Ottoman Turkish Explained

Ottoman Turkish
Nativename:	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: لسان عثمانی
Region:	Ottoman Empire
Ethnicity:	Ottoman Turks
Era:	developed into modern Turkish in 1928^[1]
Familycolor:	Altaic
Fam1:	Turkic
Fam2:	Common Turkic
Fam3:	Oghuz
Fam4:	Western Oghuz
Ancestor:	Old Anatolian Turkish
Script:	Ottoman Turkish alphabet
Iso2:	ota
Iso3:	ota
Linglist:	ota
Glotto:	otto1234
Map:	OttomanEmpireMain.png
Mapcaption:	The Ottoman Empire was at its peak, Ottoman Turkish culture including the language also developed in the conquered areas

Ottoman Turkish (ota|لِسانِ عُثمانی|Lisân-ı Osmânî, pronounced as /tr/; tr|Osmanlı Türkçesi) was the standardized register of the Turkish language in the Ottoman Empire (14th to 20th centuries CE). It borrowed extensively, in all aspects, from Arabic and Persian. It was written in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet. Ottoman Turkish was largely unintelligible to the less-educated lower-class and to rural Turks, who continued to use Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: kaba Türkçe ("raw/vulgar Turkish"; compare Vulgar Latin and Demotic Greek), which used far fewer foreign loanwords and is the basis of the modern standard.^[2] The Tanzimât era (1839–1876) saw the application of the term "Ottoman" when referring to the language^[3] (Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: لسان عثمانی or Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: عثمانلیجه); Modern Turkish uses the same terms when referring to the language of that era (Turkish: Osmanlıca and Turkish: Osmanlı Türkçesi). More generically, the Turkish language was called Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تركچه or Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تركی "Turkish".

History

Historically, Ottoman Turkish was transformed in three eras:

• اسکی عثمانلی تورکچه‌سی (Old Ottoman Turkish): the version of Ottoman Turkish used until the 16th century. It was almost identical with the Turkish used by Seljuk empire and Anatolian beyliks and was often regarded as part of اسکی آناطولی تورکچه‌سی (Old Anatolian Turkish).
• اورتا عثمانلی تورکچه‌سی (Middle Ottoman Turkish) or (Classical Ottoman Turkish): the language of poetry and administration from the 16th century until Tanzimat.
• یڭی عثمانلی تورکچه‌سی (New Ottoman Turkish): the version shaped from the 1850s to the 20th century under the influence of journalism and Western-oriented literature.

Language reform

In 1928, following the fall of the Ottoman Empire after World War I and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, widespread language reforms (a part in the greater framework of Atatürk's Reforms) instituted by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk saw the replacement of many Persian and Arabic origin loanwords in the language with their Turkish equivalents. One of the main supporters of the reform was the Turkish nationalist Ziya Gökalp.^[4] It also saw the replacement of the Perso-Arabic script with the extended Latin alphabet. The changes were meant to encourage the growth of a new variety of written Turkish that more closely reflected the spoken vernacular and to foster a new variety of spoken Turkish that reinforced Turkey's new national identity as being a post-Ottoman state.

See the list of replaced loanwords in Turkish for more examples of Ottoman Turkish words and their modern Turkish counterparts. Two examples of Arabic and two of Persian loanwords are found below.

	Ottoman	Modern Turkish
obligatory	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: واجب	Turkish: zorunlu
hardship	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مشكل	Turkish: güçlük
city	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: شهر	Turkish: kent (also Turkish: şehir)
province	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ولایت	Turkish: il
war	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: حرب	Turkish: savaş

Legacy

Historically speaking, Ottoman Turkish is the predecessor of modern Turkish. However, the standard Turkish of today is essentially Turkish: Türkiye Türkçesi (Turkish of Turkey) as written in the Latin alphabet and with an abundance of neologisms added, which means there are now far fewer loan words from other languages, and Ottoman Turkish was not instantly transformed into the Turkish of today. At first, it was only the script that was changed, and while some households continued to use the Arabic system in private, most of the Turkish population was illiterate at the time, making the switch to the Latin alphabet much easier. Then, loan words were taken out, and new words fitting the growing amount of technology were introduced. Until the 1960s, Ottoman Turkish was at least partially intelligible with the Turkish of that day. One major difference between Ottoman Turkish and modern Turkish is the latter's abandonment of compound word formation according to Arabic and Persian grammar rules. The usage of such phrases still exists in modern Turkish but only to a very limited extent and usually in specialist contexts; for example, the Persian genitive construction (which reads literally as "the preordaining of the divine" and translates as "divine dispensation" or "destiny") is used, as opposed to the normative modern Turkish construction, Turkish: ilâhî takdîr (literally, "divine preordaining").

In 2014, Turkey's Education Council decided that Ottoman Turkish should be taught in Islamic high schools and as an elective in other schools, a decision backed by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, who said the language should be taught in schools so younger generations do not lose touch with their cultural heritage.^[5]

Writing system

See main article: Ottoman Turkish alphabet. Most Ottoman Turkish was written in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet (ota|الفبا|elifbâ), a variant of the Perso-Arabic script. The Armenian, Greek and Rashi script of Hebrew were sometimes used by Armenians, Greeks and Jews. (See Karamanli Turkish, a dialect of Ottoman written in the Greek script; Armeno-Turkish alphabet)

Grammar

See main article: Turkish grammar.

The actual grammar of Ottoman Turkish is not different from the grammar of modern Turkish.The focus of this section is on the Ottoman orthography; the conventions surrounding how the orthography interacted and dealt with grammatical morphemes related to conjugations, cases, pronouns, etc.

Cases

• Nominative and Indefinite accusative/objective: -∅, no suffix. Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: گول Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: göl 'the lake' 'a lake', Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: چوربا 'soup', Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: گیجه 'night'; Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: طاوشان گترمش 'he/she brought a rabbit'.
• Genitive: suffix Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ڭ/نڭ . Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: پاشانڭ 'of the pasha'; Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: كتابڭ 'of the book'.
• Definite accusative: suffix Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ی : Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: طاوشانی گترمش 'he/she brought the rabbit'. The variant suffix does not occur in Ottoman Turkish orthography (unlike in Modern Turkish), although it's pronounced with the vowel harmony. Thus, Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: گولی 'the lake' vs. Modern Turkish Turkish: gölü.^[6]
• Dative: suffix Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ه : Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوه 'to the house'.
• Locative: suffix Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ده : Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مكتبده 'at school', Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: قفسده 'in (the/a) cage', Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: باشده 'at a/the start', Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: شهرده 'in town'. The variant suffix used in Modern Turkish (Turkish: –te, –ta) does not occur.
• Ablative: suffix Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: دن : Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ادمدن 'from the man'.
• Instrumental: suffix or postposition Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایله . Generally not counted as a grammatical case in modern grammars.

Table below lists nouns with a variety of phonological features that come into play when taking case suffixes. The table includes a typical singular and plural noun, containing back and front vowels, words that end with the letter Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ه ـه ([a] or [e]), both back and front vowels, word that ends in a Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ت ([t]) sound, and word that ends in either Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ق or Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ك ([k]). These words are to serve as references, to observe orthographic conventions:

• Which vowels are written using the 4 letters: ʾalif Arabic: ا, wāw Arabic: و, hāʾ Arabic: ه ـه , and yāʾ Arabic: ي; and which are not;
• Where words or morphemes are connected to each other, and where they are separated with the use of Zero-width non-joiner.
• where a final letter is softened when followed by a vowel sound, and when not; both in Ottoman orthography and in modern Latin orthography.
• Where harmony of vowel roundness exists in spoken pronounciation, and in modern Latin orthography, but not in Ottoman orthography.
• Where the letter Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ڭ is used and when the letter Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ن.

Case! rowspan="2"

Morpheme	اُوق		اُوقلَر		اَو		اَولَر		قورت		چارطاق		ایپك		پاره		پیده		كوپری
Turkish: ok		Turkish: oklar		Turkish: ev		Turkish: evler		Turkmen: kurt		Turkish: çartak		Turkish: ipek		Turkish: para		Turkish: pide		Turkish: köprü
Nom	—	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوق	ok	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوقلر	oklar	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: او	ev	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولر	evler	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: قورت	kurt	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: چارطاق	çartak	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایپك	ipek	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: پاره	para	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: پیده	pide	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: كوپری	köprü
Acc	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: - ـی	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوق'''ی'''	oku	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوقلر'''ی'''	okları	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: او'''ی'''	evi	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولر'''ی'''	evleri	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: قور'''دی'''	kurdu	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: چارطا'''غی'''	çartağı	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایپ'''گی'''	ipeği	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: پاره'''‌یی'''	parayı	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: پیده'''‌یی'''	pideyi	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: كوپری'''ی'''	köprüyü
	-ı -i -u -ü
Dat	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: - ـه / - ه	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوق'''ه'''	oka	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوقلر'''ه'''	oklara	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: او'''ه'''	eve	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولر'''ه'''	evlere	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: قور'''ده'''	kurda	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: چارطا'''غه'''	çartağa	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایپ'''گه'''	ipeğe	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: پاره'''‌یه'''	paraya	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: پیده'''‌یه'''	pideye	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: كوپری'''ه'''	köprüye
	-a -e
Loc	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: - ده	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوق'''ده'''	okta	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوقلر'''ده'''	oklarda	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: او'''ده'''	evde	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولر'''ده'''	evlerde	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: قور'''تده'''	kurt'ta	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: چارطا'''قده'''	çartakta	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایپ'''كده'''	ipekde	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: پاره'''‌ده'''	parada	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: پیده'''‌ده'''	pidede	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: كوپری'''ده'''	köprüde
	-da -de -ta -te
Abl	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: - دن	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوق'''دن'''	oktan	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوقلر'''دن'''	oklardan	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: او'''دن'''	evden	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولر'''دن'''	evlerden	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: قور'''تدن'''	kurttan	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: چارطا'''قدن'''	çartaktan	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایپ'''كدن'''	ipekden	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: پاره'''‌دن'''	paradan	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: پیده'''‌دن'''	pideden	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: كوپری'''دن'''	köprüden
	-dan -den -tan -ten
Gen	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: - ـڭ	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوق'''ڭ'''	okun	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوقلر'''ڭ'''	okların	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: او'''ڭ'''	evin	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولر'''ڭ'''	evlerin	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: قور'''دڭ'''	kurdun	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: چارطا'''غڭ'''	çartağın	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایپ'''گڭ'''	ipeğin	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: پاره'''‌‌نڭ'''	paranın	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: پیده'''‌‌نڭ'''	pidenin	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: كوپری'''نڭ'''	köprünün
	-ın -in -un -ün
Inst	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: - ـله	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوق'''له'''	okla	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوقلر'''له'''	oklarla	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: او'''له'''	evle	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولر'''له'''	evlerle	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: قور'''تله'''	kurtla	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: چارطا'''قله'''	çartakla	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایپ'''كله'''	ipekle	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: پاره'''‌‌‌یله'''	parala	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: پیده'''‌‌یله'''	pidele	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: كوپری'''له'''	köprülü
	-la -le -lu -lü

Possessives

Table below shows the suffixes for creating possessed nouns. Each of these possessed nouns, in turn, take case suffixes as shown above.

Person! rowspan="2"

Morpheme	اُوق		اُوقلَر		اَو		اَولَر		قورت		چارطاق		ایپك		پاره		پیده		كوپری
Turkish: ok		Turkish: oklar		Turkish: ev		Turkish: evler		Turkmen: kurt		Turkish: çartak		Turkish: ipek		Turkish: para		Turkish: pide		Turkish: köprü
—	—	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوق	ok	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوقلر	oklar	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: او	ev	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولر	evler	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: قورت	kurt	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: چارطاق	çartak	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایپك	ipek	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: پاره	para	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: پیده	pide	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: كوپری	köprü
1st Person Sg.	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: - ـم	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوق'''م'''	okum	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوقلر'''م'''	oklarım	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: او'''یم'''	evim	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولر'''م'''	evlerim	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: قور'''دم'''	kurdum	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: چارطا'''غم'''	çartağım	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایپ'''گم'''	ipeğim	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: پاره'''‌م'''	param	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: پیده'''‌م'''	pidem	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: كوپری'''‌م'''	köprüm
	-m -ım -im -um -üm
2nd Person Sg.	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: - ـڭ	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوق'''ڭ'''	okun	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوقلر'''ڭ'''	okların	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: او'''یڭ'''	evin	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولر'''ڭ'''	evlerin	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: قور'''دڭ'''	kurdun	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: چارطا'''غڭ'''	çartağın	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایپ'''گڭ'''	ipeğin	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: پاره'''‌ڭ'''	paran	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: پیده'''‌ڭ'''	piden	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: كوپری'''‌ڭ'''	köprün
	-n -ın -in -un -ün
3rd Person Sg.	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: - ـی - ـسی	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوق'''ی'''	oku	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوقلر'''ی'''	okları	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: او'''ی'''	evi	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولر'''ی'''	evleri	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: قور'''دی'''	kurdu	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: چارطا'''غی'''	çartağı	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایپ'''گی'''	ipeği	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: پاره'''‌سی'''	parası	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: پیده'''‌سی'''	pidesi	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: كوپری'''سی'''	köprüsü
	-(s)ı -(s)i -(s)u -(s)ü
1st Person Pl.	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: - ـمز	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوق'''مز'''	okumuz	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوقلر'''مز'''	oklarımız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: او'''مز'''	evimiz	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولر'''مز'''	evlerimiz	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: قور'''دمز'''	kurdumuz	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: چارطا'''غمز'''	çartağımız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایپ'''گمز'''	ipeğimiz	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: پاره'''‌مز'''	paramız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: پیده'''‌مز'''	pidemiz	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: كوپری'''مز'''	köprümüz
	-(ı)mız -(i)miz -(u)muz -(ü)müz
2nd Person Pl.	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: - ـڭز	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوق'''ڭز'''	okunuz	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوقلر'''ڭز'''	oklarınız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: او'''ڭز'''	eviniz	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولر'''ڭز'''	evleriniz	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: قور'''دڭز'''	kurdunuz	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: چارطا'''غڭز'''	çartağınız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایپ'''گڭز'''	ipeğiniz	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: پاره'''‌ڭز'''	paranız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: پیده'''‌ڭز'''	pideniz	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: كوپری'''ڭز'''	köprünüz
	-(ı)nız -(i)niz -(u)nuz -(ü)nüz
3rd Person Pl.	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: - ـلری	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوق'''لری'''	okları	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوقلر'''لری'''	okları	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: او'''لری'''	evleri	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولر'''لری'''	evleri	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: قور'''تلری'''	kurtları	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: چارطا'''قلری'''	çartakleri	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایپ'''كلری'''	ipekleri	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: پاره'''‌لری'''	paraları	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: پیده'''‌لری'''	pideleri	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: كوپری'''لری'''	köprüleri
	-ları -leri

For third person (singular and plural) possessed nouns, that end in a vowel, when it comes to taking case suffixes, a letter Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: - ـنـ [n] comes after the possessive suffix. For singular endings, the final vowel Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ی is removed in all instances. For plural endings, if the letter succeeding the additional Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: - ـنـ [n] is a vowel, the final vowel Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ی is kept; otherwise it is removed (note the respective examples for kitaplarını versus kitaplarından). Examples below :

	Nom	Acc	Dat	Loc	Abl	Gen
his/her book	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: کتابی	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: کتاب'''نی'''	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: کتاب'''نه'''	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: کتاب'''نده'''	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: کتاب'''ندن'''	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: کتاب'''نڭ'''
	kitabı	kitabını	kitabına	kitabında	kitabından	kitabının
his/her books	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: کتابلری	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: کتاب'''لرینی'''	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: کتاب'''لرینه'''	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: کتاب'''لرنده'''	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: کتاب'''لرندن'''	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: کتاب'''لرینڭ'''
	kitapları	‌ kitaplarını	kitaplarına	kitaplarında	kitaplarından	kitaplarının
his/her maternal aunt	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تیزه‌سی	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تیزه‌'''‌سنی'''	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تیزه‌'''‌سنه'''	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تیزه‌'''‌سنده'''	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تیزه‌'''‌سندن'''	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تیزه‌'''‌سنڭ'''
	teyzesi	teyzesini	teyzesine	teyzesinde	teyzesinden	teyzesinin
his/her maternal aunts	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تیزه‌لری	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تیزه‌'''لرینی'''	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تیزه‌'''لرینه'''	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تیزه‌'''لرنده'''	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تیزه‌'''لرندن'''	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تیزه‌'''لرینڭ'''
	teyzeleri	teyzelerini	teyzelerine	teyzelerinde	teyzelerinden	teyzelerinin

Verbs

Below table shows the positive conjugation for two sample verbs Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچمق açmak (to open) and Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولمك sevilmek (to be loved). The first verb is the active verb, and the other has been modified to form a passive verb. The first contains back vowels, the second front vowels; both containing non-rounded vowels (which also impacts pronounciation and modern Latin orthograhpy).^[7]

		Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچمق açmak 'To open'				Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولمك sevilmek 'To be loved'
Present Imperfect am/is/are opening am/is/are being loved	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچیورم	açıyorum	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچیورز	açıyoruz	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولیورم	seviliyorum	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولیورز	seviliyoruz
Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچیورسن	açıyorsun	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچیورسڭز	açıyorsunuz	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولیورسن	seviliyorsun	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولیورسڭز	seviliyorsunuz
Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچیور	açıyor	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچیورلر	açıyorlar	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولیور	seviliyor	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولیورلر	seviliyorlar
Past Imperfect was/were opening was/were being loved	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچیوردم	açıyordum	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچیوردق	açıyorduk	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولیوردم	seviliyordum	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولیوردك	seviliyorduk
	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچیوردڭ	açıyordun	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچیوردڭز	açıyordunuz	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولیوردڭ	seviliyordun	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولیوردڭز	seviliyordunuz
	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچیوردی	açıyordu	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچیوردیلر	açıyordular	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولیوردی	seviliyordu	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولیوردیلر	seviliyordular
Present Aorist shall habitually open shall habitually be loved	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچارم	açarım	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچارز	açarız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولورم	sevilirim	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولورز	seviliriz
	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچارسن	açarsın	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچارسڭز	açarsınız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولورسن	sevilirsin	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولورسڭز	sevilirsiniz
	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچار	açar	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچارلر	açarlar	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولور	sevilir	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولورلر	sevilirler
Past Perfect opened was loved	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچدم	açtım	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچدق	açtık	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولدم	sevildim	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولدك	sevildik
	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچدڭ	açtın	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچدڭز	açtınız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولدڭ	sevildin	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولدڭز	sevildiniz
	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچدی	açtı	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچدیلر	açtılar	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولدی	sevildi	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولدیلر	sevildiler
Future will open will be loved	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچه‌جغم	açacağım	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچه‌جغز	açacağız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوله‌جگم	sevileceğim	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوله‌جگز	sevileceğiz
	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچه‌جقسن	açacaksın	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچه‌جقسڭز	açacaksınız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوله‌جكسن	sevileceksin	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوله‌جكسڭز	sevileceksiniz
	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچه‌جق	açacak	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچه‌جقلر	açacaklar	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوله‌جك	sevilecek	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوله‌جكلر	sevilecekler
Perfect have/has opened, I believe was/were loved, I believe	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچمشم	açmışım	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچمشز	açmışız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولمشم	sevilmişim	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولمشز	sevilmişiz
Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچمشسن	açmışsın	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچمشسڭز	açmışsınız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولمشسن	sevilmişsin	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولمشسڭز	sevilmişsiniz
Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچمش Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچمشدر	açmış açmışdır	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچمشلر	açmışlar	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولمش Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولمشدر	sevilmiş sevilmişdir	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولمشلر	sevilmişler
Aorist must open must be loved	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچملویم	açmalıyım	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچملویز	açmalıyız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولملویم	sevilmeliyim	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولملویز	sevilmeliyiz
Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچملوسن	açmalısın	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچملوسڭز	açmalısınız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولملوسن	sevilmelisin	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولملوسڭز	sevilmelisiniz
Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچملو	açmalı	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچملولر	açmalılar	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولملو	sevilmeli	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولملولر	sevilmeliler
Past must've open must've bee loved	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچملویدم	açmalıydım	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچملویدق	açmalıydık	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولملویدم	sevilmeliydim	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولملویدق	sevilmeliydik
	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچملویدڭ	açmalıydın	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچملویدڭز	açmalıydınız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولملویدڭ	sevilmeliydin	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولملویدڭز	sevilmeliydiniz
	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچملویدی	açmalıydı	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچملویدیلر	açmalıydılar	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولملویدی	sevilmeliydi	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولملویدیلر	sevilmeliydiler
Present that may open that may be loved	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچه‌یم	açayım	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچه‌یز Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچه‌لم	açayız açalım	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوله‌یم	sevileyim	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوله‌یز Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوله‌لم	sevileyiz sevilelim
Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچه‌سن	açasın	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچه‌سڭز	açasınız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوله‌سن	sevilesin	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوله‌سڭز	sevilesiniz
Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچه	aça	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچه‌لر	açalar	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوله	sevile	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوله‌لر	sevileler
Aorist if open if be loved	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچسم	açsam	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچسق	açsak	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولسم	sevilsem	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولسك	sevilsek
Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچسڭ	açsan	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچسڭز	açsanız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولسڭ	sevilsen	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولسڭز	sevilseniz
Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچسه	açsa	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچسه‌لر	açsalar	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولسه	sevilse	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولسه‌لر	sevilseler
Past if opened if were loved	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچسیدم	açsaydım	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچسیدق	açsaydık	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولسیدم	sevilseydim	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولسیدك	sevilseydik
	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچسیدڭ	açsaydın	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچسیدڭز	açsaydınız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولسدیڭ	sevilseydin	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولسیدڭز	sevilseydiniz
	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچسیدی	açsaydı	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچسیدیلر	açsaydılar	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولسیدی	sevilseydi	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولسیدیلر	sevilseydiler
Imperative		-	-	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچالم	açalım	-	-	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوله‌لم	sevilelim
		Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچ Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچڭ	aç açın	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچڭز	açınız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سول Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولڭ	sevil sevilin	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولڭز	seviliniz
		Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچسون	açsın	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آچسونلر	açsınlar	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولسون	sevilsin	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سولسونلر	sevilsinler

Negation and complex verbs

Below table shows the conjugation of a negative verb, and a positive complex verb expressing ability. In Turkish, complex verbs can be constructed by adding a variety of suffixes to the base root of a verb. The two verbs are Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازممق yazmamaq (not to write) and Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بلمك sevebilmek (to be able to love).^[7]

		Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازممق yazmamaq 'Not to write'				Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بلمك sevebilmek 'To be able to love'
Present Imperfect am/is/are not writing can love	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمیورم	yazmayorum	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمیورز	yazmayoruz	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بیلیورم	sevebiliyorum	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بیلیورز	sevebiliyoruz
Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمیورسن	yazmayorsun	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمیورسڭز	yazmayorsunuz	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بیلیورسن	sevebiliyorsun	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بیلیورسڭز	sevebiliyorsunuz
Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمیور	yazmayor	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمیورلر	yazmayorlar	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بیلیور	sevebiliyor	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بیلیورلر	sevebiliyorlar
Past Imperfect was/were not writing was/were able to love	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمیوردم	yazmıyordum	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمیوردق	yazmıyorduk	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بیلیوردم	sevebiliyordum	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بیلیوردك	sevebiliyorduk
	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمیوردڭ	yazmıyordun	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمیوردڭز	yazmıyordunuz	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بیلیوردڭ	sevebiliyordun	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بیلیوردڭز	sevebiliyordunuz
	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمیوردی	yazmıyordu	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمیوردیلر	yazmıyordular	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بیلیوردی	sevebiliyordu	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بیلیوردیلر	sevebiliyordular
Present Aorist do not write shall be able to love	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمم	yazmam	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمیز	yazmayız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بلورم	sevebilirim	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بلورز	sevebiliriz
	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمازسن	yazmazsın	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمازسڭز	yazmazsınız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بلورسن	sevebilirsin	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بلورسڭز	sevebilirsiniz
	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازماز	yazmaz	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمازلر	yazmazlar	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بلور	sevebilir	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بلورلر	sevebilirler
Past Perfect used not to write could love	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمادم	yazmadım	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمادق	yazmadık	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بلدم	sevebildim	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بلدك	sevebildik
	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمادڭ	yazmadın	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمادڭز	yazmadınız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بلدڭ	sevebildin	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بلدڭز	sevebildiniz
	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمادی	yazmadı	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمادیلر	yazmadılar	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بلدی	sevebildi	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بلدیلر	sevebildiler
Future shall not write will be able to love	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمیه‌جغم	yazmayacağım	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمیه‌جغز	yazmayacağız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بله‌جگم	sevibileceğim	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بله‌جگز	sevibileceğiz
	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمیه‌جقسن	yazmayacaksın	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمیه‌جقسڭز	yazmayacaksınız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بله‌جكسن	sevibileceksin	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بله‌جكسڭز	sevibileceksiniz
	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمیه‌جق	yazmayacak	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمیه‌جقلر	yazmayacaklar	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بله‌جك	sevibilecek	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بله‌جكلر	sevibilecekler
Aorist must open must be loved	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمه‌ملییم	yazmamalıyım	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمه‌ملییز	yazmamalıyız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بلملییم	sevibilmeliyim	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بلملییز	sevibilmeliyiz
Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمه‌ملیسن	yazmamalısın	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمه‌ملیسڭز	yazmamalısınız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بلملیسن	sevibilmelisin	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بلملیسڭز	sevibilmelisiniz
Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمه‌ملی	yazmamalı	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمه‌ملیلر	yazmamalılar	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بلملی	sevibilmeli	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بلملیلر	sevibilmeliler
Present that may not open that may not be able to love	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمیه‌یم	yazmayayım	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمیه‌یز Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمیه‌لم	yazmayayız yazmayalım	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بله‌یم	sevibileyim	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بله‌یز Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بله‌لم	sevibileyiz sevibilelim
Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمیه‌سن	yazmayasın	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمیه‌سڭز	yazmayasınız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بله‌سن	sevibilesin	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بله‌سڭز	sevibilesiniz
Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمیه	yazmaya	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمیه‌لر	yazmayalar	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بله	sevibile	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوه‌بله‌لر	sevibileler
Imperative		-	-	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمیه‌لم	yazmayalım	-	-	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوبله‌لم	sevibilelim
		Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمیڭ	yazma yazmayın	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمیڭز	yazmayınız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوبل Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوبلڭ	sevibil sevibilin	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوبلڭز	sevibiliniz
		Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمسون	yazmasın	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یازمسونلر	yazmasınlar	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوبلسون	sevibilsin	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سوبلسونلر	sevibilsinler

Compound verbs

Another common category of verbs in Turkish (more common in Ottoman Turkish than in modern Turkish), is compound verbs. This consists of adding a Persian or Arabic active or passive participle to a neuter verb, to do (Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایتمك etmek) or to become (Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولمق olmaq). For example, note the following two verbs:

• Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: راضی اولمق razı olmaq (to consent) ;
• Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: قتل ایتمك katletmek (to slaughter); Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تشكر ایتمك teşekkür etmek (to thank);
• Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایو اولنمق iyi olunmak (to get better).

Below table shows some sample conjugations of these two verbs. The conjugation of the verb "etmek" isn't straightforward, because the root of the verb ends in a [t]. This sound transforms into a [d] when followed by a vowel sound. This is reflected in conventions of Ottoman orthography as well.

		Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولمق olmaq 'To become'				Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایتمك etmek 'To do'
Present Imperfect	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولیورم	oluyorum	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولیورز	oluyoruz	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایدیورم	ediyorum	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایدیورز	ediyoruz
Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولیورسن	oluyorsun	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولیورسڭز	oluyorsunuz	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایدیورسن	ediyorsun	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایدیورسڭز	ediyorsunuz
Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولیور	oluyor	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولیورلر	oluyorlar	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایدیور	ediyor	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایدیورلر	ediyorlar
Past Imperfect	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولیوردم	oluyordum	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولیوردق	oluyorduk	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایدیوردم	ediyordum	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایدیوردق	ediyorduk
	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولیوردڭ	oluyordun	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولیوردڭز	oluyordunuz	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایدیوردڭ	ediyordun	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایدیوردڭز	ediyordunuz
	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولیوردی	oluyordu	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولیوردیلر	oluyordular	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایدیوردی	ediyordu	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایدیوردیلر	ediyordular
Present Aorist	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولورم	olurum	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولورز	oluruz	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایدرم	ederim	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایدرز	ederiz
	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولورسن	olursun	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولورسڭز	olursunuz	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایدرسن	edersin	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایدرسڭز	edersiniz
	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولور	olur	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولورلر	olurlar	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایدر	eder	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایدرلر	ederler
Past Perfect	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولدم	oldum	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولدق	olduk	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایتدم	ettim	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایتدك	ettik
	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولدڭ	oldun	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولدڭز	oldunuz	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایتدڭ	ettin	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایتدڭز	ettiniz
	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولدی	oldu	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولدیلر	oldular	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایتدی	etti	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایتدیلر	ettiler
Future	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوله‌جغم	olacağım	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوله‌جغز	olacağız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایده‌جگم	edeceğim	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایده‌جگز	edeceğiz
	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوله‌جقسن	olacaksın	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوله‌جقسڭز	olacaksınız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایده‌جكسن	edeceksin	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایده‌جكسڭز	edeceksiniz
	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوله‌جق	olacak	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوله‌جقلر	olacaklar	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایده‌جك	edecek	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایده‌جكلر	edecekler
Aorist	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولملویم	olmalıyım	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولملویز	olmalıyız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایتملییم	etmeliyim	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایتملییز	etmeliyiz
Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولملوسن	olmalısın	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولملوسڭز	olmalısınız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایتملیسن	etmelisin	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایتملیسڭز	etmelisiniz
Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولملو	olmalı	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولملولر	olmalılar	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایتملی	etmeli	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایتملیلر	etmeliler
Past	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولملویدم	olmalıydım	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولملویدق	olmalıydık	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایتملییدم	etmeliydim	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایتملییدق	etmeliydik
	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوللویدڭ	olmalıydın	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولملویدڭز	olmalıydınız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایتملییدڭ	etmeliydin	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایتکلییدڭز	etmeliydiniz
	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولملویدی	olmalıydı	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولملویدیلر	olmalıydılar	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایتملییدی	etmeliydi	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایتملییدیلر	etmeliydiler
Present	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوله‌یم	olayım	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوله‌یز Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوله‌لم	olayız olalım	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایده‌یم	edeyim	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایده‌یز Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایده‌لم	edeeyiz edelim
Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوله‌سن	olasın	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوله‌سڭز	olasınız	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایده‌سن	edesin	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایده‌سڭز	edesiniz
Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوله	ola	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوله‌لر	olalar	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایده	ede	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایده‌لر	edeler
Imperative		-	-	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوله‌لم	olalım	-	-	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایده‌لم	edelim
		Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اول Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولڭ	ol olun	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولڭز	olunuz	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایدڭ	et edin	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایدڭز	ediniz
		Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولسون	olsun	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اولسونلر	olsunlar	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایتسون	etsin	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایتسونلر	etsinler

'to be' and 'not to be' Verbs

In Turkish, there is a verb representing to be, but it is a defective verb. It doesn't have an infinitive or several other tenses. It is usually a suffix.

		'To be'
Present	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: م Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یم	-ım -im -um -üm -yim, -yım, -yüm, -yum	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ز Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یز	-iz, -ız, -üz, -uz -yiz, -yız, -yüz, -yuz
Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سن	-sın -sin -sun -sün	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سڭز	-sınız -siniz -sunuz -sünüz
Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: در	-tir, -tır, -tür, -tur -dir, -dır, -dür, -dur	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: درلر	-tirler, -tırlar, -türler, -turlar -dirler, -dırlar, -dürler, -durlar
Past	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: دیم	idim	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایدك	idik
	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایدڭ	idin	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایدڭز	idiniz
	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایدی	idi	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایدی	idiler
Aorist	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایسم	isem	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایسك	isek
Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایسڭ	isen	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایسڭز	iseniz
Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایسه	ise	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایسه‌لر	iseler
Past	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایسیدم	iseydim	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایسیدك	iseydik
	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایسیدڭ	iseydin	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایسیدڭز	iseydiniz
	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایسیدی	iseydi	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایسیدیلر	iseydiler

Negative verb to be is created with the use of the word Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: دگل değil, followed by the appropriate conjugation of the to be verb; or optionally used as a standalone for 3rd person.

• Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: بن ایشجی دگلم. / ben işçi değilim: 'I am not a worker'
• Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: او چفتجی دگلدر. / o çiftçi değildir: 'he is not a farmer'
• Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: او چفتجی دگل. / o çiftçi değil: 'he is not a farmer'
• Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اگر کندم ایچون حاضر دگلسیدم. / Eğer kendim için hazır değilseydim.: 'If I'm not ready for myself.'

'to exist/have' and 'not to exist/have' Verbs

Generally, the verbs 'to exist' and 'to have' are expressed using what's called an existential copula, the word Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: وار var.

• Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: او وار. / ev var.: 'There is a house'

The verb 'to have' is expressed in the same way, except that the object noun will take a possessive pronoun, producing sentences that will literally mean "there exists house of mine".

• Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوم وار. / evim var.: 'I have a house'

The verbs 'to exist' and 'to have' conjugated for other tenses, are expressed in the same way, with a possessive pronoun if needed, and copula Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: وار var, followed by the 3rd person singular form of the verb 'to do: Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایتمك etmek attached as a suffix (or separate as a stanadalone verb); as conjugated in the above section.

• Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوڭ واردی. / evin vardı.: 'You had a house'
• Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: بناء وارملییدی. / bina varmalıydı.: 'There had to be a building'

The verbs 'not to exist' and 'not to have' are created in the exact same manner and conjugation, except that the copula Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یوق yok is used.

• Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: او یوق. / ev yok.: 'There isn't a house'
• Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوم یوق. / evim yok.: 'I don't have a house'
• Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوڭ یوقدی. / evin yoktu.: 'You didn't have a house'
• Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: بناء یوقملییدی. / bina yokmalıydı.: 'There must not have been a building'

Verb Construction

Turkish being an agglutinative language as opposed to an analytical one (generally), means that from a single root verb, with the addition of a variety of morphemes and suffixes, multiple new and different verbs meanings can be expressed in single but larger words.

Below table is a sample from the verb Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپمك tepmek meaning 'to kick', whose root (which is also 2nd person imperative) is Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ tep. Each of the produced new verbs below can be made into an infinitive with the addition of Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ـمك -mek at the end.

Classes		Active
		Transitive or Intransitive	Transitive or Intransitive	Intransitive
		Determinate	Indeterminate	Reciprocal
Simple	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ (tep) kick	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''ن''' (tepin) kick about, dance	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''ش''' (tepiş) mutually kick one another
	Causative (Permissive)	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''در''' (teptir) make/let s.o. kick/be kicked	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''ندر''' (tepindir) make s.o. kick about	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''شدر''' (tepiştir) make s.o.s kick one another mutually
Simple	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''مه''' (tepme) don't kick	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''نمه''' (tepinme) don't kick about, don't dance	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''شمه''' (tepişme) don't mutually kick one another
	Causative (Permissive)	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''درمه''' (teptirme) make/let not s.o. kick/be kicked	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''ندرمه''' (tepindirme) make not s.o. kick about	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''شدرمه''' (tepiştirme) make not s.o.s kick one another mutually
Simple	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''ه‌مه''' (tepeme) be unable to kick	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''نه‌مه''' (tepineme) be unable to kick about, dance	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''شه‌مه''' (tepişeme) be unable to mutually kick one another
	Causative (Permissive)	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''دره‌مه''' (teptireme) be unable to make/let s.o. kick/be kicked	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''ندره‌مه''' (tepindireme) be unable to make s.o. kick about	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''شدره‌مه''' (tepiştireme) be unable to make s.o.s kick one another mutually
Classes		Passive
		Transitive or Intransitive	Transitive or Intransitive	Intransitive
		Determinate	Indeterminate	Reciprocal
Simple	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''ل''' (tepil) be kicked	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''نل''' (tepinil) be kicked about	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''شل''' (tepişil) be mutually kick in
	Causative (Permissive)	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''درل''' (teptiril) be mad to be kicked	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''ندرل''' (tepindiril) be made to be kicked about	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''شدرل''' (tepiştiril) be made to kick one another mutually
Simple	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''لمه''' (tepilme) not be kicked	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''نلمه''' (tepinilme) not be kicked about	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''شلمه''' (tepişilme) not be mutually kicked
	Causative (Permissive)	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''درلمه''' (teptirilme) be not made to be kicked	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''ندرلمه''' (tepindirilme) be not made to be kicked about	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''شدرلمه''' (tepiştirilme) be not made to be one another mutually kicked
Simple	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''له‌مه''' (tepilme) be unable to be kicked	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''نله‌مه''' (tepinileme) be unable to be kicked about	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''شله‌مه''' (tepişileme) be unable to be mutually kicked
	Causative (Permissive)	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''درله‌مه''' (teptirileme) be unable to be made to be kicked	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''ندرله‌مه''' (tepindirileme) be unable to be made to be kicked about	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تپ'''شدرله‌مه''' (tepiştirileme) be unable to be made to be mutually kicked

Structure

Ottoman Turkish was highly influenced by Arabic and Persian. Arabic and Persian words in the language accounted for up to 88% of its vocabulary.^[8] As in most other Turkic and foreign languages of Islamic communities, the Arabic borrowings were borrowed through Persian, not through direct exposure of Ottoman Turkish to Arabic, a fact that is evidenced by the typically Persian phonological mutation of the words of Arabic origin.^{[9] [10] [11]}

The conservation of archaic phonological features of the Arabic borrowings furthermore suggests that Arabic-incorporated Persian was absorbed into pre-Ottoman Turkic at an early stage, when the speakers were still located to the north-east of Persia, prior to the westward migration of the Islamic Turkic tribes. An additional argument for this is that Ottoman Turkish shares the Persian character of its Arabic borrowings with other Turkic languages that had even less interaction with Arabic, such as Tatar, Bashkir, and Uyghur. From the early ages of the Ottoman Empire, borrowings from Arabic and Persian were so abundant that original Turkish words were hard to find.^[12] In Ottoman, one may find whole passages in Arabic and Persian incorporated into the text.^[12] It was however not only extensive loaning of words, but along with them much of the grammatical systems of Persian and Arabic.^[12]

In a social and pragmatic sense, there were (at least) three variants of Ottoman Turkish:

• فصیح تورکچه (Eloquent Turkish): the language of poetry and administration, Ottoman Turkish in its strict sense;
• اورتا تورکچه (Middle Turkish): the language of higher classes and trade;
• قبا تورکچه (Rough Turkish): the language of lower classes.

A person would use each of the varieties above for different purposes, with the variant being the most heavily suffused with Arabic and Persian words and the least. For example, a scribe would use the Arabic (Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: عسل) to refer to honey when writing a document but would use the native Turkish word Turkish: bal (Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: بال) when buying it.

Numbers

See also: Eastern Arabic numerals.

Transliterations

See also: Ottoman Turkish alphabet. The transliteration system of the has become a de facto standard in Oriental studies for the transliteration of Ottoman Turkish texts.^[13] In transcription, the New Redhouse, Karl Steuerwald, and Ferit Devellioğlu dictionaries have become standard.^[14] Another transliteration system is the German: [[Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft]]|italic=no (DMG), which provides a transliteration system for any Turkic language written in Arabic script.^[15] There are few differences between the İA and the DMG systems.

See also

• Old Anatolian Turkish language
• Culture of the Ottoman Empire
• List of Persian loanwords in Turkish

Further reading

English

• Book: Ottoman-Turkish conversation-grammar: a practical method of learning the Ottoman-Turkish language, Volume 1. V. H. Hagopian. 1907. D. Nutt. Online copies: https://books.google.com/books?id=eS8rAAAAYAAJ, https://archive.org/details/ottomanturkishc00hagogoog, https://archive.org/details/ottomanturkishc00hagogoog
• Book: A practical grammar of the Turkish language (as spoken and written). Charles Wells. 1880. B. Quaritch. Online copies from Google Books: https://books.google.com/books?id=bYqvxt5wQrcC, https://archive.org/details/apracticalgramm00wellgoog, https://books.google.com/books?id=MD1bAAAAQAAJ
• Book: Key to the Ottoman-Turkish conversation-grammar. V. H. Hagopian. 1908. Nutt.
• Book: A simplified grammar of the Ottoman-Turkish language. Sir James William Redhouse. 1884. Trübner.
• Book: Elementary grammar of the Turkish language: with a few easy exercises. Frank Lawrence Hopkins. 1877. Trübner.
• Book: An English and Turkish dictionary: in two parts, English and Turkish, and Turkish and English. Sir James William Redhouse. 1856. B. Quarich.
• Book: A lexicon, English and Turkish: shewing in Turkish, the literal, incidental, figurative, colloquial, and technical significations of the English terms, indicating their pronunciation in a new and systematic manner; and preceded by a sketch of English etymology, to facilitate to Turkish students .... Sir James William Redhouse. 1877. Printed for the mission by A.H. Boyajian. 2nd.
• Book: The Turkish interpreter: or, A new grammar of the Turkish language. Charles Boyd, Charles Boyd (Major.). 1842. Printed for the author.
• Book: A Grammar of The Turkish Language. Thomas Vaughan. 1709. Robinson.
• Book: A practical grammar of the Turkish language: With dialogues and vocabulary. William Burckhardt Barker. 1854. B. Quaritch.
• Book: A reading book of the Turkish language: with a grammar and vocabulary ; containing a selection of original tales, literally translated, and accompanied by grammatical references : the pronunciation of each word given as now used in Constantinople. William Burckhardt Barker, Nasr-al-Din (khwajah.). 1854. J. Madden.
• Book: The Turkish campaigner's vade-mecum of Ottoman colloquial language. James William Redhouse (sir.). 1855.
• Lewis, Geoffrey. The Jarring Lecture 2002. "The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success".

Other languages

• Mehmet Hakkı Suçin. Qawâ'id al-Lugha al-Turkiyya li Ghair al-Natiqeen Biha (Turkish Grammar for Arabs; adapted from Mehmet Hengirmen's Yabancılara Türkçe Dilbilgisi), Engin Yayınevi, 2003).
• Mehmet Hakkı Suçin. Atatürk'ün Okuduğu Kitaplar: Endülüs Tarihi (Books That Atatürk Read: History of Andalucia; purification from the Ottoman Turkish, published by Anıtkabir Vakfı, 2001).
• Book: Kerslake, Celia. La construction d'une langue nationale sortie d'un vernaculaire impérial enflé: la transformation stylistique et conceptuelle du turc ottoman. Langues et Pouvoir de l'Afrique du Nord à l'Extrême-Orient. Chaker, Salem. Aix-en-Provence. Edisud. 1998. 129–138.
• Book: Osmanisch: Einführung in die Grundlagen der Literatursprache . Korkut M. Buğday . Otto Harrassowitz Verlag . 1999.

External links

• Latin to Ottoman Turkish transliteration
• Ottoman Text Archive Project
• Ottoman Turkish Language: Resources – University of Michigan
• Ottoman Turkish Language Texts
• Ottoman-Turkish-English Open Dictionary
• Ottoman<->Turkish Dictionary – University of Pamukkale You can use ? character instead of an unknown letter. It provides results from Arabic and Persian dictionaries, too.
• Ottoman<->Turkish Dictionary – ihya.org
• Kubbealtı Lugatı

Notes and References

1. Web site: Turkey – Language Reform: From Ottoman To Turkish. Countrystudies.us. 24 May 2016. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160409100335/http://countrystudies.us/turkey/25.htm. 9 April 2016.
2. Book: Glenny, Misha . Misha Glenny . The Balkans — Nationalism, War, and the Great Powers, 1804–1999 . Penguin . 2001 . 99 .
3. Book: Kerslake, Celia . Ottoman Turkish . 1998 . Turkic Languages . Lars Johanson . Éva Á. Csató . Routledge . New York . 0415082005 . 108.
4. Aytürk . İlker . July 2008 . The First Episode of Language Reform in Republican Turkey: The Language Council from 1926 to 1931 . Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society . en . 18 . 3 . 277 . 10.1017/S1356186308008511 . 11693/49487 . 162474551 . 1474-0591. free .
5. News: Pamuk . Humeyra . December 9, 2014 . Erdogan's Ottoman language drive faces backlash in Turkey . . Istanbul . May 25, 2019.
6. Book: Redhouse, William James. A Simplified Grammar of the Ottoman-Turkish Language. 52.
7. Book: A practical grammar of the Turkish language (as spoken and written). Charles Wells. 1880. B. Quaritch. Online copies from Google Books: https://books.google.com/books?id=bYqvxt5wQrcC (PDF can be accessed at: archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31137)
8. . Persian Historiography & Geography Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd p 69
9. [Percy Smythe, 8th Viscount Strangford|Percy Ellen Algernon Frederick William Smythe Strangford]
10. M. Sukru Hanioglu, "A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire", Published by Princeton University Press, 2008. p. 34: "It employed a predominant Turkish syntax, but was heavily influenced by Persian and (initially through Persian) Arabic.
11. Pierre A. MacKay, "The Fountain at Hadji Mustapha", Hesperia, Vol. 36, No. 2 (Apr. – Jun., 1967), pp. 193–195: "The immense Arabic contribution to the lexicon of Ottoman Turkish came rather through Persian than directly, and the sound of Arabic words in Persian syntax would be far more familiar to a Turkish ear than correct Arabic".
12. Korkut Bugday. An Introduction to Literary Ottoman Routledge, 5 dec. 2014 p XV.
13. Korkut Buğday Osmanisch, p. 2
14. Korkut Buğday Osmanisch, p. 13
15. http://www.aai.uni-hamburg.de/voror/Material/dmg.pdf Transkriptionskommission der DMG Die Transliteration der arabischen Schrift in ihrer Anwendung auf die Hauptliteratursprachen der islamischen Welt, p. 9
16. Korkut Buğday Osmanisch, p. 2f.