| Ouvrage Bousse | |
| Partof: | Maginot Line |
| Location: | Northeast France |
| Coordinates: | 49.25°N 6.4333°W |
| Map Type: | France |
| Map Size: | 280 |
| Builder: | CORF |
| Materials: | Concrete, steel, deep excavation |
| Used: | Preserved |
| Open To Public: | Yes |
| Controlledby: | France |
| Battles: | Battle of France |
Ouvrage Bousse, also known as Ouvrage Bois de Bousse, is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line in the Fortified Sector of Boulay. The ouvrage is located between petit ouvrage Hobling and gros ouvrage Anzeling, near Hestroff in the Bois du Bousse, facing Germany. A small position, it was manned primarily by reservists. It is noted for the events of 15 June 1940, when it received orders to prepare for an evacuation as German forces advanced along the Line in the Battle of France. As the garrison prepared to abandon the position, sabotaging equipment, they destroyed their telephone connection, leaving them unable to receive the order countermanding the evacuation. The garrison was captured three days after leaving Bousse. Bousse is now managed as a museum and is open to public visitation.
Bousse was approved for construction by the Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées (CORF), the Maginot Line's design and construction agency, in 1930 and became operational by 1935,[1] at a cost of 23 million francs.[2] The contractor was Gianotti of Nice.[3] Bousse was sited to control the Thionville-Hargarten and Metz-Bouzonville railroad lines. A planned block to cover the railroad cutting just beyond Block 1 was never built. It would have functioned much like a casemate in a counterscarp had it been built, with the cutting standing in for a traditional outer ditch.[4]
Bousse is a petit ouvrage with three combat blocks and an entry block. The blocks are linked by an underground gallery with barracks and a utility area (usine).[5] The galleries are excavated at an average depth of up to 30m (100feet).[6]
A planned Block 4, equipped with an 81mm mortar turret, was not built.[5]
In addition to the connected combat blocks, a series of detached casemates and infantry shelters surround Bousse, including
In June 1940 the garrison comprised 144 men and 5 officers of the 162nd Fortress Infantry Regiment (RIF). The commanding officer was Captain Ramaud. The Casernement de Bockange provided peacetime above-ground barracks and support services to Bousse and other positions in the area.[5] [11] The units were under the umbrella of the 3rd Army, Army Group 2.[12]
See Fortified Sector of Boulay for a broader discussion of the Boulay sector of the Maginot Line.In June 1940, as German units bypassed Maginot fortifications to the east, French commanders ordered garrisons in the Boulay and Falquemont sectors to prepare for withdrawal to avoid their isolation by German units operating behind the lines. As it became clear that retreat was impractical, the orders were countermanded. A poorly understood telephone call from Ouvrage Anzeling on the 15th caused the reservists manning Bousse to evacuate the position between 1600 and 2100 hours. Before departing they sabotaged their equipment, including their telephone switchboard, preventing them from receiving the counter-order to remain in place. After three days' march, the garrison was captured at Pange near Metz on the 18th.[13] [14] [15] Block 2 was damaged by covering fire from its neighbor, ouvrage Aumetz, a unique occurrence.[16]
Bousse played no significant role in the Lorraine Campaign of 1944. After the Second World War it became part of the Mòle de Boulay, a strongpoint in the northeastern defenses against Soviet attack.[17] Bousse remained under Army control until after 1971, when it was declassified and sold.[18]
Ouvrage Bousse is under the care of a preservation society, the Association Fort aux Fresques, which organizes tours for the public. The association is named for the well-preserved frescos or wall paintings found within the ouvrage.[15]