| Ove Jørgensen | |
| Birth Date: | 5 September 1877 |
| Birth Place: | Copenhagen, Denmark |
| Father: | Sophus Mads Jørgensen |
| Death Place: | Freeport of Copenhagen |
| Burial Place: | Holmen Cemetery, Copenhagen |
| Education: | Danish: [[Metropolitanskolen]], Copenhagen |
| Alma Mater: | University of Copenhagen |
| Notable Works: | "The Appearances of the Gods in Books 9–12 of the Odyssey" (1904) |
| Discipline: | Classical scholarship |
| Sub Discipline: | Homeric poetry |
| Known For: | Jørgensen's law |
Ove Jørgensen (pronounced as /da/; 5 September 1877 – 31 October 1950) was a Danish scholar of classics, literature and ballet. He formulated Jørgensen's law, which describes the narrative conventions used in Homeric poetry when relating the actions of the gods.
The son of Sophus Mads Jørgensen, a professor of chemistry, Jørgensen was born and lived for most of his life in Copenhagen. He was educated at the prestigious Danish: [[Metropolitanskolen]] and at the University of Copenhagen, where he began his study of the Homeric poems. In 1904, following academic travels to Berlin, Athens and Constantinople, he published "The Appearances of the Gods in Books 912 of the Odyssey", an article in which he outlined the distinctions in the poem between how the actions of deities are described by mortal characters and by the narrator and gods. The observation of these distinctions became known as "Jørgensen's law".
Jørgensen gave up professional classical scholarship in 1905, following a dispute with other academics after he was passed over for an invitation to a newly formed learned society. He had intended to publish a monograph based on his 1904 article, but it never materialised. Instead, he devoted himself to teaching, both at schools and at the University of Copenhagen: among his students were the future poet Johannes Weltzer and Poul Hartling, later prime minister of Denmark. He maintained a lifelong friendship and correspondence with the composer Carl Nielsen and his wife, the sculptor Anne Marie Carl-Nielsen.
Jørgensen published on the works of Charles Dickens and was a recognised authority on ballet. His views on the latter were conservative and nationalistic, promoting what he saw as authentic, masculine Danish aesthetics – represented by the ballet master August Bournonville – against modernist, liberalising innovations from Europe and the United States. He wrote critically of the American dancers Isadora Duncan and Loïe Fuller, but was later an advocate of the Russian choreographer Michel Fokine.
Ove Jørgensen was born in Copenhagen on 5 September 1877. He was the son of Sophus Mads Jørgensen, a professor of chemistry at the University of Copenhagen, and his wife, Louise . He became a student at the prestigious Danish: [[Metropolitanskolen]] in 1895 and received his Master of Arts degree from Copenhagen in 1902, submitting a thesis in which he argued for the single authorship of the Homeric poems. His university teachers included the historian Johan Ludvig Heiberg and the philologist . The classical scholar Jørgen Mejer considers Jørgensen among the best classicists to have studied under them.
Following his graduation from Copenhagen, Jørgensen travelled to Berlin, where he spent the 19021903 academic year studying Homeric poetry under the philologists Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff and Hermann Alexander Diels. In a letter of November 1902 to Heiberg, Jørgensen called himself "Wilamowitz-intoxicated", having "almost daily" studied his writings over several years, though later the same month he described one of Wilamowitz's seminars as "a complete farce" and an exercise in "throwing a discus in [his] own glass house". In Berlin, he began the process of writing what became his 1904 article on the invocation of the gods in the Odyssey. He travelled to Athens in 1903 alongside his fellow student from Copenhagen, the future archaeologist, where Jørgensen met the composer Carl Nielsen and his wife, the sculptor Anne Marie Carl-Nielsen. He became a lifelong friend of both, and accompanied them on a sightseeing tour to Constantinople in May 1903: Carl Nielsen mentions him sixty-three times in his diary. Jørgensen subsequently travelled to Rome, where he cultivated an interest in Baroque art.
Jørgensen published "The Appearances of the Gods in Books 912 of the Odyssey", written in German, in the journal Hermes in 1904. In this article, Jørgensen observed that Homeric characters typically use generic terms, particularly ('a god'), (a) and (Zeus), to refer to the actions of gods, whereas the narrator and the gods themselves always name the specific gods responsible. This principle became known as Jørgensen's law, and the classicist Ruth Scodel described it in 1998 as the "standard analysis of ... the rules that govern human speech about the gods". Jørgensen began work on a book-length treatment of his ideas, but never published it. Later scholars nuanced the definition of Jørgensen's law: for instance, George Miller Calhoun observed in 1940 that the law does not apply to minor gods, nor when characters relate stories at second hand, nor when the deity involved is considered obvious because they are closely associated with the type of event that occurred.
In 1904, Jørgensen began to work as a teacher, taking a post at N. Zahle's School in Copenhagen, and another in 1905 at the in the same city. He rejected professional academia in 1905, following a dispute with other classical scholars over the founding of the Greek Society for Philhellenes, a Danish learned society founded by intellectuals including Heiberg, Harald Høffding and Georg Brandes. Although most members were qualified as doctors of philosophy, others – including Nielsen – were invited. Jørgensen was not, which he considered a snub, and he refused the offer of Drachmann to introduce him to the society.
Jørgensen continued to teach and publish upon the classical languages following his retreat from academic work. Among his students was the future prime minister of Denmark, Poul Hartling, who described Jørgensen as "the best teacher [he] ever had". Jørgensen taught an elementary Greek class for students of theology at the University of Copenhagen from 1915; Hartling studied there between 1932 and 1939. Jørgensen also taught the future poet Johannes Weltzer. Weltzer wrote in 1953 that his classes on Plato's Apologia, a philosophical work portraying the defence of Plato's teacher Socrates against charges of impiety, were "a matter of introducing [his students] into the Socratic way of life", and that he expected that few of those students would have forgotten them.Jørgensen's father, Sophus, died in 1914. In 1916, alongside the chemist S. P. L. Sørensen, Jørgensen completed and published Sophus's unfinished manuscript of Development History of the Chemical Concept of Acid until 1830. He maintained his friendship and correspondence with Carl Nielsen, with whom he discussed Shakespeare. In a letter of 1916, Nielsen confided in Jørgensen about his abortive efforts to write an opera based on The Tempest, as well as about the precarious state of his marriage. Jørgensen also corresponded with Anne Marie Carl-Nielsen: in 1922, she wrote to him that she had reconciled with Carl and determined to remain with him.
Jørgensen became an authority on ballet, writing a series of essays from 1905 in which he promoted what he saw as the traditional aesthetics of the Royal Danish Ballet. He asserted the importance of the Danish ballet master August Bournonville while criticising the innovations introduced into European dance by Isadora Duncan. Jørgensen called Duncan an "American dilettante", denigrated her as middle-aged and under-educated, and likened her dancing movements to those of a goose. He condemned the Art Nouveau and symbolism-influenced style of Loïe Fuller, another American who, like Duncan, performed in Denmark in 1905, calling it "quasi-philosophical experiments". In March 1905, he attended a lecture by, a philosopher and historian of art: Jørgensen described Wanscher's conception of the aesthetic perception of art as "a mental disorder".
The ballet scholar Karen Vedel has linked Jørgensen's opposition to Duncan, and the liberalising ideas of the Modern Breakthrough he felt she represented, to the ideology of the Danish national conservative movement. In particular, she draws attention to Jørgensen's promotion of what he saw as distinctively "Danish" ballet, and his characterisation of this as masculine and Dionysian, in contrast to his portrayal of Duncan's style as foreign, unartistic and iconoclastic. In 1905, Jørgensen wrote retrospectively in praise of the reforms introduced by when the latter took over the Royal Danish Ballet in 1894, by which Beck had insisted that male pupils adopt what he considered a more "manly" style of dance; Jørgensen considered that this movement reasserted what he considered to be the correct distinction between the "flaming power and appeal of the steel-strong male body" and the "more voluptuous and graceful suppleness of the female". Jørgensen's nationalistic ideas about ballet softened over time: in 1908, he gave a positive review of a performance of the Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova with dancers from the Mariinsky Theatre, while in 1918 he recommended that the Russian choreographer Michel Fokine be hired by the Royal Danish Theatre. In the same year, he defended Fokine against accusations that his artistic style was revolutionary in character and connected with Bolshevism.
Jørgensen's other scholarly interests included the English novelist Charles Dickens: Hartling later wrote that Jørgensen could easily have been a professor of his work. Jørgensen edited a 1930 Danish edition of Dickens's novel Great Expectations, to which he added an introductory essay. The literary scholar Jørgen Erik Nielsen later praised Jørgensen's essay as displaying an extensive knowledge both of Dickens and of related literature and criticism.
The writer and opera singer has identified Jørgensen, alongside figures such as Wanscher, the writer Sophus Claussen and the pianist, as part of "a new golden age in Danish spirituality". Frederik Poulsen, who knew Jørgensen in Copenhagen and Berlin and accompanied him to Athens, described him as "a quiet, reticent student" and a "remarkable man", whom he compared with Socrates. Vedel has named Jørgensen as an important cultural critic of his period.
Poul Hartling described Jørgensen as looking like "what a professor ... should look like according to the clichés: scruffy-stubble full beard, thin-rimmed glasses, knee flaps and button-downs". He portrayed Jørgensen's lessons as "steeped in humour", particularly Jørgensen's taste for acerbic, sarcastic comments at the expense of students who arrived late or whom he perceived to be slacking – which sometimes included Hartling.
Jørgensen never married. He maintained his respect for his former teacher Wilamowitz until the First World War, writing what Mejer has termed "a virtual eulogy" of him in a Danish newspaper when Wilamowitz lectured at the University of Copenhagen in 1910, though after the war he became, in Mejer's terms, "irreconcilably opposed to things and persons German". Jørgensen died in the Freeport of Copenhagen on 31 October 1950, and was buried in Holmen Cemetery.