Outline of anarchism explained

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to anarchism:

Anarchism  - political philosophy which holds the state to be undesirable, unnecessary and harmful,[1] [2] or alternatively as opposing authority and hierarchical organization in the conduct of human relations.[3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] Proponents of anarchism, known as anarchists, advocate stateless societies or non-hierarchical[3] [9] [10] voluntary associations.[11] [12]

Nature of anarchism

See main article: Anarchism.

Manifestos and expositions

See also: List of anarchist books. Anarchism is a living project which has continued to evolve as social conditions have changed. The following are examples of anarchist manifestos and essays produced during various time periods, each expressing different interpretations and proposals for anarchist philosophy.

(1840–1914)
(1914–1984)
(1985–present)

Anarchist schools of thought

Anarchism has many heterogeneous and diverse schools of thought, united by a common opposition to compulsory rule. Anarchist schools are characterized by "the belief that government is both harmful and unnecessary", but may differ fundamentally, supporting anything from extreme individualism to complete collectivism.[13] Regardless, some are viewed as being compatible, and it is not uncommon for individuals to subscribe to more than one. Some of the following terms do not refer to specific branches of anarchist thought, but rather are generic labels applied to various branches, they are marked as umbrella terms.

Affinity groups

See main article: Affinity group. Anarchists creates different forms of organizations, structured around the principles of anarchism, to meet each other, share information, organize struggles and trace ways to spread the anarchist ideas through the world, since they understand that the only way to achieve a free and egalitarian society in the end is through equally free and egalitarian means.[81]

History of anarchism

See main article: History of anarchism. Although social movements and philosophies with anarchic qualities predate anarchism, anarchism as a specific political philosophy began in 1840 with the publication of What Is Property? by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. In the following decades it spread from Western Europe to various regions, countries, and continents, impacting local social movements. The success of the 1917 October Revolution in Russia initiated a decline in prominence for anarchism in the mid-20th century,[86] roughly coinciding with the time period referred to by historians as The short twentieth century. Since the late 1980s, anarchism has begun a gradual return to the world stage.

Timeline of major events

Historic precedents and background events (pre-1840)

Early stages (1840-1870)

Classical era (1870–1913)
World War I, Interwar period and World War II (1914 – 1945)

Cold War era (1946 – 1989)

Post-Cold War era resurgence (1990 – present)

History of anarchism by region

See main article: List of anarchist movements by region.

Historians

Historical societies

General anarchism concepts

See main article: Anarchist terminology. These are concepts which, although not exclusive to anarchism, are significant in historical and/or modern anarchist circles. As the anarchist milieu is philosophically heterogeneous, there is disagreement over which of these concepts should play a role in anarchism.

Organizations

Notable organizations

Formal anarchist organizational initiatives date back to the mid-19th century. The oldest surviving anarchist organizations include Freedom Press (est. 1886) of England, the Industrial Workers of the World (est. 1905), Anarchist Black Cross (est. 1906), Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden (est. 1910) and the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (est. 1910) of Spain.

Structures

Anarchist organizations come in a variety of forms, largely based upon common anarchist principles of voluntary cooperation, mutual aid, and direct action. They are also largely informed by anarchist social theory and philosophy, tending towards participation and decentralization.

Anarchist literature

See also: List of anarchist musicians and List of Jewish anarchists.

Influential non-anarchists

Places named after anarchists

Related philosophies

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Malatesta. Errico. Towards Anarchism. Man!. International Group of San Francisco. Los Angeles. 3930443. Errico Malatesta. News: Working for The Man . . 2008-04-14 . Agrell . Siri . 2007-05-14 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070516094548/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070514.wxlanarchist14/BNStory/lifeWork/home . 2007-05-16 . Encyclopedia: Anarchism. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. 2006-08-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20061214085638/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9117285. 14 December 2006. 2005. Anarchism. The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 14. Anarchism is the view that a society without the state, or government, is both possible and desirable.. The following sources cite anarchism as a political philosophy:Book: Mclaughlin, Paul . Anarchism and Authority . Ashgate . Aldershot . 2007 . 978-0-7546-6196-2 . 59. Book: Johnston, R. . The Dictionary of Human Geography . Blackwell Publishers . Cambridge . 2000 . 0-631-20561-6 . 24.
  2. Slevin, Carl. "Anarchism." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics. Ed. Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan. Oxford University Press, 2003.
  3. "The IAF – IFA fights for : the abolition of all forms of authority whether economical, political, social, religious, cultural or sexual.""Principles of The International of Anarchist Federations"
  4. "Anarchism, then, really stands for the liberation of the human mind from the dominion of religion; the liberation of the human body from the dominion of property; liberation from the shackles and restraint of government. Anarchism stands for a social order based on the free grouping of individuals for the purpose of producing real social wealth; an order that will guarantee to every human being free access to the earth and full enjoyment of the necessities of life, according to individual desires, tastes, and inclinations." Emma Goldman. "What it Really Stands for Anarchy" in Anarchism and Other Essays.
  5. Individualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker defined anarchism as opposition to authority as follows "They found that they must turn either to the right or to the left, — follow either the path of Authority or the path of Liberty. Marx went one way; Warren and Proudhon the other. Thus were born State Socialism and Anarchism...Authority, takes many shapes, but, broadly speaking, her enemies divide themselves into three classes: first, those who abhor her both as a means and as an end of progress, opposing her openly, avowedly, sincerely, consistently, universally; second, those who profess to believe in her as a means of progress, but who accept her only so far as they think she will subserve their own selfish interests, denying her and her blessings to the rest of the world; third, those who distrust her as a means of progress, believing in her only as an end to be obtained by first trampling upon, violating, and outraging her. These three phases of opposition to Liberty are met in almost every sphere of thought and human activity. Good representatives of the first are seen in the Catholic Church and the Russian autocracy; of the second, in the Protestant Church and the Manchester school of politics and political economy; of the third, in the atheism of Gambetta and the socialism of the socialism off Karl Marg." Benjamin Tucker. Individual Liberty.
  6. Web site: Anarchism as a Theory of Organization. Ward. Colin. 1966. 1 March 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100325081119/http://www.panarchy.org/ward/organization.1966.html. 25 March 2010.
  7. Anarchist historian George Woodcock report of Mikhail Bakunin's anti-authoritarianism and shows opposition to both state and non-state forms of authority as follows: "All anarchists deny authority; many of them fight against it." (pg. 9)...Bakunin did not convert the League's central committee to his full program, but he did persuade them to accept a remarkably radical recommendation to the Berne Congress of September 1868, demanding economic equality and implicitly attacking authority in both Church and State."
  8. Book: Brown, L. Susan . Anarchism as a Political Philosophy of Existential Individualism: Implications for Feminism . The Politics of Individualism: Liberalism, Liberal Feminism and Anarchism . Black Rose Books Ltd. Publishing . 2002 . 106.
  9. "That is why Anarchy, when it works to destroy authority in all its aspects, when it demands the abrogation of laws and the abolition of the mechanism that serves to impose them, when it refuses all hierarchical organization and preaches free agreement — at the same time strives to maintain and enlarge the precious kernel of social customs without which no human or animal society can exist." Peter Kropotkin. Anarchism: its philosophy and ideal
  10. "anarchists are opposed to irrational (e.g., illegitimate) authority, in other words, hierarchy — hierarchy being the institutionalisation of authority within a society." "B.1 Why are anarchists against authority and hierarchy?" in An Anarchist FAQ.
  11. "ANARCHISM, a social philosophy that rejects authoritarian government and maintains that voluntary institutions are best suited to express man's natural social tendencies." George Woodcock. "Anarchism" at The Encyclopedia of Philosophy
  12. "In a society developed on these lines, the voluntary associations which already now begin to cover all the fields of human activity would take a still greater extension so as to substitute themselves for the state in all its functions." Peter Kropotkin. "Anarchism" from the Encyclopædia Britannica
  13. Slevin, Carl. "Anarchism". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics. Ed. Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan. Oxford University Press, 2003.
  14. "What do I mean by individualism? I mean by individualism the moral doctrine which, relying on no dogma, no tradition, no external determination, appeals only to the individual conscience."Mini-Manual of Individualism by Han Ryner
  15. "I do not admit anything except the existence of the individual, as a condition of his sovereignty. To say that the sovereignty of the individual is conditioned by Liberty is simply another way of saying that it is conditioned by itself.""Anarchism and the State" in Individual Liberty
  16. Outhwaite, William & Tourain, Alain (Eds.). (2003). Anarchism. The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought (2nd Edition, p. 12). Blackwell Publishing
  17. Moggach, Douglas. The New Hegelians. Cambridge University Press, 2006 p. 183
  18. "The illegalisis in this study,...As anarchist individualists, they came from a milieu whose most important theoretical inspiration was undoubtedly Max Stimer—whose work The Ego and Its Own remains the most powerful negation of the State, and affirniation of the individual, to date."—Richard Parry, The Bonnot Gang: the history of the French illegalists
  19. "Parallel to the social, collectivist anarchist current there was an individualist one whose partisans emphasized their individual freedom and advised other individuals to do the same...Some individualists rebelled by withdrawing from the economy and forming voluntary associations to achieve self-sufficiency. Others took the route of illegalism, attacking the economy through the direct individual reappropriation of wealth. Thus theft, counterfeiting, swindling and robbery became a way of life for hundreds of individualists, as it was already for countless thousands of proletarians.—"The "Illegalists"" by Doug Imrie (from , Fall-Winter, 1994–95)
  20. "Anarchism and the different Naturist views have always been related.""Anarchism – Nudism, Naturism" by Carlos Ortega at Asociacion para el Desarrollo Naturista de la Comunidad de Madrid. Published on Revista ADN. Winter 2003
  21. http://www.soliobrera.org/pdefs/cuaderno4.pdf#search=%22Antonia%20Maym%C3%B3n%22 EL NATURISMO LIBERTARIO EN LA PENÍNSULA IBÉRICA (1890–1939) by Jose Maria Rosello
  22. http://www.naturismo.org/adn/ediciones/2003/invierno/7e.html "Anarchism – Nudism, Naturism"
  23. "In many of the alternative communities established in Britain in the early 1900s nudism, anarchism, vegetarianism and free love were accepted as part of a politically radical way of life. In the 1920s the inhabitants of the anarchist community at Whiteway, near Stroud in Gloucestershire, shocked the conservative residents of the area with their shameless nudity.""Nudism the radical tradition" by Terry Phillips
  24. Marshall, Peter. . pg.580
  25. Avrich, Paul. Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America, Princeton University Press 1996, p. 6Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought, Blackwell Publishing 1991, p. 11
  26. Book: Carson, Kevin. Studies in Mutualist Political Economy. BookSurge Publishing. 2007. 978-1-4196-5869-3. Preface. http://www.mutualist.org/id112.html. https://archive.today/20240525032737/https://www.webcitation.org/5v8wrbTrn?url=http://www.mutualist.org/id112.html. 25 May 2024. dead. dmy-all.
  27. "Under the mutual system, each individual will receive the just and exact pay for his work; services equivalent in cost being exchangeable for services equivalent in cost, without profit or discount; and so much as the individual laborer will then get over and above what he has earned will come to him as his share in the general prosperity of the community of which he is an individual member." From "Communism versus Mutualism", Socialistic, Communistic, Mutualistic and Financial Fragments. (Boston: Lee & Shepard, 1875) by William Batchelder Greene
  28. "Are there different types of social anarchism? ", An Anarchist FAQ. Retrieved 2007-12-13.
  29. Suissa, Judith(2001) "Anarchism, Utopias and Philosophy of Education", Journal of Philosophy of Education 35 (4), 627–46.
  30. Patsouras, Louis. 2005. Marx in Context. iUniverse. p. 54
  31. Avrich, Paul. 2006. Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America. AK Press. p. 5
  32. Bakunin, Mikhail. Bakunin on Anarchism. Black Rose Books. 1980. p. 369
  33. "The revolution abolishes private ownership of the means of production and distribution, and with it goes capitalistic business. Personal possession remains only in the things you use. Thus, your watch is your own, but the watch factory belongs to the people." Alexander Berkman. "What Is Communist Anarchism?" http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=1138
  34. Book: From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms Alan James Mayne Published 1999 Greenwood Publishing Group 316 pages ISBN 0-275-96151-6 . 2010-09-20. 978-0-275-96151-0. 1999. Mayne . Alan James .
  35. Book: Anarchism for Know-It-Alls By Know-It-Alls For Know-It-Alls, For Know-It-Alls . Filiquarian Publishing, LLC. . January 2008. 2010-09-20. 978-1-59986-218-7.
  36. Fabbri, Luigi. "Anarchism and Communism." Northeastern Anarchist #4. 1922. 13 October 2002. http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/worldwidemovements/fabbrianarandcom.html
  37. Makhno, Mett, Arshinov, Valevski, Linski (Dielo Trouda). "The Organizational Platform of the Libertarian Communists". 1926. Constructive Section: available here
  38. Magonismo, anarquismo en México
  39. National Archive of Mexico, Governance Branch: Revoltosos Magonistas (1906)
  40. http://freedomnews.org.uk/green-anarchism-towards-the-abolition-of-hierarchy/ 'Green Anarchism: Towards the Abolition of Hierarchy'
  41. https://drstevebest.wordpress.com/category/total-liberation-2/ 'Steve Best on total liberation'
  42. Book: Light, Andrew. Social Ecology After Bookchin. Guilford Press. 1998. 978-1-57230-379-9. 5.
  43. Book: Stokols, Daniel. Social Ecology in the Digital Age: Solving Complex Problems in a Globalized World. Elsevier Science. 2018. 978-0-12-803114-8. 33.
  44. [George Woodcock]
  45. Web site: "Resisting the Nation State, the pacifist and anarchist tradition" by Geoffrey Ostergaard . 2015-02-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110514052437/http://www.ppu.org.uk/e_publications/dd-trad8.html#anarch%20and%20violence . 2011-05-14 . dead .
  46. http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/sasha-k-some-notes-on-insurrectionary-anarchism "Some Notes on Insurrectionary Anarchism"
  47. Web site: A-Infos (en) Ireland, Red & Black Revolution #11 – Anarchism, insurrections and insurrectionalism by Joe Black – WSM. https://web.archive.org/web/20101206162459/http://www.ainfos.ca/06/jul/ainfos00232.html. 6 December 2010. dead. 15 December 2015. dmy-all.
  48. Anarchist Portraits by Paul Avrich, Princeton University Press, 1988, p30
  49. Ghadar Movement: Ideology, Organisation and Strategy by Karish K. Puri, Guru Nanak Dev University Press, 1983
  50. Web site: Building the Future Society. Baal HaSulam. World Wide Kabbalah Academy. 2010-05-15.
  51. Esenwein, George Richard "Anarchist Ideology and the Working Class Movement in Spain, 1868–1898" [p. 135]
  52. Pedro Ribeiro|Reflections on APOC and the fate of Black Anarchism
  53. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3079241 Crypto-anarchism
  54. Gary Chartier has joined Kevin Carson, Charles Johnson, and others (echoing the language of Benjamin Tucker and Thomas Hodgskin) in maintaining that, because of its heritage and its emancipatory goals and potential, radical market anarchism should be seen—by its proponents and by others—as part of the socialist tradition, and that market anarchists can and should call themselves "socialists." See Gary Chartier, "Advocates of Freed Markets Should Oppose Capitalism," "Free-Market Anti-Capitalism?" session, annual conference, Association of Private Enterprise Education (Cæsar's Palace, Las Vegas, NV, April 13, 2010); Gary Chartier, "Advocates of Freed Markets Should Embrace 'Anti-Capitalism'"; Gary Chartier, Socialist Ends, Market Means: Five Essays. Cp. Tucker, "Socialism."
  55. Marshall, Peter (1992). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. London: HarperCollins. pp. 564–565. . "Anarcho-capitalists are against the State simply because they are capitalists first and foremost. [...] They are not concerned with the social consequences of capitalism for the weak, powerless and ignorant. [...] As such, anarcho-capitalism overlooks the egalitarian implications of traditional individualist anarchists like Spooner and Tucker. In fact, few anarchists would accept the 'anarcho-capitalists' into the anarchist camp since they do not share a concern for economic equality and social justice. Their self-interested, calculating market men would be incapable of practising voluntary cooperation and mutual aid. Anarcho-capitalists, even if they do reject the state, might therefore best be called right-wing libertarians rather than anarchists."
  56. Goodway, David (2006). . Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 4. "'Libertarian' and 'libertarianism' are frequently employed by anarchists as synonyms for 'anarchist' and 'anarchism', largely as an attempt to distance themselves from the negative connotations of 'anarchy' and its derivatives. The situation has been vastly complicated in recent decades with the rise of anarcho-capitalism, 'minimal statism' and an extreme right-wing laissez-faire philosophy advocated by such theorists as Rothbard and Nozick and their adoption of the words 'libertarian' and 'libertarianism'. It has therefore now become necessary to distinguish between their right libertarianism and the left libertarianism of the anarchist tradition."
  57. Newman, Saul (2010). The Politics of Postanarchism. Edinburgh University Press. p. 43. "It is important to distinguish between anarchism and certain strands of right-wing libertarianism which at times go by the same name (for example, Rothbard's anarcho-capitalism)." .
  58. Editor's note in "Taxation: Voluntary or Compulsory". Formulations. Free Nation Foundation. Summer 1995 Web site: Heritage. https://web.archive.org/web/20101228054225/http://libertariannation.org/a/f24r1.html. 2010-12-28. dead. 2008-03-15.
  59. Gerald F. Gaus, Chandran Kukathas. 2004. Handbook of Political Theory. Sage Publications. pp. 118–119. Source refers to David D. Friedman's philosophy as "market anarchism."
  60. Web site: Last Whole Introduction to Agorism. Konkin III. Samuel Edward. agorism.eu.org. May 4, 2022. 2. https://web.archive.org/web/20220427030909/https://agorism.eu.org/docs/LastWholeIntroductiontoAgorism.pdf. April 27, 2022.
  61. [David Gordon (philosopher)|Gordon, David]
  62. Encyclopedia: Morris . Andrew . Anarcho-Capitalism . Ronald . Hamowy . Ronald Hamowy . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . 2008 . SAGE. Thousand Oaks, CA . 10.4135/9781412965811.n8. 978-1-4129-6580-4 . 750831024. 2008009151 . 13–14 .
  63. Edward Stringham, Anarchy and the law: the political economy of choice, p. 51
  64. "The philosophy of "anarcho-capitalism" dreamed up by the "libertarian" New Right, has nothing to do with Anarchism as known by the Anarchist movement proper."Meltzer, Albert. Anarchism: Arguments For and Against AK Press, (2000) p. 50
  65. "In fact, few anarchists would accept the 'anarcho-capitalists' into the anarchist camp since they do not share a concern for economic equality and social justice, Their self-interested, calculating market men would be incapable of practising voluntary co-operation and mutual aid. Anarcho-capitalists, even if they do reject the State, might therefore best be called right-wing libertarians rather than anarchists." Peter Marshall. . Harper Perennial. London. 2008. p. 565
  66. "It is important to distinguish between anarchism and certain strands of right-wing libertarianism which at times go by the same name (for example, Murray Rothbard's anarcho-capitalism)."Saul Newman, The Politics of Postanarchism, Edinburgh University Press, 2010, p. 43
  67. http://anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/secFcon.html Section F – Is "anarcho"-capitalism a type of anarchism?
  68. "‘Libertarian’ and ‘libertarianism’ are frequently employed by anarchists as synonyms for ‘anarchist’ and ‘anarchism’, largely as an attempt to distance themselves from the negative connotations of ‘anarchy’ and its derivatives. The situation has been vastly complicated in recent decades with the rise of anarcho-capitalism, ‘minimal statism’ and an extreme right-wing laissez-faire philosophy advocated by such theorists as Murray Rothbard and Robert Nozick and their adoption of the words ‘libertarian’ and ‘libertarianism’. It has therefore now become necessary to distinguish between their right libertarianism and the left libertarianism of the anarchist tradition." by David Goodway. Liverpool University Press. Liverpool. 2006. p. 4
  69. "Within Libertarianism, Rothbard represents a minority perspective that actually argues for the total elimination of the state. However Rothbard's claim as an anarchist is quickly voided when it is shown that he only wants an end to the public state. In its place he allows countless private states, with each person supplying their own police force, army, and law, or else purchasing these services from capitalist venders...so what remains is shrill anti-statism conjoined to a vacuous freedom in hackneyed defense of capitalism. In sum, the "anarchy" of Libertarianism reduces to a liberal fraud."Libertarianism: Bogus Anarchy" by Peter Sabatini in issue #41 (Fall/Winter 1994–95) of
  70. Chartier, Gary; Johnson, Charles W. (2011). Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty. Brooklyn, NY:Minor Compositions/Autonomedia
  71. Gillis, William (2011). "The Freed Market." In Chartier, Gary and Johnson, Charles. Markets Not Capitalism. Brooklyn, NY: Minor Compositions/Autonomedia. pp. 19–20.
  72. Sheldon Richman (3 February 2011). "Libertarian Left: Free-market anti-capitalism, the unknown ideal ." The American Conservative. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  73. Gary Chartier and Charles W. Johnson (eds). Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty. Minor Compositions; 1st edition (November 5, 2011
  74. Gary Chartier has joined Kevin Carson, Charles Johnson, and others (echoing the language of Benjamin Tucker and Thomas Hodgskin) in maintaining that because of its heritage and its emancipatory goals and potential, radical market anarchism should be seen – by its proponents and by others – as part of the socialist tradition, and that market anarchists can and should call themselves "socialists." See Gary Chartier, "Advocates of Freed Markets Should Oppose Capitalism," "Free-Market Anti-Capitalism?" session, annual conference, Association of Private Enterprise Education (Cæsar's Palace, Las Vegas, NV, April 13, 2010); Gary Chartier, "Advocates of Freed Markets Should Embrace 'Anti-Capitalism'"; Gary Chartier, Socialist Ends, Market Means: Five Essays. Cp. Tucker, "Socialism."
  75. Book: Post Colonial Anarchism Essays on race, repression and culture in communities of color 1999–2004. White. Roger. Jailbreak Press. Oakland California. 9 February 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20060103114336/http://colours.mahost.org/articles/Post-Colonial%20Anarchism.pdf. 3 January 2006. bot: unknown.
  76. Book: Macphee, Josh. Introduction. Realizing the Impossible. AK Press. Stirling. 2007. 978-1-904859-32-1.
  77. "The story of one person's struggle against intolerance and repression during the early 20th century homosexual emancipation movement in Germany. Mackay is a very interesting figure in both anarchist and homosexual circles."Hubert Kennedy. Anarchist Of Love: The Secret Life Of John Henry Mackay.
  78. "Although by 1968 he could be seen as the “grandfather of the French homosexual movement”, Daniel Guérin has always been better known outside gay circles for his rôle in the revolutionary movement. On the revolutionary left of the Socialist Party in the 1930s, he was later heavily influenced by Trotsky, before becoming attracted to the libertarian communist wing of the anarchist movement." David Berry. "For a dialectic of homosexuality and revolution"
  79. [Karl Heinrich Ulrichs]
  80. Web site: Hubert Kennedy. Anarchist Of Love: The Secret Life Of John Henry Mackay.pg. 7 . 2019-02-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032544/http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Hubert_kennedy.pdf . 2016-03-04 . dead .
  81. Web site: J.3 What kinds of organisation do anarchists build? Anarchist Writers. anarchism.pageabode.com. 2019-01-30.
  82. Web site: J.3 What kinds of organisation do anarchists build? Anarchist Writers. anarchism.pageabode.com. 2019-01-31.
  83. http://anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/secJ3.html#secj32 "J.3.2 What are "synthesis" federations?"
  84. "The remedy has been found: libertarian communism."http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=3280Sébastien Faure. "Libertarian Communism"
  85. Jeremy Jennings, Syndicalism in France (St Martin's Press, 1990)
  86. Book: Avrich, Paul . Paul Avrich . The Russian Anarchists . . Stirling . 2006 . 1-904859-48-8 . 188. The Russian Anarchists .
  87. [Peter Kropotkin]
  88. P. E. de Puydt. "Panarchy". First published in French in the Revue Trimestrielle, Bruxelles, July 1860.