supplied only 7 million doses from the tripartite agreement in the first two months of the year.[265] Bangladesh was supposed to receive 5 million doses per month but not received shipments in March and April.[266] As a result, rollout of vaccine has been disrupted by supply shortfalls.[266] The situation became complicated when the second dose of 1.3 million citizens is uncertain as India halts exports.[267] Not getting the second dose at the right time is likely to reduce the effectiveness of the vaccination program. In addition, several citizens of Bangladesh have expressed doubts about its effectiveness and safety.[265] Bangladesh is looking for alternative vaccine sources because India isn't supplying the vaccine according to the timeline of the deal.[268]

Thailand's agreement in November 2020 for 26million doses of vaccine would cover 13million people,[269] approximately 20% of the population, with the first lot expected to be delivered at the end of May.[270] [271] [272] The public health minister indicated the price paid was $5 per dose;[273] AstraZeneca (Thailand) explained in January 2021 after a controversy that the price each country paid depended on production cost and differences in supply chain, including manufacturing capacity, labour and raw material costs.[274] In January 2021, the Thai cabinet approved further talks on ordering another 35million doses,[275] and the Thai FDA approved the vaccine for emergency use for 1year.[276] [277] Siam Bioscience, a company owned by Vajiralongkorn, will receive technological transfer[278] and has the capacity to manufacture up to 200million doses a year for export to ASEAN.[279]

Also in November, the Philippines agreed to buy 2.6million doses, reportedly worth around million (approximately per dose).[280] In December 2020, South Korea signed a contract with AstraZeneca to secure 20million doses of its vaccine, reportedly equivalent in worth to those signed by Thailand and the Philippines, with the first shipment expected as early as January 2021., the vaccine remains under review by the South Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency.[281] [282] AstraZeneca signed a deal with South Korea's SK Bioscience to manufacture its vaccine products. The collaboration calls for the SK affiliate to manufacture AZD1222 for local and global markets.[283]

On 7 January 2021, the South African government announced that they had secured an initial 1million doses from the Serum Institute of India, to be followed by another 500,000 doses in February, however the South African government subsequently cancelled the use of the vaccine, selling its supply to other African countries, and switched its vaccination program to use the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine.[284] [285]

On 22 January 2021, AstraZeneca announced that in the event the European Union approved the COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca, initial supplies would be lower than expected due to production issues at Novasep in Belgium. Only 31million of the previously predicted 80million doses would be delivered to the EU by March 2021.[286] In an interview with Italian newspaper La Repubblica, AstraZeneca's CEO Pascal Soriot said the delivery schedule for the doses in the EU was two months behind schedule. He mentioned low yield from cell cultures at one large-scale European site.[287] Analysis published in The Guardian also identified an apparently low yield from bioreactors in the Belgium plant and noted the difficulties in setting up this form of process, with variable yields often occurring.[288] As a result, the EU imposed export controls on vaccine doses; controversy erupted as to whether doses were being diverted to the UK and whether deliveries to Northern Ireland would be disrupted.[289]

On 24 February 2021, a shipment of the vaccine to Accra, Ghana, via COVAX made it the first country in Africa to receive vaccines via the initiative.[290]

In early 2021, the Bureau for Investigative Journalism found that South Africa had paid double the rate for the European Commission, while Uganda paid triple.[291] [292]

According to the Higher Education Statistics Agency data, Oxford received a US$176 million windfall on vaccine in the 2021-22 academic year.[293]

Brand names

The vaccine is marketed under the brand name Covishield by the Serum Institute of India.[294] The name of the vaccine was changed to Vaxzevria in the European Union on 25 March 2021. Vaxzevria, AstraZeneca COVID‐19 Vaccine, and COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca are manufactured by AstraZeneca.

Research

, the AZD1222 development team were working on adapting the vaccine to be more effective in relation to newer SARS-CoV-2 variants; redesigning the vaccine being the relatively quick process of switching the genetic sequence of the spike protein. Manufacturing set-up and a small scale trial are also required before the adapted vaccine might be available in autumn.[295]

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Already produced 40–50 million dosages of Covishield vaccine, says Serum Institute . The Hindu . 28 December 2020 . 30 December 2020 . 20 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210420094358/https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/already-produced-40-50-million-dosages-of-covishield-vaccine-says-serum-institute/article33438655.ece . live .
  2. Web site: COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca PI . Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) . 31 July 2021 . 31 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210731193225/https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2021-PI-01194-1 . live .
  3. Web site: Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database . Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) . 13 May 2022 . 20 December 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161220210434/https://www.tga.gov.au/prescribing-medicines-pregnancy-database . live .
  4. Web site: Updates to the Prescribing Medicines in Pregnancy database . Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) . 21 December 2022 . 2 January 2023 . 3 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220403064059/https://www.tga.gov.au/updates-prescribing-medicines-pregnancy-database . live .
  5. Web site: Summary for ARTG Entry: 349072 COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1-S) solution for injection multidose vial .
  6. Web site: COVID-19 vaccine: AstraZeneca ChAdOx1-S . Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) . 27 August 2021 . 22 October 2021 . 23 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211023063208/https://www.tga.gov.au/covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca-chadox1-s . live .
  7. Web site: AusPAR: ChAdOx-1-S . Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) . 17 February 2022 . 23 March 2022 . 24 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220324042739/https://www.tga.gov.au/auspar/auspar-chadox-1-s . live .
  8. Web site: AstraZeneca) Labelling Exemption 2021 . Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) . 21 June 2022 . 9 April 2023 . 19 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230319233647/https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/publication/publications/therapeutic-goods-poisons-standard-covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca-labelling-exemption-2021 . live .
  9. News: 12 March 2021 . Brazil grants full approval to Oxford vaccine, orders Sputnik . France 24 . Agence France-Presse . Brasilia . 13 March 2021 . 16 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210316224708/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210312-brazil-grants-full-approval-to-oxford-vaccine-orders-sputnik . live .
  10. News: Anvisa aprova registro da vacina da Fiocruz/AstraZeneca e de medicamento contra o coronavírus . Anvisa approves registration of Fiocruz/AstraZeneca vaccine and drug against the coronavirus . Portuguese . 20 November 2021 . Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency . Federal government of Brazil . 20 November 2021 . 20 November 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211120231136/https://www.gov.br/anvisa/pt-br/assuntos/noticias-anvisa/2021/anvisa-aprova-registro-da-vacina-da-fiocruz-astrazeneca-e-de-medicamento-contra-o-coronavirus . live .
  11. Web site: Regulatory Decision Summary - Vaxzevria . . 26 November 2021 . 26 November 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211126070038/https://covid-vaccine.canada.ca/info/regulatory-decision-summary-detail.html?linkID=RDS00889 . live .
  12. Web site: Regulatory Decision Summary – AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine . . 26 February 2021 . 26 February 2021 . 11 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210311100702/https://covid-vaccine.canada.ca/info/regulatory-decision-summary-detailTwo.html?linkID=RDS00772 . live .
  13. Web site: AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine monograph . AstraZeneca . 26 February 2021 . 5 March 2021 . 30 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210330225455/https://www.azcovid-19.com/content/dam/azcovid/pdf/canada/ca-pm-azd1222-en.pdf . live .
  14. Web site: Summary Basis of Decision (SBD) for Vaxzevria . . 23 October 2014 . 29 May 2022 . 29 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220529183602/https://hpr-rps.hres.ca/reg-content/summary-basis-decision-detailTwo.php?linkID=SBD00519&lang=en . live .
  15. Web site: Vaxzevria (ChAdOx1-S [recombinant]) ]. . 26 February 2021 . 31 May 2022 . 1 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220601034706/https://covid-vaccine.canada.ca/vaxzevria/product-details . live .
  16. Web site: Covishield (ChAdOx1-S [recombinant]) ]. COVID-19 vaccines and treatments portal . 26 February 2021 . 31 May 2022 . 1 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220601042012/https://covid-vaccine.canada.ca/covishield/product-details . live .
  17. Web site: Vaxzevria, suspension for injection, COVID 19 Vaccine (ChAdOx1 S [recombinant]) - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) ]. (emc) . 1 July 2022 . 1 July 2022 . 1 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220701224405/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/13709/smpc . live .
  18. Web site: Information for Healthcare Professionals on COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca . Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) . 30 December 2020 . 4 January 2021 . 9 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210309021747/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/regulatory-approval-of-covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca/information-for-healthcare-professionals-on-covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca . live .
  19. Web site: Conditions of Authorisation for COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca . Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) . 30 December 2020 . 4 January 2021 . 18 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210218150944/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/regulatory-approval-of-covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca/conditions-of-authorisation-for-covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca . live .
  20. Web site: COVID-19 vaccines: authorised . European Medicines Agency (EMA) . 11 January 2021 . 31 October 2022 . 29 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220629165226/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory/overview/public-health-threats/coronavirus-disease-covid-19/treatments-vaccines/vaccines-covid-19/covid-19-vaccines-authorised . live .
  21. Web site: Vaxzevria (previously COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca) EPAR . European Medicines Agency (EMA) . 25 January 2021 . 27 March 2021 . 21 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210421004427/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/vaxzevria-previously-covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca . live . Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
  22. European Commission authorises third safe and effective vaccine against COVID-19 . . 29 January 2021 . 10 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210210101544/https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_306 . live .
  23. Web site: 아스트라제네카社 코로나19 백신 품목허가 . AstraZeneca's Corona 19 vaccine product license . 식품의약품안전처 . 10 February 2021 . ko . 10 February 2021 . 10 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210210051532/https://www.mfds.go.kr/brd/m_99/view.do?seq=45044&srchFr=&srchTo=&srchWord=&srchTp=0&itm_seq_1=0&itm_seq_2=0&multi_itm_seq=0&company_cd=&company_nm=&Data_stts_gubun=C1009&page=1 . live .
  24. Web site: AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine (AZD1222). AstraZeneca. 27 January 2021. 7 March 2021. 27 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210127150708/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/slides-2021-01/02-COVID-Villafana.pdf. live.
  25. AstraZeneca and Oxford University announce landmark agreement for COVID-19 vaccine . AstraZeneca . 30 April 2020 . 13 January 2021 . 16 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201116155658/https://www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/press-releases/2020/astrazeneca-and-oxford-university-announce-landmark-agreement-for-covid-19-vaccine.html . live .
  26. Web site: COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca . Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) . 16 February 2021 . 16 February 2021 . 18 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210318065117/https://www.tga.gov.au/apm-summary/covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca . live .
  27. First COVID-19 variant vaccine AZD2816 Phase II/III trial participants vaccinated . 24 July 2021 . AstraZeneca . 27 June 2021 . 27 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210627132306/https://www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/press-releases/2021/first-covid-19-variant-vaccine-azd2816-phase-ii-iii-trial-participants-vaccinated.html . live .
  28. News: 4 March 2021. Covishield and Covaxin: What we know about India's Covid-19 vaccines. BBC News. 8 March 2021. 7 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210307222320/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55748124. live.
  29. Web site: 30 March 2021. AstraZeneca vaccine renamed 'Vaxzevria'. 6 April 2021. The Brussels Times. 31 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210331165438/https://www.brusselstimes.com/news/eu-affairs/162559/astrazeneca-vaccine-now-renamed-as-vaxzevria-ema-european-eu-uk-swedish-lakemedelsverket/. live.
  30. Web site: Investigating a Vaccine Against COVID-19 . . . Registry . NCT04400838 . 26 May 2020 . 14 July 2020 . 11 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084750/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04400838/ . live .
  31. Web site: A Phase 2/3 study to determine the efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of the candidate Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) vaccine ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 . EU Clinical Trials Register . European Union . Registry . EudraCT 2020-001228-32 . 21 April 2020 . 3 August 2020 . 5 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201005201654/https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2020-001228-32/GB . live .
  32. A Phase III study to investigate a vaccine against COVID-19 . ISRCTN . Registry . ISRCTN89951424 . 10.1186/ISRCTN89951424 . May 2020 . O'Reilly P . free. doi .
  33. Voysey M, Clemens SA, Madhi SA, Weckx LY, Folegatti PM, Aley PK, Angus B, Baillie VL, Barnabas SL, Bhorat QE, Bibi S, Briner C, Cicconi P, Collins AM, Colin-Jones R, Cutland CL, Darton TC, Dheda K, Duncan CJ, Emary KR, Ewer KJ, Fairlie L, Faust SN, Feng S, Ferreira DM, Finn A, Goodman AL, Green CM, Green CA, Heath PT, Hill C, Hill H, Hirsch I, Hodgson SH, Izu A, Jackson S, Jenkin D, Joe CC, Kerridge S, Koen A, Kwatra G, Lazarus R, Lawrie AM, Lelliott A, Libri V, Lillie PJ, Mallory R, Mendes AV, Milan EP, Minassian AM, McGregor A, Morrison H, Mujadidi YF, Nana A, O'Reilly PJ, Padayachee SD, Pittella A, Plested E, Pollock KM, Ramasamy MN, Rhead S, Schwarzbold AV, Singh N, Smith A, Song R, Snape MD, Sprinz E, Sutherland RK, Tarrant R, Thomson EC, Török ME, Toshner M, Turner DP, Vekemans J, Villafana TL, Watson ME, Williams CJ, Douglas AD, Hill AV, Lambe T, Gilbert SC, Pollard AJ . Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK . Lancet . 397 . 10269 . 99–111 . January 2021 . 33306989 . 7723445 . 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32661-1 . 0140-6736 .
  34. Web site: Coronavirus Vaccine : Summary of Yellow Card reporting . It is known from the clinical trials that the more common side effects for both vaccines can occur at a rate of more than one in 10 doses (for example, local reactions or symptoms resembling transient flu-like symptoms) . 16 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210316203656/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/968411/Coronavirus_vaccine_-_summary_of_Yellow_Card_reporting_28.02.21.pdf . live .
  35. AstraZeneca's COVID-19 vaccine: benefits and risks in context. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 23 April 2021. 23 April 2021. 23 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210423135312/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/astrazenecas-covid-19-vaccine-benefits-risks-context. live.
  36. AstraZeneca's COVID-19 vaccine: EMA finds possible link to very rare cases of unusual blood clots with low platelets. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 7 April 2021. 9 April 2021. 20 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210520113049/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/astrazenecas-covid-19-vaccine-ema-finds-possible-link-very-rare-cases-unusual-blood-clots-low-blood. live. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
  37. News: Covid-19: Oxford-AstraZeneca coronavirus vaccine approved for use in UK . BBC News Online . 30 December 2020 . 30 December 2020 . 30 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201230070334/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-55280671 . live .
  38. Second COVID-19 vaccine authorised by medicines regulator . GOV.UK . 30 December 2020 . 6 March 2021 . 15 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210315133825/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/second-covid-19-vaccine-authorised-by-medicines-regulator . live .
  39. News: Covid: Brian Pinker, 82, first to get Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine . BBC News Online . 4 January 2021 . 4 January 2021 . 18 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210418153403/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-55525542 . live .
  40. Web site: Vaccines undergoing evaluation. 20 July 2021. Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 30 July 2021. 26 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220126022755/https://www.tga.gov.au/covid-19-vaccines-undergoing-evaluation. live. AstraZeneca Pty Ltd, ChAdOx1-S [recombinant], Viral vector -- Provisional determination notice -- Provisionally approved on 15 February 2021
  41. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Vaccines. 6 March 2021. World Health Organization (WHO). 18 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201218172257/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-%28covid-19%29-vaccines?adgroupsurvey=%7Badgroupsurvey%7D&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIq5CLkoTY7QIVREiRBR1LBAMgEAAYASAAEgIObPD_BwE. live.
  42. Web site: AstraZeneca withdraws Covid-19 vaccine, citing low demand . . 9 May 2024.
  43. Web site: 8 April 2021. Spain, Belgium and Italy restrict AstraZeneca Covid vaccine to older people. 11 April 2021. The Guardian. 9 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210409214804/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/apr/08/spain-belgium-and-italy-restrict-astrazeneca-covid-vaccine-to-older-people. live.
  44. Web site: Vaxzevria (previously COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca) European Medicines Agency . 2024-05-08 . www.ema.europa.eu.
  45. Web site: 2024-05-07 . AstraZeneca to withdraw COVID-19 vaccine globally, Telegraph reports . Reuters.
  46. Guidance . Interim recommendations for use of the ChAdOx1-S [recombinant] vaccine against COVID-19 (AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine AZD1222, SII Covishield, SK Bioscience) ]. WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_recommendation/AZD1222/2021.2 . World Health Organization . 21 April 2021 . 12 February 2021 . 8 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210308120516/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-vaccines-SAGE_recommendation-AZD1222-2021.1 . live .
  47. 10 August 2021 . Interim statement on COVID-19 vaccine booster doses . World Health Organization . 26 August 2021 . 27 November 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211127012658/https://www.who.int/news/item/10-08-2021-interim-statement-on-covid-19-vaccine-booster-doses . live .
  48. Krause P, Fleming TR, Longini I, Henao-Restrepo AM, Peto R, Dean NE, Halloran ME, Huang Y, Fleming TR, Gilbert PB, DeGruttola V . 12 September 2020 . COVID-19 vaccine trials should seek worthwhile efficacy . The Lancet . 396 . 10253 . 741–743 . 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31821-3 . 0140-6736 . 32861315 . 7832749 . WHO recommends that successful vaccines should show an estimated risk reduction of at least one-half, with sufficient precision to conclude that the true vaccine efficacy is greater than 30%. This means that the 95% CI for the trial result should exclude efficacy less than 30%. Current US Food and Drug Administration guidance includes this lower limit of 30% as a criterion for vaccine licensure..
  49. Khoury DS, Cromer D, Reynaldi A, Schlub TE, Wheatley AK, Juno JA, Subbarao K, Kent SJ, Triccas JA, Davenport MP . May 2021 . Neutralizing antibody levels are highly predictive of immune protection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection . Nature Medicine . 27 . 7 . 1205–1211 . 10.1038/s41591-021-01377-8 . 1546-170X . 34002089 . 234769053 . free .
  50. Situation report . Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 - 14 December 2021 . World Health Organization . 14 December 2021 . 17 December 2021 . 11 . This test-negative case-control study conducted in the United Kingdom found evidence that two doses of AstraZeneca-Vaxzevria was not effective at preventing symptomatic disease due to Omicron, at ≥15 weeks after the second dose. . 16 December 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211216101132/https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---14-december-2021 . live .
  51. COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report, week 51 . GOV-10820 . UK Health Security Agency . 23 December 2021 . PDF . 24 December 2021 . 13 . Vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic disease by period after dose 2 and dose 3 ... In all periods, effectiveness was lower for Omicron compared to Delta. Among those who received an AstraZeneca primary course, vaccine effectiveness was around 60% 2 to 4 weeks after either a Pfizer or Moderna booster, then dropped to 35% with a Pfizer booster and 45% with a Moderna booster by 10 weeks after the booster. . 23 December 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211223163928/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1043608/Vaccine_surveillance_report_-_week_51.pdf . live .
  52. Web site: Update on Omicron . World Health Organization. 28 November 2021. 30 November 2021. 30 November 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211130170020/https://www.who.int/news/item/28-11-2021-update-on-omicron. live.
  53. Ferguson N, Ghani A, Hinsley W, Volz E . WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Modelling, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis . Hospitalisation risk for Omicron cases in England . Report 50 . Imperial College London . 22 December 2021 . 10.25561/93035 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211223040712/https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/medicine/mrc-gida/2021-12-22-COVID19-Report-50.pdf . 23 December 2021 . live . This showed an apparent difference between those who received AstraZenca (AZ) vaccine versus Pfizer or Moderna (PF/MD) for their primary series ... In broad terms, our estimates suggest that individuals who have received at least 2 vaccine doses remain substantially protected against hospitalisation, even if protection against infection has been largely lost against the Omicron variant.
  54. Vaxzevria: EMA advises against use in people with history of capillary leak syndrome . European Medicines Agency . 11 June 2021 . 11 June 2021 . 11 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210611123114/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/vaxzevria-ema-advises-against-use-people-history-capillary-leak-syndrome . live .
  55. Cines DB, Bussel JB . SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia . The New England Journal of Medicine . 384 . 23 . 2254–2256 . June 2021 . 33861524 . 8063912 . 10.1056/NEJMe2106315 . free .
  56. Lai CC, Ko WC, Chen CJ, Chen PY, Huang YC, Lee PI, Hsueh PR . COVID-19 vaccines and thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome . Expert Review of Vaccines . 20 . 8 . 1027–1035 . August 2021 . 34176415 . 10.1080/14760584.2021.1949294 . Taylor and Francis Group . 235661210.
  57. Greinacher A, Thiele T, Warkentin TE, Weisser K, Kyrle PA, Eichinger S . Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 Vaccination . The New England Journal of Medicine . 384 . 22 . 2092–2101 . June 2021 . 33835769 . 8095372 . 10.1056/NEJMoa2104840 . free .
  58. News: Public Health Agency of Canada . Use of AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine in younger adults . 4 October 2021 . Government of Canada . 29 March 2021 . Utilisation du vaccin AstraZeneca contre la COVID-19 chez les jeunes adultes . 11 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211011194633/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/news/2021/03/use-of-astrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine.html . live .
  59. Smadja DM, Yue QY, Chocron R, Sanchez O, Lillo-Le Louet A . Vaccination against COVID-19: insight from arterial and venous thrombosis occurrence using data from VigiBase . The European Respiratory Journal . 58 . 1 . July 2021 . 33863748 . 8051185 . 10.1183/13993003.00956-2021 . free .
  60. Web site: 29 March 2021. COVID-19 vaccine safety update Vaxzevria. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 12 April 2021. 13 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210413095054/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/covid-19-vaccine-safety-update/covid-19-vaccine-safety-update-vaxzevria-previously-covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca-29-march-2021_en.pdf. live.
  61. Web site: 11 May 2021. COVID-19 vaccine safety update Vaxzevria. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 15 May 2021. 26 July 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210726010845/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/covid-19-vaccine-safety-update/covid-19-vaccine-safety-update-vaxzevria-previously-covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca-11-may-2021_en.pdf. live.
  62. Web site: Vaxzevria: COVID-19 vaccine safety update . European Medicines Agency (EMA) . 14 July 2021 . 23 July 2021 . 20 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210720010215/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/covid-19-vaccine-safety-update/covid-19-vaccine-safety-update-vaxzevria-previously-covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca-14-july-2021_en.pdf . live .
  63. Arashkia A, Jalilvand S, Mohajel N, Afchangi A, Azadmanesh K, Salehi-Vaziri M, Fazlalipour M, Pouriayevali MH, Jalali T, Mousavi Nasab SD, Roohvand F, Shoja Z . Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 spike (S) protein based vaccine candidates: State of the art and future prospects . Reviews in Medical Virology . e2183 . October 2020 . 31 . 3 . 33594794 . 7646037 . 10.1002/rmv.2183 .
  64. Watanabe Y, Mendonça L, Allen ER, Howe A, Lee M, Allen JD, Chawla H, Pulido D, Donnellan F, Davies H, Ulaszewska M, Belij-Rammerstorfer S, Morris S, Krebs AS, Dejnirattisai W, Mongkolsapaya J, Supasa P, Screaton GR, Green CM, Lambe T, Zhang P, Gilbert SC, Crispin M . Native-like SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein expressed by ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222 vaccine . bioRxiv . 2021.01.15.426463 . January 2021 . 33501433 . 7836103 . 10.1101/2021.01.15.426463 .
  65. He TC, Zhou S, da Costa LT, Yu J, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B . A simplified system for generating recombinant adenoviruses . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 95 . 5 . 2509–14 . March 1998 . 9482916 . 19394 . 10.1073/pnas.95.5.2509 . 1998PNAS...95.2509H . free .
  66. Thomas P, Smart TG . HEK293 cell line: a vehicle for the expression of recombinant proteins . J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods . 51 . 3 . 187–200 . 2005 . 15862464 . 10.1016/j.vascn.2004.08.014.
  67. Kovesdi I, Hedley SJ . Adenoviral producer cells . Viruses . 2 . 8 . 1681–703 . August 2010 . 21994701 . 3185730 . 10.3390/v2081681 . free .
  68. Dicks MD et al. . A novel chimpanzee adenovirus vector with low human seroprevalence: improved systems for vector derivation and comparative immunogenicity. . PLOS ONE . 2012 . 7 . 7 . e40385 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0040385 . 22808149 . 3396660. 2012PLoSO...740385D . free .
  69. Book: COVID-19 vaccines . Drug Levels and Effects . National Library of Medicine (US) . Bethesda (MD) . 2006 . 33355732 . 15 October 2021 . 30 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210630022547/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565969/ . live .
  70. Mishra SK, Tripathi T . One year update on the COVID-19 pandemic: Where are we now? . Acta Tropica . Elsevier BV . 214 . 2021 . 0001-706X . 33253656 . 7695590 . 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105778 . 105778.
  71. Wang H, Yang P, Liu K, Guo F, Zhang Y, Zhang G, Jiang C . SARS coronavirus entry into host cells through a novel clathrin- and caveolae-independent endocytic pathway . Cell Research . 18 . 2 . 290–301 . February 2008 . 18227861 . 7091891 . 10.1038/cr.2008.15 .
  72. AZD1222 vaccine met primary efficacy endpoint in preventing COVID-19. Press Release. AstraZeneca. 23 November 2020. 5 January 2021. 8 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210208133623/https://www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/press-releases/2020/azd1222hlr.html. live.
  73. Web site: There are no foetal cells in the AstraZeneca Covid-19 vaccine . fullfact.org . 26 November 2020 . 21 September 2021 . 8 September 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210908115433/https://fullfact.org/online/foetal-cells-covid-vaccine/ . live .
  74. Web site: Belluz J. 23 November 2020. Why the AstraZeneca-Oxford Covid-19 vaccine is different. 26 November 2020. Vox. 29 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210129080053/https://www.vox.com/21590994/oxford-vaccine-results-covid-19-astrazeneca-trial-pfizer-moderna. live.
  75. News: A European Official Reveals a Secret: The U.S. Is Paying More for Coronavirus Vaccines. Stevis-Gridneff M, Sanger-Katz M, Weiland N. The New York Times. 18 December 2020. 19 December 2020. 28 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210328072519/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/18/upshot/coronavirus-vaccines-prices-europe-united-states.html. live.
  76. News: Where is the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine made?. 27 March 2021. BBC News. 20 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210420212637/https://www.bbc.com/news/56483766. live.
  77. Web site: Delivering COVID-19 vaccine part 2. 27 March 2021. 31 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210331192023/https://www.astrazeneca.com/what-science-can-do/topics/technologies/pushing-boundaries-to-deliver-covid-19-vaccine-accross-the-globe.html. live.
  78. News: Increase in vaccine manufacturing capacity and supply for COVID-19 vaccines from AstraZeneca, BioNTech/Pfizer and Moderna. 27 March 2021. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 26 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210326205225/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/increase-vaccine-manufacturing-capacity-supply-covid-19-vaccines-astrazeneca-biontechpfizer-moderna. live.
  79. Web site: 23 November 2020. The Backstory: Vaccitech and its role in co-inventing the Oxford COVID-19 vaccine. 25 March 2021. Oxford Sciences Innovation. 1 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210501164556/https://www.oxfordsciencesinnovation.com/news/the-backstory-vaccitech-and-its-role-in-co-inventing-the-oxford-covid-19-vaccine/. live.
  80. Web site: 7 February 2020. Oxford team to begin novel coronavirus vaccine research. 28 November 2020. University of Oxford. 28 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201128201553/https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2020-02-07-oxford-team-begin-novel-coronavirus-vaccine-research. live.
  81. Web site: COVID-19 Oxford Vaccine Trial. COVID-19 Oxford Vaccine Trial. 11 April 2020. 28 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201128201533/https://covid19vaccinetrial.co.uk/. live.
  82. Web site: Oxford team to begin novel coronavirus vaccine research. 7 February 2020 . 2 January 2021. University of Oxford. 28 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201128201553/https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2020-02-07-oxford-team-begin-novel-coronavirus-vaccine-research. live.
  83. News: Covid Vaccine Front-Runner Is Months Ahead of Her Competition . 15 July 2020 . Bloomberg Businessweek . 10 February 2021 . 18 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210418054829/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-07-15/oxford-s-covid-19-vaccine-is-the-coronavirus-front-runner . live .
  84. News: Bill Gates, the Virus and the Quest to Vaccinate the World . 23 November 2020 . The New York Times . 10 February 2021 . 20 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210420153808/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/23/world/bill-gates-vaccine-coronavirus.html . live .
  85. Web site: They Pledged to Donate Rights to Their COVID Vaccine, Then Sold Them to Pharma . Kaiser Health News . 25 August 2020 . 28 January 2021 . 7 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210207230036/https://khn.org/news/rather-than-give-away-its-covid-vaccine-oxford-makes-a-deal-with-drugmaker/ . live .
  86. News: The Oxford vaccine: the trials and tribulations of a world-saving jab . 26 June 2021 . The Guardian . 27 June 2021 . 27 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210627114711/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/26/the-oxford-vaccine-the-trials-and-tribulations-of-a-world-saving-jab . live .
  87. Web site: Strasburg J, Woo S . Oxford Developed Covid Vaccine, Then Scholars Clashed Over Money . 21 October 2020 . . 28 January 2021 . 7 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210207122223/https://www.wsj.com/articles/oxford-developed-covid-vaccine-then-scholars-clashed-over-money-11603300412 . live .
  88. Web site: Oxford Developed Covid Vaccine, Then Scholars Clashed Over Money. MSN. 13 March 2021. 27 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210127221529/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/oxford-developed-covid-vaccine-then-scholars-clashed-over-money/ar-BB1agoI3. live.
  89. Web site: Keown C. U.S. gives AstraZeneca $1.2 billion to fund Oxford University coronavirus vaccine — America would get 300 million doses beginning in October. 30 March 2021. MarketWatch. 26 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210126045250/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/us-gives-astrazeneca-12-billion-to-fund-oxford-university-coronavirus-vaccine-securing-300-million-doses-for-country-from-october-2020-05-21. live.
  90. Web site: Coleman J . 10 June 2020 . Final testing stage for potential coronavirus vaccine set to begin in July . 11 June 2020 . The Hill . 10 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210110124831/https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/501999-final-testing-stage-for-coronavirus-vaccine-could-begin-in-july-report . live .
  91. Web site: AstraZeneca takes next steps towards broad and equitable access to Oxford University's COVID-19 vaccine. 30 March 2021. www.astrazeneca.com. 16 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210416001246/https://www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/press-releases/2020/astrazeneca-takes-next-steps-towards-broad-and-equitable-access-to-oxford-universitys-covid-19-vaccine.html. live.
  92. Web site: Oxford University's COVID-19 vaccine: next steps towards broad and equitable global access. 30 March 2021. University of Oxford. 5 June 2020 . 21 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210321231524/https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2020-06-05-oxford-university-s-covid-19-vaccine-next-steps-towards-broad-and-equitable-global. live.
  93. News: Oxford/AstraZeneca Covid vaccine research 'was 97% publicly funded' . 14 August 2021 . The Guardian . 15 April 2021 . 14 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210814044336/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/apr/15/oxfordastrazeneca-covid-vaccine-research-was-97-publicly-funded . live .
  94. Web site: RTTNews . AZN, IQV Team Up To Accelerate COVID-19 Vaccine Work, RIGL's ITP Drug Repurposed, IMV On Watch . 15 July 2020 . 26 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210126192951/https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/azn-iqv-team-up-to-accelerate-covid-19-vaccine-work-rigls-itp-drug-repurposed-imv-on-watch . live .
  95. Web site: 30 August 2020 . Phase 3 Clinical Testing in the US of AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate Begins . 1 September 2020 . National Institutes of Health (NIH) . 2 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210402102203/https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/phase-3-clinical-testing-us-astrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine-candidate-begins . live .
  96. Web site: 8 September 2020 . AstraZeneca Covid-19 vaccine study is put on hold . 10 September 2020 . . 10 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200910001028/https://www.statnews.com/2020/09/08/astrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine-study-put-on-hold-due-to-suspected-adverse-reaction-in-participant-in-the-u-k/ . live .
  97. News: Wu KJ, Thomas K . 8 September 2020 . AstraZeneca Pauses Vaccine Trial for Safety Review . The New York Times . 10 September 2020 . 0362-4331 . 9 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200909014602/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/08/health/coronavirus-astrazeneca-vaccine-safety.html . live .
  98. News: Loftus P . 13 September 2020 . AstraZeneca Covid-19 Vaccine Trials Resume in U.K. . . 13 September 2020 . subscription . 20 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210220022004/https://www.wsj.com/articles/astrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine-trials-resume-in-the-u-k-11599922981 . live .
  99. News: Grady D, Wu KJ, LaFraniere S . 19 September 2020 . AstraZeneca, Under Fire for Vaccine Safety, Releases Trial Blueprints . The New York Times . 22 September 2020 . 0362-4331 . 18 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210318233334/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/19/health/astrazeneca-vaccine-safety-blueprints.html/ . live .
  100. Web site: 3 October 2020 . AstraZeneca resumes vaccine trial in talks with US . Japan Today . 26 November 2020 . 9 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210109102857/https://japantoday.com/category/national/update-1-astrazeneca-resumes-vaccine-trial-in-japan-in-talks-with-u.s. . live .
  101. FDA authorises restart of the COVID-19 AZD1222 vaccine US Phase III trial. 1 December 2020. AstraZeneca. 1 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201201004553/https://www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/press-releases/2020/fda-authorises-restart-of-the-covid-19-azd1222-vaccine-us-phase-iii-trial.html. live.
  102. News: 23 September 2020 . U.S. health secretary says AstraZeneca trial in United States remains on hold: CNBC . Reuters . 24 September 2020 . 24 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200924075116/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-astrazeneca-idUKKCN26E25Y . live .
  103. 28 June 2021 . Vaxzevria induced immunity for at least one year following a single dose and strong immune responses following either a late second dose or a third dose . AstraZeneca . 2 July 2021 . 30 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210630123307/https://www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/press-releases/2021/vaxzevria-induced-immunity-for-at-least-1-year-following-a-single-dose-and-strong-immune-responses-following-either-a-late-second-dose-or-a-third-dose.html . live .
  104. Oxford University breakthrough on global COVID-19 vaccine . University of Oxford . 23 November 2020 . 12 January 2021 . 23 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210323191545/https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2020-11-23-oxford-university-breakthrough-global-covid-19-vaccine . live .
  105. Callaway E . November 2020. Why Oxford's positive COVID vaccine results are puzzling scientists . Nature . 588. 7836. 16–18 . 10.1038/d41586-020-03326-w. 33230278. 2020Natur.588...16C. 227156970. doi .
  106. News: 27 November 2020 . Oxford/AstraZeneca Covid vaccine 'dose error' explained . BBC News . 27 November 2020 . 27 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201127000358/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-55086927 . live .
  107. News: Robbins R, Mueller B . 25 November 2020 . After Admitting Mistake, AstraZeneca Faces Difficult Questions About Its Vaccine . The New York Times . 27 November 2020 . 0362-4331 . 27 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210327063015/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/25/business/coronavirus-vaccine-astrazeneca-oxford.html . live .
  108. Web site: Boseley S . 26 November 2020 . Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine to undergo new global trial . 27 November 2020 . The Guardian . 26 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201126223306/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/26/scrutiny-grows-over-oxford-universityastrazeneca-vaccine . live .
  109. Voysey M, Clemens SA, Madhi SA, Weckx LY, Folegatti PM, Aley PK, Angus B, Baillie VL, Barnabas SL, Bhorat QE, Bibi S, Briner C, Cicconi P, Collins AM, Colin-Jones R, Cutland CL, Darton TC, Dheda K, Duncan CJ, Emary KR, Ewer KJ, Fairlie L, Faust SN, Feng S, Ferreira DM, Finn A, Goodman AL, Green CM, Green CA, Heath PT, Hill C, Hill H, Hirsch I, Hodgson SH, Izu A, Jackson S, Jenkin D, Joe CC, Kerridge S, Koen A, Kwatra G, Lazarus R, Lawrie AM, Lelliott A, Libri V, Lillie PJ, Mallory R, Mendes AV, Milan EP, Minassian AM, McGregor A, Morrison H, Mujadidi YF, Nana A, O'Reilly PJ, Padayachee SD, Pittella A, Plested E, Pollock KM, Ramasamy MN, Rhead S, Schwarzbold AV, Singh N, Smith A, Song R, Snape MD, Sprinz E, Sutherland RK, Tarrant R, Thomson EC, Török ME, Toshner M, Turner DP, Vekemans J, Villafana TL, Watson ME, Williams CJ, Douglas AD, Hill AV, Lambe T, Gilbert SC, Pollard AJ . Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK . Lancet . 397 . 10269 . 99–111 . January 2021 . 33306989 . 7723445 . 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32661-1. 0140-6736 . free . doi .
  110. Voysey M, Costa Clemens SA, Madhi SA, Weckx LY, Folegatti PM, Aley PK, Angus B, Baillie VL, Barnabas SL, Bhorat QE, Bibi S, Briner C, Cicconi P, Clutterbuck EA, Collins AM, Cutland CL, Darton TC, Dheda K, Dold C, Duncan CJ, Emary KR, Ewer KJ, Flaxman A, Fairlie L, Faust SN, Feng S, Ferreira DM, Finn A, Galiza E, Goodman AL, Green CM, Green CA, Greenland M, Hill C, Hill HC, Hirsch I, Izu A, Jenkin D, Joe CC, Kerridge S, Koen A, Kwatra G, Lazarus R, Libri V, Lillie PJ, Marchevsky NG, Marshall RP, Mendes AV, Milan EP, Minassian AM, McGregor A, Mujadidi YF, Nana A, Padayachee SD, Phillips DJ, Pittella A, Plested E, Pollock KM, Ramasamy MN, Ritchie AJ, Robinson H, Schwarzbold AV, Smith A, Song R, Snape MD, Sprinz E, Sutherland RK, Thomson EC, Török ME, Toshner M, Turner DP, Vekemans J, Villafana TL, White T, Williams CJ, Douglas AD, Hill AV, Lambe T, Gilbert SC, Pollard AJ . Single-dose administration and the influence of the timing of the booster dose on immunogenicity and efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine: a pooled analysis of four randomised trials . Lancet . 397. 10277. 881–891. February 2021 . 33617777 . 7894131 . 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00432-3 . free . doi .
  111. News: Smout A . Oxford COVID vaccine produces strong immune response from booster shot . 28 June 2021 . Reuters . 28 June 2021 . London . 28 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210628141935/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-vaccine-oxford-idUSKCN2E40ZV . live .
  112. Web site: AZD1222 US Phase III trial met primary efficacy endpoint in preventing COVID-19 at interim analysis. 23 March 2021. www.astrazeneca.com. 22 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210322233949/https://www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/press-releases/2021/astrazeneca-us-vaccine-trial-met-primary-endpoint.html. live.
  113. News: Robbins R, Kaplan S. 22 March 2021. AstraZeneca Vaccine Trial Results Are Questioned by U.S. Health Officials. The New York Times. 23 March 2021. 0362-4331. 22 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210322235814/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/03/22/world/covid-vaccine-coronavirus-cases. live.
  114. Web site: 23 March 2021. NIAID Statement on AstraZeneca Vaccine. 23 March 2021. National Institutes of Health (NIH). 23 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210323043642/https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/niaid-statement-astrazeneca-vaccine. live.
  115. Web site: AstraZeneca may have used 'outdated information' on vaccine . . 23 March 2021 . 23 March 2021 . 23 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210323112636/https://www.statnews.com/2021/03/23/astrazeneca-may-have-used-outdated-information-in-announcing-covid19-vaccine-results/ . live .
  116. Web site: Mishaps, miscommunications overshadow AstraZeneca's Covid vaccine . . 23 March 2021 . 23 March 2021 . 23 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210323175224/https://www.statnews.com/2021/03/23/mishaps-miscommunications-overshadowing-astrazenecas-covid-vaccine/ . live .
  117. Web site: Herper M . New AstraZeneca analysis confirms efficacy of its Covid-19 vaccine . . 25 March 2021 . 25 March 2021 . 25 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210325022616/https://www.statnews.com/2021/03/24/pushing-back-against-u-s-health-officials-astrazeneca-says-new-analysis-confirms-efficacy-of-its-covid-19-vaccine/ . live .
  118. News: AstraZeneca Covid-19 vaccine shows 74% efficacy in large US trial . 30 September 2021 . The Straits Times . 29 September 2021 . 30 September 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210930004222/https://www.straitstimes.com/world/united-states/astrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine-shows-74-efficacy-in-large-us-trial . live .
  119. Vasileiou E, Simpson CR, Shi T, Kerr S, Agrawal U, Akbari A, Bedston S, Beggs J, Bradley D, Chuter A, de Lusignan S, Docherty AB, Ford D, Hobbs FR, Joy M, Katikireddi SV, Marple J, McCowan C, McGagh D, McMenamin J, Moore E, Murray JL, Pan J, Ritchie L, Shah SA, Stock S, Torabi F, Tsang RS, Wood R, Woolhouse M, Robertson C, Sheikh A. April 2021. Interim findings from first-dose mass COVID-19 vaccination roll-out and COVID-19 hospital admissions in Scotland: a national prospective cohort study. Lancet. 397. 10285. 1646–1657. 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00677-2. 8064669. 33901420. free. doi.
  120. News: University of Oxford to study nasal administration of COVID-19 vaccine . 21 May 2021 . University of Oxford . 25 March 2021 . 21 May 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210521150543/https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2021-03-25-university-oxford-study-nasal-administration-covid-19-vaccine . live .
  121. A Study of Intranasal ChAdOx1 nCOV-19 . clinicaltrials.gov . United States National Library of Medicine . NCT04816019 . 25 March 2021 . 21 May 2021 . 21 May 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210521150548/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04816019 . live .
  122. Web site: 27 October 2020. Government asks regulator to approve supply of Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine. 28 November 2020. Government of the United Kingdom. 8 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210208195258/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-asks-regulator-to-approve-supply-of-oxfordastrazeneca-vaccine. live.
  123. Web site: Oxford University/AstraZeneca vaccine authorised by UK medicines regulator . Government of the United Kingdom . 30 December 2020 . 30 December 2020 . 16 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210316110433/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/oxford-universityastrazeneca-vaccine-authorised-by-uk-medicines-regulator . live .
  124. News: 12 January 2021. EMA receives application for conditional marketing authorisation of COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 12 January 2021. 30 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210330170415/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/ema-receives-application-conditional-marketing-authorisation-covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca. live.
  125. EMA recommends COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca for authorisation in the EU . European Medicines Agency (EMA) . 29 January 2021 . 29 January 2021 . 9 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210209112216/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/ema-recommends-covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca-authorisation-eu . live .
  126. Web site: Vaxzevria Product information . Union Register of medicinal products . 18 February 2021 . 26 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210326062904/https://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/h1529.htm . live .
  127. Web site: Everything You Need to Know About the Oxford-AstraZeneca Vaccine. 23 January 2021. 28 January 2021. 29 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210129112403/https://hungarytoday.hu/oxford-astrazeneca-vaccine-hungary/. live.
  128. Web site: Nikkei staff writers. Coronavirus: Week of Jan. 24 to Jan. 30, Vietnam approves AstraZeneca vaccine. Nikkei Asia. 25 February 2021. 20 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210420163235/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Coronavirus/Coronavirus-Free-to-read/Coronavirus-Week-of-Jan.-24-to-Jan.-30-Vietnam-approves-AstraZeneca-vaccine. live.
  129. News: Laing A . Argentine regulator approves AstraZeneca/Oxford COVID-19 vaccine -AstraZeneca . Reuters . 30 December 2020 . 1 January 2021 . 4 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210204164357/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-argentina-astrazen/argentine-regulator-approves-astrazeneca-oxford-covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca-idUSKBN29421P . live .
  130. News: Oxford University-Astrazeneca vaccine: Bangladesh okays it for emergency use . 7 January 2021 . The Daily Star . 4 January 2021 . 27 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210127070923/https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/oxford-university-astrazeneca-vaccine-bangladesh-okays-it-emergency-use-2022381 . live .
  131. Web site: Sabóia G, Mazieiro G, de Andrade H, Adorno L. Anvisa aprova uso emergencial das vacinas CoronaVac e AstraZeneca no Brasil. Anvisa approves emergency use of the CoronaVac and AstraZeneca vaccines in Brazil. UOL. pt. 17 January 2021. 17 January 2021. 6 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210406075210/https://noticias.uol.com.br/saude/ultimas-noticias/redacao/2021/01/17/anvisa-aprova-pedido-de-vacina-do-butantan-e-da-fiocruz.htm. live.
  132. News: La República Dominicana aprueba la vacuna de AstraZeneca contra la covid-19 . The Dominican Republic approves the AstraZeneca vaccine against covid-19 . Agencia EFE . 31 December 2020 . es . 4 January 2021 . 24 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210124151722/https://www.efe.com/efe/america/sociedad/la-republica-dominicana-aprueba-vacuna-de-astrazeneca-contra-covid-19/20000013-4431079 . live .
  133. News: El Salvador greenlights AstraZeneca, Oxford University COVID-19 vaccine . Reuters . 30 December 2020 . 1 January 2021 . 24 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210124151720/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-el-salvador-vaccin/el-salvador-greenlights-astrazeneca-oxford-university-covid-19-vaccine-idINKBN2942HQ . live .
  134. News: Gaurav K . Govt's expert panel approves AstraZeneca/Oxford Covid-19 vaccine for emergency use . Hindustan Times . 1 January 2021 . 1 January 2021 . 1 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210101142337/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-drug-regulator-approves-astrazeneca-oxford-vaccine-sources/story-qtnJQQTBI5vR6QGrXdoBzN.html . live .
  135. News: Prusty N, Jamkhandikar S . India drug regulator approves AstraZeneca COVID vaccine, country's first – sources . Reuters . 1 January 2021 . 1 January 2021 . 1 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210101224840/https://in.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-india-vaccine-idINKBN296290 . live .
  136. News: Israel to offer AstraZeneca vaccines starting Thursday . live . 11 June 2022 . 11 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220611202214/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-to-offer-astrazeneca-vaccines-starting-thursday/ .
  137. Web site: Malaysia's NPRA Approves AstraZeneca, Sinovac Covid-19 Vaccines. CodeBlue. 2 March 2021. 2 March 2021. 17 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210317152926/https://codeblue.galencentre.org/2021/03/02/malaysias-npra-approves-astrazeneca-sinovac-covid-19-vaccines/. live.
  138. News: . Autorización Para Uso De Emergencia A Vacuna AstraZeneca COVID-19 . Authorization For Emergency Use Of AstraZeneca Covid-19 Vaccine . 7 January 2021 . gob.mx . es . 28 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210128231455/https://www.gob.mx/cofepris/articulos/autorizacion-para-uso-de-emergencia-a-vacuna-astrazeneca-covid-19 . live .
  139. News: Nepal approves AstraZeneca COVID vaccine for emergency use – government statement . Reuters . 15 January 2021 . 15 January 2021 . 21 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210121032646/https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-nepal/nepal-approves-astrazeneca-covid-vaccine-for-emergency-use-government-statement-idUSKBN29K140 . live .
  140. News: Shahzad A. 16 January 2021. Pakistan approves AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use. Reuters. 16 January 2021. 23 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210323215410/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-pakistan-astrazene-idUKKBN29L0DO. live.
  141. News: 28 January 2021 . Philippine regulator approves emergency use of AstraZeneca vaccine . Reuters . 28 January 2021 . 7 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210207113518/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-philippines-vaccin-idUSKBN29X0CY . live .
  142. Web site: 22 January 2021. Sri Lanka approves vaccine amid warnings of virus spread. 22 January 2021. AP NEWS. 29 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210129111234/https://apnews.com/article/sri-lanka-coronavirus-pandemic-340488c48ab372050825e70e057dd294. live.
  143. Web site: Taiwan grants emergency authorisation for AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine. 22 February 2021. MSN. 16 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210516112339/https://www.msn.com/en-xl/news/newsworld/taiwan-grants-emergency-authorisation-for-astrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine/ar-BB1dQvEk. live.
  144. News: Kim HJ. 10 February 2021. S. Korea approves AstraZeneca's COVID-19 vaccine for all adults. 10 February 2021. Yonhap News Agency. 13 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210213021354/https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20210210006351320. live.
  145. News: Maresca T. 10 February 2021. South Korea approves AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine. 10 February 2021. United Press International. 12 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210312024310/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2021/02/10/South-Korea-approves-AstraZeneca-COVID-19-vaccine/4231612945438/. live.
  146. News: AstraZeneca-Oxford vaccine can be used for people aged over 65 – WHO. 10 February 2021. 12 February 2021. RTÉ News and Current Affairs. 10 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210210181936/https://www.rte.ie/news/coronavirus/2021/0210/1196328-coronavirus-astrazeneca-vaccine-who/. live.
  147. Web site: COVID-19 vaccines and treatments portal: AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine (ChAdOx1-S [recombinant])]. 26 February 2021. Health Canada. 26 February 2021 . 23 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210323233851/https://covid-vaccine.canada.ca/astrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine/product-details. live.
  148. Web site: Latest – Oxford Covid-19 vaccine trial results – Wits University. 8 February 2021. wits.ac.za. 7 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210407122343/https://www.wits.ac.za/covid19/covid19-news/latest/oxford-covid-19-vaccine-trial-results.html. live.
  149. Web site: 7 February 2021. South Africa halts AstraZeneca vaccinations after data shows little protection against mutation. 8 February 2021. CNBC. 9 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210209024437/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/07/south-africa-halts-astrazeneca-vaccinations-.html. live.
  150. News: Covid: Boris Johnson 'very confident' in vaccines being used in UK. 8 February 2021. 9 February 2021. BBC News. 16 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210216120218/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-55983453. live.
  151. Web site: COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca: PRAC preliminary view suggests no specific issue with batch used in Austria | European Medicines Agency. 10 March 2021 . 11 March 2021. 13 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210413173559/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca-prac-preliminary-view-suggests-no-specific-issue-batch-used-austria. live.
  152. Web site: AIFA imposes ban of use of AstraZeneca batch. Investigations in progress in coordination with EMA. 11 March 2021. aifa.gov.it. 11 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210311133032/https://www.aifa.gov.it/-/aifa-dispone-divieto-di-utilizzo-di-un-lotto-astrazeneca-accertamenti-in-corso-in-coordinamento-con-ema. live.
  153. News: Noack R . Denmark and Norway suspend AstraZeneca covid vaccine over blood clot concerns, even as European regulator maintains it is safe . The Washington Post . 11 March 2021 . 11 March 2021 . 26 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210726010920/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/denmark-temporarily-suspends-astrazeneca-vaccine-even-as-european-regulator-maintains-it-is-safe/2021/03/11/d48662e8-8267-11eb-be22-32d331d87530_story.html . live .
  154. Web site: Gascón Barberá M. 12 March 2021. Bulgaria, Romania Order Halt to AstraZeneca Vaccines. 14 March 2021. BalkanInsight.com. Bucharest. 23 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210323113243/https://balkaninsight.com/2021/03/12/bulgaria-romania-order-halt-to-astrazeneca-vaccines/. live.
  155. News: Griffin C. 14 March 2021. AstraZeneca vaccinations suspended in Ireland from this morning. Irish Examiner. 14 March 2021. 17 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210317223638/https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-40243931.html. live.
  156. Web site: Breaking News: Spain Suspends ALL AstraZeneca Vaccines. Keane S. 15 March 2021. Euro Weekly News Spain. 15 March 2021. 16 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210316105412/https://www.euroweeklynews.com/2021/03/15/breaking-news-spain-suspends-all-astrazeneca-vaccines/. live.
  157. Web site: Major European nations suspend use of AstraZeneca vaccine. 15 March 2021. AP NEWS. 16 March 2021. 16 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210316152949/https://apnews.com/article/germany-suspends-astrazeneca-vaccine-blood-clotting-0ab2c4fe13370c96c873e896387eb92f. live.
  158. News: 15 March 2021. Covid-19: Netherlands suspends use of AstraZeneca vaccine. BBC News. 16 March 2021. 15 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210415190414/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56397157. live.
  159. Web site: Slovenija zaustavlja cepljenje s cepivom AstraZeneca. Slovenia stops vaccination with AstraZeneca. 16 March 2021. RTVSLO.si. sl. 19 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210319120930/https://www.rtvslo.si/enostavno/slovenija/slovenija-zaustavlja-cepljenje-s-cepivom-astrazeneca/573157. live.
  160. AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine: review of very rare cases unusual blood clots continues. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 31 March 2021. 9 April 2021. 9 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210409051108/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/astrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine-review-very-rare-cases-unusual-blood-clots-continues. live.
  161. Web site: 2 April 2021. Netherlands pauses AstraZeneca vaccine rollout for people under 60. 4 April 2021. The Independent. 3 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210403031758/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/health/astrazeneca-vaccine-netherlands-europe-b1826127.html. live.
  162. Web site: FHIs anbefaling om Astra Zeneca. 12 May 2021. Folkehelseinstituttet. 15 April 2021 . no. 12 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210512023537/https://www.fhi.no/nyheter/2021/astrazeneca-vaksinen-tas-ut-av-koronavaksinasjonsprogrammet-i-norge/. live.
  163. Web site: Olsson SV. 15 April 2021. Regjeringen utsetter AstraZeneca-avgjørelse. 12 May 2021. NRK. nb-NO. 15 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210415152537/https://www.nrk.no/norge/regjeringen-utsetter-astrazeneca-avgjorelse-1.15457709. live.
  164. Web site: Disagreement halts decision on vaccine. 12 May 2021. www.newsinenglish.no. 15 April 2021 . 12 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210512170540/https://www.newsinenglish.no/2021/04/15/disagreement-halts-decision-on-vaccine/. live.
  165. Web site: Krantz A. 10 May 2021. Ekspertutvalgets dom over vaksinene fra AstraZeneca og Janssen. 12 May 2021. NRK. nb-NO. 11 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210511063629/https://www.nrk.no/norge/ekspertutvalgets-dom-over-vaksinene-fra-astrazeneca-og-janssen-1.15490210. live.
  166. Web site: Thommessen JK. 12 May 2021. Regjeringen vaksinerer de yngste tidligere. 12 May 2021. NRK. nb-NO. 12 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210512160925/https://www.nrk.no/norge/regjeringen-vaksinerer-de-yngste-tidligere-1.15494522. live.
  167. Web site: 12 May 2021. AstraZeneca-vaksinen tas ut av koronavaksinasjons-programmet . The AstraZeneca vaccine is removed from the coronary vaccination program . 12 May 2021. Regjeringen. no. 12 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210512161553/https://www.regjeringen.no/no/aktuelt/astrazeneca-vaksinen-tas-ut-av-koronavaksinasjonsprogrammet/id2849494/. live.
  168. Web site: 30 March 2021. Germany restricts use of AstraZeneca vaccine to over 60s in most cases. 30 March 2021. Deutsche Welle. 9 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210409103949/https://www.dw.com/en/germany-restricts-use-of-astrazeneca-vaccine-to-over-60s-in-most-cases/a-57049301. live.
  169. Web site: Denmark continues its vaccine rollout without the COVID-19 vaccine from AstraZeneca . Danish Health Authority . 14 April 2021 . 31 July 2021 . That is why it is important to emphasise that it is still an approved vaccine. . 31 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210731185815/https://www.sst.dk/en/english/news/2021/denmark-continues-its-vaccine-rollout-without-the-covid-19-vaccine-from-astrazeneca . live .
  170. Web site: AstraZeneca vaccine droppes i Danmark - TV 2. 14 April 2021. 14 April 2021. 14 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210414104924/https://nyheder.tv2.dk/samfund/2021-04-14-tv-2-erfarer-astrazeneca-vaccine-droppes-helt. live.
  171. News: 14 April 2021. Denmark says it's permanently stopping use of the AstraZeneca vaccine. The New York Times. 16 April 2021. 15 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210415204725/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/14/world/europe/denmark-astrazeneca-vaccine.html. live.
  172. News: 14 April 2021. AstraZeneca vaccine: Denmark stops rollout completely. BBC News. 14 April 2021. 14 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210414124601/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56744474. live.
  173. Petersen MB, Jørgensen F, Lindholt MF . Did the European suspension of the AstraZeneca vaccine decrease vaccine acceptance during the COVID-19 pandemic? . Vaccine . 40 . 4 . 558–561 . January 2022 . 34952752 . 8693776 . 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.12.026 . 245355865 .
  174. Web site: COVID-19 vaccine doses administered by manufacturer . Our World in Data . 26 December 2022 . 26 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221226161955/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/covid-vaccine-doses-by-manufacturer . live .
  175. Web site: 29 March 2021. NACI to recommend halting AstraZeneca vaccine for those under 55: source. live. 29 March 2021. CTV News. 29 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210329200540/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/naci-to-recommend-halting-astrazeneca-vaccine-for-those-under-55-source-1.5366808.
  176. Web site: 29 March 2021. P.E.I. suspends use of AstraZeneca vaccine for those younger than 55. live. 29 March 2021. CTV News Atlantic. 9 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210409155305/https://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/p-e-i-suspends-use-of-astrazeneca-vaccine-for-those-younger-than-55-1.5366557.
  177. Web site: Miller A. 29 March 2021. Why Canada is suspending use of AstraZeneca vaccine in people under 55. live. 7 April 2021. CBC News. 6 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210406183713/https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/canada-suspends-astrazeneca-vaccine-covid-19-1.5968657.
  178. Web site: 17 April 2021. Alberta confirms 1st case of rare blood clot after AstraZeneca vaccine. live. 18 April 2021. CBC News. 17 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210417220018/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/astrazeneca-first-blood-clot-alberta-1.5991997.
  179. Web site: Franklin M. 17 April 2021. Alberta doctors find 2nd case of blood clot linked to AstraZeneca vaccine in Canada. live. 18 April 2021. CTV News Calgary. en. 17 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210417230851/https://calgary.ctvnews.ca/alberta-doctors-find-2nd-case-of-blood-clot-linked-to-astrazeneca-vaccine-in-canada-1.5391531.
  180. Web site: 20 April 2021. N.B. reports first case of blood-clotting from AstraZeneca vaccine; no new cases of COVID-19. 21 April 2021. Atlantic. en. 20 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210420230903/https://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/n-b-reports-first-case-of-blood-clotting-from-astrazeneca-vaccine-no-new-cases-of-covid-19-1.5394915. live.
  181. News: 20 April 2021. B.C., Alberta, Manitoba and Ontario lower age limits for AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine. The Globe & Mail. 21 April 2021. 20 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210420212549/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-four-provinces-lower-age-limits-for-astrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine/. live.
  182. Web site: 20 April 2021. The AstraZeneca vaccine is now available to Quebecers age 45 and up. live. 21 April 2021. CTV News Montreal. en. 21 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210421131703/https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/the-astrazeneca-vaccine-is-now-available-to-quebecers-age-45-and-up-1.5394863.
  183. Web site: 20 April 2021. Sask. lowers AstraZeneca age to 40; includes teachers, correctional officers in COVID-19 vaccine priority. live. 21 April 2021. CTV News Regina. en. 20 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210420210404/https://regina.ctvnews.ca/sask-lowers-astrazeneca-age-to-40-includes-teachers-correctional-officers-in-covid-19-vaccine-priority-1.5395208.
  184. Web site: 14 April 2021. Health Canada provides update on safety review of AstraZeneca and COVISHIELD COVID-19 vaccines. live. 18 April 2021. Health Canada. 18 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210418210207/https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/news/2021/04/health-canada-provides-update-on-safety-review-of-astrazeneca-and-covishield-covid-19-vaccines.html.
  185. Web site: Aiello R. 23 April 2021. Canadians aged 30 and older can be offered AstraZeneca vaccine, national vaccine panel says. live. 23 April 2021. CTV News. en. 23 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210423185845/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/canadians-aged-30-and-older-can-be-offered-astrazeneca-vaccine-national-vaccine-panel-says-1.5399901.
  186. Web site: Aiello R. 12 May 2021. PM Trudeau says he plans to take second AstraZeneca shot, if it's available. live. 13 May 2021. CTV News. en. 13 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210513001854/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/pm-trudeau-says-he-plans-to-take-second-astrazeneca-shot-if-it-s-available-1.5425100.
  187. Web site: Thompson N. 12 May 2021. More provinces are limiting the use of the AstraZeneca vaccine. live. 13 May 2021. Canadian Press. en. 13 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210513001856/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/more-provinces-are-limiting-the-use-of-the-astrazeneca-vaccine-1.5424950.
  188. Web site: 11 May 2021. Ontario will no longer give AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine as 1st dose due to blood clot risk. live. 12 May 2021. CBC. en. 12 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210512003840/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ontario-update-astrazeneca-vaccine-1.6022545.
  189. Web site: NACI recommends mixing AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Moderna COVID-19 vaccines. 27 July 2021. Global News. en-US. 27 July 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210727210953/https://globalnews.ca/news/7910457/mixing-matching-covid-vaccines-naci/. live.
  190. Web site: Kompas Cyber Media. 15 March 2021. Menkes: RI Tunda Penggunaan Vaksin Covid-19 AstraZeneca. Minister of Health: RI Delays Use of AstraZeneca Covid-19 Vaccine. 16 March 2021. id. 16 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210316062943/https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2021/03/15/17393151/menkes-ri-tunda-penggunaan-vaksin-covid-19-astrazeneca. live.
  191. News: Indonesia to resume use of AstraZeneca coronavirus vaccine . 19 March 2021 . Reuters . https://web.archive.org/web/20210323093834/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-indonesia-idUSKBN2BB0LY . 23 March 2021 . dead . 30 April 2021 .
  192. News: Hitch G . AstraZeneca COVID vaccine use recommended for over 60s only following ATAGI meeting . www.abc.net.au . . 17 June 2021 . en-AU . 17 June 2021 . 17 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210617044719/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-06-17/atagi-to-change-astrazeneca-age-rules-covid-vaccine/100222464 . live .
  193. News: Tan V . AstraZeneca removed from Malaysia's mainstream COVID-19 immunisation programme due to public concerns: Khairy . 28 April 2021 . . 28 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210428112534/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/malaysia-covid-19-astrazeneca-removed-vaccination-programme-14710010 . 28 April 2021. live.
  194. News: Timbuong J . All 268,800 AstraZeneca vaccination slots taken up in three and a half hours . 17 May 2021 . . 2 May 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210517122404/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/05/02/all-260000-astrazeneca-vaccination-slots-taken-up-in-three-and-a-half-hours . 17 May 2021 . live .
  195. Web site: ((COVID-19 Immunisation Action Body (CITF))) . 26 May 2021. AstraZeneca 2.0 COVID-19 Vaccine Appointment Booking on May 26, 2021. live. 27 May 2021. The Special Committee for Ensuring Access to COVID-19 Vaccine Supply (JKJAV). 26 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210526141015/https://www.vaksincovid.gov.my/upload/media/SIARAN_AKHBAR_CITF-TEMPAHAN_JANJI_TEMU_VAKSIN_ASTRAZENECA_2.0.pdf.
  196. News: Govt will help those suffering side effects from Covid-19 vaccines, says Health Minister . 27 May 2024 . . 10 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240512021155/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2024/05/10/govt-will-help-those-suffering-side-effects-from-covid-19-vaccines-says-health-minister . 12 May 2024. live.
  197. News: Jia Wen . Ho . AEFI report on AstraZeneca vaccine out this week . 27 May 2024 . . 13 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240516115658/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2024/05/13/aefi-report-on-astrazeneca-vaccine-out-this-week . 16 May 2024. live.
  198. COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca: PRAC investigating cases of thromboembolic events – vaccine's benefits currently still outweigh risks – Update. European Medicines Agency. 11 March 2021. 14 March 2021. 20 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210420203555/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca-prac-investigating-cases-thromboembolic-events-vaccines-benefits. live.
  199. Web site: 15 March 2021. MHRA response to the precautionary suspensions of COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca. MHRA. 16 March 2021. 16 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210316082149/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/mhra-response-to-irish-authorities-action-to-temporarily-suspend-the-astrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine. live.
  200. Web site: 12 March 2021. WHO backs AstraZeneca COVID vaccine amid clotting concerns; green lights Johnson & Johnson shots. 16 March 2021. UN News. 10 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210410144912/https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/03/1087222. live.
  201. Web site: Update on the safety of COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca. www.astrazeneca.com. 15 March 2021. 15 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210315133050/https://www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/press-releases/2021/update-on-the-safety-of-covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca.html. live.
  202. Web site: Paul-Ehrlich-Institut – News – The Paul-Ehrlich-Institut informs – Temporary Suspension of Vaccination with COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca. 16 March 2021. www.pei.de. 20 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210420132915/https://www.pei.de/EN/newsroom/hp-news/2021/210315-pei-informs-temporary-suspension-vaccination-astra-zeneca.html. live.
  203. Web site: Paul-Ehrlich-Institut – Temporary suspension of COVID-19 vaccine AstraZeneca (PDF version). 17 March 2021. www.pei.de. 20 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210420180958/https://www.pei.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/newsroom-en/hp-news/faq-temporary-suspension-astrazeneca.pdf. live.
  204. Web site: WHO statement on AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine safety signals . World Health Organization (WHO) . 17 March 2021 . 17 March 2021 . 20 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210420102440/https://www.who.int/news/item/17-03-2021-who-statement-on-astrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine-safety-signals . live .
  205. COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca: benefits still outweigh the risks despite possible link to rare blood clots with low blood platelets. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 18 March 2021. 18 March 2021. 20 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210420083152/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca-benefits-still-outweigh-risks-despite-possible-link-rare-blood-clots. live.
  206. COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca – Update on ongoing evaluation of blood clot cases . European Medicines Agency (EMA) . 25 March 2021 . 25 March 2021 . 13 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210413235604/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca-update-ongoing-evaluation-blood-clot-cases . live .
  207. Web site: Annex 1: Summary of Product Characteristics. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 29 March 2021. 28 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210328160324/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/product-information/vaxzevria-previously-covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca-epar-product-information_en.pdf. live.
  208. Web site: COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca: Risk of thrombocytopenia and coagulation disorders . European Medicines Agency (EMA) . 24 March 2021 . 25 March 2021 . 26 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210726010830/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/dhpc/vaxzevria-previously-covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca-risk-thrombocytopenia-coagulation-disorders . live .
  209. Mahase E . March 2021. Covid-19: AstraZeneca vaccine is not linked to increased risk of blood clots, finds European Medicine Agency. BMJ. 372. n774. 10.1136/bmj.n774. 1756-1833. 33741638. 232271255. free . doi.
  210. News: 18 March 2021. EU regulator declares AstraZeneca vaccine safe, but experts fear damage has been done. CNN. 19 March 2021. Picheta R. 20 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210420010620/https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/18/europe/ema-astrazeneca-vaccine-blood-clots-decision-intl/index.html. live.
  211. News: 19 March 2021. EU Resets Vaccine Drive After Chaos That May Undermine Trust. Bloomberg.com. 22 March 2021. 22 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210322095435/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03-19/eu-seeks-to-reset-vaccine-drive-after-reversing-astrazeneca-ban. live.
  212. Web site: AstraZeneca: France, UK prime ministers receive vaccine. 19 March 2021. 22 March 2021. Deutsche Welle. 18 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210418044856/https://www.dw.com/en/astrazeneca-france-uk-prime-ministers-receive-vaccine/a-56924555. live.
  213. Web site: Vaxzevria (previously COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca): link between the vaccine and occurrence of thrombosis in combination with thrombocytopenia . European Medicines Agency (EMA) . 13 April 2021 . 13 April 2021 . 13 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210413162525/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/dhpc/vaxzevria-previously-covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca-link-between-vaccine-occurrence-thrombosis . live .
  214. Emary KR, Golubchik T, Aley PK, Ariani CV, Angus B, Bibi S, Blane B, Bonsall D, Cicconi P, Charlton S, Clutterbuck EA, Collins AM, Cox T, Darton TC, Dold C, Douglas AD, Duncan CJ, Ewer KJ, Flaxman AL, Faust SN, Ferreira DM, Feng S, Finn A, Folegatti PM, Fuskova M, Galiza E, Goodman AL, Green CM, Green CA, Greenland M, Hallis B, Heath PT, Hay J, Hill HC, Jenkin D, Kerridge S, Lazarus R, Libri V, Lillie PJ, Ludden C, Marchevsky NG, Minassian AM, McGregor AC, Mujadidi YF, Phillips DJ, Plested E, Pollock KM, Robinson H, Smith A, Song R, Snape MD, Sutherland RK, Thomson EC, Toshner M, Turner DP, Vekemans J, Villafana TL, Williams CJ, Hill AV, Lambe T, Gilbert SC, Voysey M, Ramasamy MN, Pollard AJ . Efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern 202012/01 (B.1.1.7): an exploratory analysis of a randomised controlled trial . Lancet . 397 . 10282 . 1351–1362 . April 2021 . 33798499 . 8009612 . 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00628-0 . free . doi.
  215. News: Laguipo AB . 31 March 2021 . Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine effective against B.1.1.7 SARS-CoV-2 variant . 4 April 2021 . News Medical . 1 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210401152634/https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210331/Oxford-AstraZeneca-vaccine-effective-against-B117-SARS-CoV-2-variant.aspx . live .
  216. Wise J . Covid-19: The E484K mutation and the risks it poses . BMJ . 372 . n359 . February 2021 . 33547053 . 10.1136/bmj.n359 . free .
  217. Web site: Ellyatt H. 8 February 2021. AstraZeneca races to adapt Covid vaccine as South Africa suspends rollout. 8 February 2021. CNBC. 2 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210302154710/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/08/astrazeneca-races-to-adapt-covid-vaccine-as-south-africa-halts-rollout.html. live.
  218. News: Triggle N. 8 February 2021. 9 February 2021. Covid: Are fears over Oxford-AstraZeneca jab justified?. BBC News Online. 9 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210209022307/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-55921815. live.
  219. Phase II/III Study of AZD2816, for the Prevention of COVID-19 in Adults (AZD2816). clinicaltrials.gov. 15 September 2021. 8 October 2021. 8 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211008111631/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04973449. live.
  220. Web site: AstraZeneca to supply Thailand with an additional 60 million COVID-19 vaccine doses in 2022. astrazeneca.com. 8 October 2021. 8 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211008103014/https://www.astrazeneca.com/country-sites/thailand/press-release/astrazeneca-to-supply-thailand-with-an-additional-60-million-cov.html. live.
  221. Study in Adults to Determine the Safety and Immunogenicity of AZD1222, a Non-replicating ChAdOx1 Vector Vaccine, Given in Combination With rAd26-S, Recombinant Adenovirus Type 26 Component of Gam-COVID-Vac Vaccine, for the Prevention of COVID-19 . ClinicalTrials.gov . United States National Library of Medicine . NCT04686773 . 29 December 2020 . 26 June 2021 . 11 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210611125810/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04686773 . live .
  222. News: Angela Merkel receives Moderna dose after first AstraZeneca shot . 28 June 2021 . Al Jazeera . 22 June 2021 . 28 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210628234106/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/22/angela-merkel-moderna-after-first-astrazeneca-vaccine . live .
  223. Ledford H . 18 February 2021 . Could mixing COVID vaccines boost immune response? . Nature . 590 . 7846 . 375–376 . 10.1038/d41586-021-00315-5 . 33547431 . 2021Natur.590..375L . 231946137 . 0028-0836 . 28 June 2021 . 6 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210706045643/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00315-5 . live .
  224. News: Sample I, Grover N . Mixing Covid vaccines offers stong immune protection . 28 June 2021 . The Guardian . 28 June 2021 . 28 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210628115520/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/28/astrazeneca-vaccine-protection-uncompromised-by-gap-over-12-weeks-study . live .
  225. Schmidt T, Klemis V, Schub D, Mihm J, Hielscher F, Marx S, Abu-Omar A, Ziegler L, Guckelmus C, Urschel R, Schneitler S . 26 July 2021 . Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of heterologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/mRNA vaccination . Nature Medicine . 27 . 9 . 1530–1535 . 10.1038/s41591-021-01464-w. 34312554 . 8440177 . 1546-170X. free .
  226. Wise J . Covid-19: How AstraZeneca lost the vaccine PR war . BMJ . 373 . n921 . April 2021 . 33853827 . 10.1136/bmj.n921 . 233224029 . doi . free .
  227. Web site: Vaccine 'Fiasco' Damages Europe's Credibility. 2 April 2021. The New York Times. 8 October 2021. 8 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211008204537/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/02/world/europe/europe-coronavirus-vaccine.html. live.
  228. News: Bird S . The vindication of AstraZeneca: A vaccine trashed by Macron, politicised by Europe but quietly saving lives across the world. https://web.archive.org/web/20211008205302/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/07/31/vindication-astrazeneca-vaccine-trashed-macron-politicised-europe/ . 8 October 2021 . live . 31 July 2021. The Telegraph. 8 October 2021.
  229. Boytchev H . Why did a German newspaper insist the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine was inefficacious for older people-without evidence? . BMJ . 372 . n414 . February 2021 . 33579678 . 10.1136/bmj.n414 . British Medical Journal . 231884653 . free .
  230. News: Jack S. 30 March 2021. AstraZeneca vaccine – was it really worth it?. BBC News. 1 April 2021. 1 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210401052628/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-56570364. live.
  231. Web site: Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 – 9 April 2021. World Health Organization (WHO). 12 April 2021. 11 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210411151038/https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-9-april-2021. live.
  232. Web site: COVID-19 vaccines safety update . 3 August 2022 . 3 August 2022 . 3 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220803225933/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/covid-19-vaccine-safety-update/covid-19-vaccines-safety-update-14-july-2022_en.pdf . live . Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
  233. Baraniuk C . Covid-19: How the UK vaccine rollout delivered success, so far . BMJ . 372 . n421 . February 2021 . 33602672 . 10.1136/bmj.n421 . doi . free .
  234. Web site: AstraZeneca signed up to deliver U.K. shots first. Now it aims to supply COVID-19 vaccine worldwide: report. 30 March 2021. FiercePharma. 19 May 2020. 22 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210422232707/https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/after-signing-up-to-deliver-u-k-shots-first-astrazeneca-talks-to-supply-covid-19-vaccines. live.
  235. News: Kirkpatrick DD. 21 May 2020. $1.2 Billion From U.S. to Drugmaker to Pursue Coronavirus Vaccine. The New York Times. 30 March 2021. 0362-4331. 26 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210326071922/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/21/health/coronavirus-vaccine-astrazeneca.html. live.
  236. So AD, Woo J . Reserving coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines for global access: cross sectional analysis . BMJ . 371 . m4750 . December 2020 . 33323376 . 7735431 . 10.1136/bmj.m4750 . free . cited 4 June 2020 . Agreements with CEPI and Gavi and the Serum Institute of India will bring vaccine to low and middle-income countries and beyond . . 5 January 2021 . 16 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210416001246/https://www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/press-releases/2020/astrazeneca-takes-next-steps-towards-broad-and-equitable-access-to-oxford-universitys-covid-19-vaccine.html . live .
  237. cited 29 September 2020. New collaboration makes further 100 million doses of COVID-19 vaccine available to low- and middle- income countries. GAVI. 5 January 2021. 4 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210104235137/https://www.gavi.org/news/media-room/new-collaboration-makes-further-100-million-doses-covid-19-vaccine-available-low. live.
  238. Web site: 22 June 2020. Egypt signs deal to receive Oxford University's COVID-19 vaccine. 30 March 2021. EgyptToday. 1 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210501085625/https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/88839/Egypt-signs-deal-to-receive-Oxford-University-s-COVID-19. live.
  239. Web site: AstraZeneca to supply Japan with 120m COVID-19 vaccine doses. 30 March 2021. Nikkei Asia. 27 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210327233913/https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Pharmaceuticals/AstraZeneca-to-supply-Japan-with-120m-COVID-19-vaccine-doses. live.
  240. Web site: AstraZeneca Covid-19 vaccine deal signed by Australia. 30 March 2021. www.pharmaceutical-technology.com. 19 August 2020. 9 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210409134349/https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/news/australia-astrazeneca-vaccine/. live.
  241. Web site: 13 June 2020. Covid-19: France, Italy, Germany and Netherlands sign vaccine deal for Europe. 15 June 2020. France 24. 20 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210420062337/https://www.france24.com/en/20200613-covid-19-france-italy-germany-and-netherlands-sign-vaccine-deal. live.
  242. Web site: AstraZeneca agrees to supply Europe with 400 mil doses of COVID-19 vaccine. 15 June 2020. Japan Today. 15 June 2020 . 10 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210110025239/https://japantoday.com/category/features/health/update-4-astrazeneca-agrees-to-supply-europe-with-400-mln-doses-of-covid-19-vaccine. live.
  243. Web site: Calatayud A. AstraZeneca to supply Europe with Covid-19 vaccine. 15 June 2020. MarketWatch. 26 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210126190955/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/astrazeneca-to-supply-europe-with-covid-19-vaccine-2020-06-15. live.
  244. Web site: Coronavirus: the Commission signs first contract with AstraZeneca. live. 11 April 2021. European Commission. 25 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200825095835/https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en.
  245. Web site: With no successful vaccine candidates yet, Canada signs deal to secure 20M more COVID-19 vaccine doses . CBC News . 25 September 2020 . 24 December 2020 . 20 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210320133526/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid19-briefing-trudeau-tam-1.5738503 . live .
  246. Health Canada begins first authorization review of a COVID-19 vaccine submission. Health Canada. 2 October 2020. 30 December 2020. 30 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210330170414/https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/news/2020/10/health-canada-begins-first-authorization-review-of-a-covid-19-vaccine-submission.html. live.
  247. Web site: Swiss sign next vaccine agreement with AstraZeneca. 16 October 2020. SWI swissinfo.ch. 16 October 2020 . 11 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210111000919/https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss-sign-next-vaccine-agreement-with-astrazeneca/46101078. live.
  248. Web site: COVID-19 vaccine: Swiss federal government signs agreement with AstraZeneca. 16 October 2020. admin.ch. 26 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210126215134/https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/documentation/media-releases.msg-id-80732.html. live.
  249. Web site: Dhaka to have 330 vaccination points. The Daily Star. 18 January 2021. 25 January 2021. 28 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210128032500/https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/dhaka-have-330-vaccination-points-2029465. live.
  250. News: เรื่องน่ารู้ของวัคซีนโควิด-19 ที่ไทยสั่งซื้อ . 5 January 2021 . BBC ไทย . th . COVID-19: Progress of the Thai Vaccine Purchased from AstraZeneca . 7 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210107155404/https://www.bbc.com/thai/thailand-55102801 . live .
  251. News: Philippines, AstraZeneca Sign Deal for 2.6 Million Doses . 27 November 2020 . Bloomberg . 9 February 2021 .
  252. News: Korea signs agreement with AstraZeneca for COVID vaccine . 30 November 2020 . The Korea Times . 30 January 2021 . 17 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210217113612/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/tech/2020/12/693_300153.html . live .
  253. News: Felix J . SA will get 1million doses of Covid-19 vaccine from India this month . 7 January 2021 . News24.com . 7 January 2021 . 26 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210126012833/https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/breaking-sa-will-get-1-million-doses-of-covid-19-vaccine-from-india-this-month-20210107 . live .
  254. News: 5 June 2020. AstraZeneca to begin making vaccine. BBC News Online. 1 July 2020. 2 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200702235128/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52917118. live.
  255. News: Mystery of UK's vaccine contract with AstraZeneca revealed. live. 29 March 2021. 18 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210318165714/https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/europe/mystery-of-uk-s-vaccine-contract-with-astrazeneca-revealed-1.1168584.
  256. News: 21 May 2020. U.S. to Invest $1.2 Billion to Secure Potential Coronavirus Vaccine From AstraZeneca, Oxford University. The Wall Street Journal. subscription. 6 August 2020. Roland D. 4 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210404122745/https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-to-invest-1-2-billion-to-secure-potential-coronavirus-vaccine-from-astrazeneca-oxford-university-11590063053. live.
  257. News: AstraZeneca set to start making 400 million COVID-19 vaccines for Latam early in 2021. Reuters. 17 January 2021. 9 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210409093902/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-latam-vaccine/astrazeneca-set-to-start-making-400-million-covid-19-vaccines-for-latam-early-in-2021-idUSKCN2591Y1. live.
  258. Web site: AstraZeneca, Emergent BioSolutions sign $87M deal to produce U.S. supply of COVID-19 vaccine. 12 June 2020. FiercePharma. 11 June 2020. 18 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210218063419/https://www.fiercepharma.com/manufacturing/astrazeneca-emergent-biosolutions-sign-87m-deal-to-produce-u-s-supply-covid-vaccine. live.
  259. Web site: AstraZeneca taps Catalent for COVID-19 vaccine finishing, packaging at Italian plant. 16 June 2020. FiercePharma. 15 June 2020. 3 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210303190310/https://www.fiercepharma.com/manufacturing/astrazeneca-taps-catalent-for-covid-19-vaccine-finishing-packaging-at-italian-plant. live.
  260. News: Rajagopal D . AstraZeneca & Serum Institute of India sign licensing deal for 1 billion doses of Oxford vaccine . The Economic Times . 4 June 2020 . 11 December 2020 . 22 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210222214731/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/astrazeneca-serum-institute-of-india-sign-licensing-deal-for-1-billion-doses-of-oxford-vaccine/articleshow/76202016.cms . live .
  261. News: Kumar M . Covid-19 vaccine: Serum Institute signs up for 100 million doses of vaccines for India, low and middle-income countries . The Financial Express . 7 August 2020 . 11 December 2020 . 2 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210202001740/https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/covid-19-vaccine-serum-institute-signs-up-for-100-million-doses-of-vaccines-for-india-low-and-middle-income-countries/2047884/ . live .
  262. Web site: Peston R. 26 January 2021. What is the dispute between the EU and AstraZeneca over Covid jabs?. 27 January 2021. ITV News. 15 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210215120812/https://www.itv.com/news/2021-01-26/covid-vaccine-what-is-the-dispute-between-the-eu-and-astrazeneca. live.
  263. Web site: Another Fine Mess — The EU's Vaccine (Mis)management. 11 February 2021. 21 March 2021. www.nationalreview.com. 27 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210327202339/https://www.nationalreview.com/2021/02/another-fine-mess-the-eus-vaccine-mismanagement/. live.
  264. Web site: How Europe fell behind on vaccines. Polico. 27 January 2021. 21 March 2021. 18 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210418023751/https://www.politico.eu/article/europe-coronavirus-vaccine-struggle-pfizer-biontech-astrazeneca/. live.
  265. Web site: COVID: Bangladesh faces vaccine shortage as India halts exports. Deutsche Welle. 14 April 2021. 21 April 2021. 20 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210420194147/https://www.dw.com/en/bangladesh-india-coronavirus-vaccine/a-57200281. live.
  266. Web site: Bangladesh's Covid-19 vaccine stock to run out in one month. Dhaka Tribune. 17 April 2021. 21 April 2021. 21 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210421080200/https://www.dhakatribune.com/health/coronavirus/2021/04/17/bangladesh-s-covid-19-vaccine-stock-to-run-out-in-one-month. live.
  267. Web site: Experts Views: Can we administer different vaccine for 2nd dose? . The Daily Star . 3 May 2021 . 7 May 2021 . 3 May 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210503091751/https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/experts-views-can-we-administer-different-vaccine-2nd-dose-2087197 . live .
  268. Web site: Russia has proposed manufacturing its Covid-19 vaccine in Bangladesh: Momen. The Daily Star. 20 April 2021. 21 April 2021. 21 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210421080208/https://www.thedailystar.net/coronavirus-deadly-new-threat/news/russia-has-proposed-manufacturing-its-covid-19-vaccine-bangladesh-momen-2080705. live.
  269. News: ทำความรู้จัก ออกซ์ฟอร์ด-แอสทราเซเนกา วัคซีนที่ไทยเลือก . 5 January 2021 . มติชนออนไลน์ . 2 January 2021 . th . 18 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210418005111/https://www.matichon.co.th/article/news_2509958 . live .
  270. News: ครม.ไฟเขียวงบซื้อวัคซีนโควิดเพิ่ม35ล้านโดส ฉีดให้คนไทย66ล้าน . 5 January 2021 . โพสต์ทูเดย์ . th . 28 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210128052943/https://www.posttoday.com/politic/news/642002 . live .
  271. News: ข่าวดี ไทยเริ่มผลิตวัคซีน 'โควิด-19' ในประเทศ รอบที่ 2 แล้ว . 3 January 2021 . ไทยรัฐออนไลน์ . 9 February 2021 . 7 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210107072032/https://www.thairath.co.th/news/local/2005712 . live .
  272. News: สธ. แจง AstraZeneca เป็นผู้คัดเลือก Siam Bioscience ผลิตวัคซีนราคาทุน ขายถูกสุดในตลาด โต้ธนาธร ไม่ได้แทงม้าตัวเดียว . 19 January 2021 . The Standard . 9 February 2021 . 7 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210207033044/https://thestandard.co/mof-reveals-astrazeneca-choose-siam-bioscience/ . live .
  273. Web site: 23 November 2020 . ข่าวดี! ไทยจองซื้อวัคซีนโควิด-19 แอสตราเซเนกา "ราคาต้นทุน" . hfocus.org . https://web.archive.org/web/20201123105230/https://www.hfocus.org/content/2020/11/20493 . 23 November 2020 . live . th .
  274. News: วัคซีนโควิด: แอสตร้าเซเนก้าชี้แจงเหตุผลเลือกสยามไบโอไซเอนซ์เป็นผู้ผลิต . 26 January 2021 . BBC News ไทย . 9 February 2021 . 10 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210210090941/https://www.bbc.com/thai/thailand-55810764 . live .
  275. News: โควิด-19: ทำไมรัฐบาลเลือก สยามไบโอไซเอนซ์ ผลิตวัคซีนเพื่อคนไทยและเพื่อนบ้าน . 15 January 2021 . BBC News ไทย . 9 February 2021 . 16 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210216101357/https://www.bbc.com/thai/thailand-55672015 . live .
  276. News: AstraZeneca vaccine approved, 50,000 doses due in February . 21 January 2021 . . 10 February 2021 . 26 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210726010924/https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2054799/astrazeneca-vaccine-approved-50-000-doses-due-in-february . live .
  277. News: FDA approves AstraZeneca . 22 January 2021 . . 10 February 2021 . 21 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210421043642/https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2054847/fda-approves-astrazeneca . live .
  278. News: นายกฯ สำนึกในพระมหากรุณาธิคุณ ร.10 ทรงให้ "สยามไบโอไซเอนซ์" รองรับวัคซีนโควิด-19 . 5 January 2021 . BBC ไทย . 27 November 2020 . th . 6 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210306222948/https://www.bbc.com/thai/55097716 . live .
  279. News: 35m more shots to be bought in 2021 . 5 January 2021 . Bangkok Post . 10 February 2021 . 21 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210421043705/https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2046003/35m-more-shots-to-be-bought-in-2021 . live .
  280. News: Over 200 firms to ink deal for more COVID vaccines with gov't, AstraZeneca . 11 January 2021 . Philippine Daily Inquirer . 9 February 2021 . 20 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210120100221/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1382075/over-200-firms-to-ink-covid-vaccine-deal-with-govt-astrazeneca . live .
  281. News: Shin H. 3 December 2020. South Korea reaches deal to buy AstraZeneca's COVID-19 vaccine candidate: media. Reuters. 5 January 2021. 30 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210130224712/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-southkorea-vaccine-idUSKBN28D0KI. live.
  282. News: Cha S. 4 January 2021. S.Korea reviews AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, expands ban on gatherings. Reuters. 5 January 2021. 25 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210125121721/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-southkorea-astraze-idUSKBN2990GM. live.
  283. News: Kim YC. 30 November 2020. Korea signs agreement with AstraZeneca for COVID vaccine. The Korea Times. 30 January 2021. 17 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210217113612/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/tech/2020/12/693_300153.html. live.
  284. Web site: South Africa sells AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines to other African countries . Reuters . 21 March 2021 . 23 March 2021 . 11 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210411234308/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-safrica-vaccine-idUSKBN2BD0K4 . live .
  285. Web site: South Africa gets rid of 1 million AstraZeneca vaccine doses, but why? . RFI . 22 March 2021 . 23 March 2021 . 4 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210404164620/https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20210322-south-africa-gets-rid-of-1-million-surplus-astrazeneca-vaccines-but-why . live .
  286. News: Agencies. 22 January 2021. Covid: Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine delivery to EU to be cut by 60%. 23 January 2021. The Guardian. limited. 12 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210412132235/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/22/covid-oxfordastrazeneca-vaccine-delivery-to-eu-to-be-cut-by-60. live.
  287. Web site: 26 January 2021. Pascal Soriot: "There are a lot of emotions on vaccines in EU. But it's complicated". 27 January 2021. la Repubblica. it. 15 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210415205315/https://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2021/01/26/news/interview_pascal_soriot_ceo_astrazeneca_coronavirus_covid_vaccines-284349628/. live.
  288. News: Boseley S. 26 January 2021. Why has AstraZeneca reduced promised vaccine supply to EU and is UK affected?. The Guardian. 27 January 2021. 8 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210408071411/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/26/why-has-astrazeneca-cut-vaccines-to-eu-and-will-it-impact-uk-. live.
  289. Web site: EU tightens vaccine export rules, creates post-Brexit outcry . . 30 January 2021 . 30 January 2021 . 10 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210310053539/https://apnews.com/article/europe-health-coronavirus-pandemic-19edc409c6f6a1bd31b69f58f5e1a0a6 . live .
  290. Web site: Ghana receives first historic shipment of COVID-19 vaccinations from international COVAX facility. 24 February 2021. UN News. 24 February 2021. 3 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210303233415/https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/02/1085572. live.
  291. News: Aronoff K . The Dark Side of Bill Gates's Climate Techno-Optimism . The New Republic . 3 March 2021 . limited . 20 April 2021 . 20 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210420171012/https://newrepublic.com/article/161533/bill-gates-climate-vaccines . live .
  292. Web site: The next Covid crisis: a vaccine apartheid endangering us all. 6 June 2021. The Bureau of Investigative Journalism. en. 6 June 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210606163615/https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/stories/2021-02-06/the-next-covid-crisis-a-vaccine-apartheid-endangering-us-all. live. "Unlike AstraZeneca, the Serum Institute has not promised to keep to cost price, and is charging India $3 per dose, South Africa and Brazil $5, and Uganda $7, where the EU only paid AstraZeneca $2."
  293. News: Grove J . Oxford Earns Windfall on COVID-19 Vaccine . 3 March 2023 . . . 3 February 2023 . en . 19 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230319030226/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2023/02/03/u-oxford-earns-windfall-covid-19-vaccine . live .
  294. Web site: AstraZeneca / Covishield COVID-19 vaccine: What you should know . . 26 February 2021 . 26 March 2021 . 20 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210420015052/https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/covid19-industry/drugs-vaccines-treatments/vaccines/astrazeneca.html . live .
  295. News: Triggle N, Roxby P . Covid: New Oxford vaccine 'ready by the autumn' to tackle mutations . BBC News . 3 February 2021 . 16 April 2021 . 25 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210425060145/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-55917793 . live .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.