Ottoman–Persian Wars Explained

The Ottoman–Persian Wars or Ottoman–Iranian Wars were a series of wars between Ottoman Empire and the Safavid, Afsharid, Zand, and Qajar dynasties of Iran (Persia) through the 16th–19th centuries. The Ottomans consolidated their control of what is today Turkey in the 15th century, and gradually came into conflict with the emerging neighboring Iranian state, led by Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty. The two states were arch rivals, and were also divided by religious grounds, the Ottomans being staunchly Sunni and the Safavids being Shia. A series of military conflicts ensued for centuries during which the two empires competed for control over eastern Anatolia, the Caucasus, and Iraq.

Conflict:	Ottoman–Persian Wars
Partof:	the Shia–Sunni relations, and Ottoman–Safavid relations, and Habsburg–Persian alliance, and Franco-Ottoman alliance, and Ottoman wars in Asia, and Turco-Persian wars
Date:	1514,1532-1555,1578-1590,1603-1612,1623-1639, 1697–1701,1730-1735, 1743-1746, 1775-1776, 1821-1821, 1914-1918
Place:	Mesopotamia (Iraq), Caucasus (North and South Caucasus) and Persian Gulf
Result:	Inconclusive Peace of Amasya 1555 Treaty of Constantinople (1590) Treaty of Zuhab Treaty of Constantinople (1736) Treaty of Kerden(1746) Treaties of Erzurum(1847)
Combatant1:	1501–1736 1736–1796 Zand Dynasty 1751–1794 1789–1925 Clients/allies Habsburg Emirate of Musha'sha Kingdom of Kartli Principality of Guria (1583–1587)Banu Ka'bVelayat of Ardalan
Combatant2:	Ottoman Empire Clients/allies (1532–1555) Mamluks of Iraq Bukhara Khanate Omani Empire(1775–1776) Crimean Khanate Kingdom of Imereti Principality of Guria (1578-1583, after 1587) Principality of Mingrelia (1578-1582) Shaybanids Al-Muntafiq Union Sheikhdom of Kuwait Lezgins (1730–1735)

List of wars

Name of the war	Sultan of Ottoman Empire	Shah of Persian Empire	Treaty at the end of the war	Victorious Empire
Battle of Chaldiran (1514)^[1]	Selim I	Ismail I	None	The Ottoman Empire
War of 1532–1555^[2]	Suleiman I	Tahmasp I	Treaty of Amasya (1555)	The Ottoman Empire ^[3]
War of 1578–1590^[4]	Murad III	Mohammad Khodabanda, Abbas I	Treaty of Constantinople (1590)	The Ottoman Empire
War of 1603–1612, first stage	Ahmed I	Abbas I	Treaty of Nasuh Pasha (1612)	The Persian Empire
War of 1603–1612, second stage^[5] Shah Abbas' invasions of Georgia (1614–1617)	Ahmed I, Mustafa I, Osman II	Abbas I	Treaty of Serav (1618)	The Persian Empire
War of 1623–1639^[6]	Murad IV	Abbas I, Safi	Treaty of Zuhab (1639)	The Ottoman Empire
War of 1730–1735, first stage Western Persia campaign of 1730Tahmasp's campaign of 1731	Ahmed III, Mahmud I	Tahmasp II	Treaty of Ahmet Pasha (1732)	The Ottoman Empire^[7] ^[8] ^[9]
War of 1730–1735, second stage^[10]	Mahmud I	Abbas III	Treaty of Constantinople (1736)	The Persian Empire
War of 1743–1746^[11]	Mahmud I	Nader Shah	Treaty of Kerden (1746)	Indecisive^[12]
War of 1775–1776^[13]	Abdulhamid I	Karim Khan Zand	None	The Persian Empire. Basra captured by Persia.^[14]
War of 1821–1823^[15]	Mahmud II		Treaty of Erzurum (1823)	The Persian Empire

Among the numerous treaties, the Treaty of Zuhab of 1639 is usually considered as the most significant, as it fixed present Turkey–Iran and Iraq–Iran borders. In later treaties, there were frequent references to the Treaty of Zuhab.

See also

• Ottoman–Safavid relations
• Habsburg–Persian alliance
• Franco-Ottoman alliance
• Ottoman–Hotaki War (1726–1727)
• Persian campaign (World War I)
• Russo-Persian Wars
• Russo-Turkish Wars

Sources

• Yves Bomati and Houchang Nahavandi,Shah Abbas, Emperor of Persia, 1587–1629, 2017, ed. Ketab Corporation, Los Angeles,, English translation by Azizeh Azodi.
• Book: Sicker, Martin . The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire . Greenwood Publishing Group . 2001 . 027596891X .

Notes and References

1. Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi II, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 339-340
2. Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi II, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 277-281
3. Gábor Ágoston-Bruce Masters:Encyclopaedia of the Ottoman Empire,, p.280
4. Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi III, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 21-25
5. Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi III, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 43-45
6. Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi III, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 78-82
7. Book: Erewantsʻi. Abraham. Bournoutian. George. History of the wars: (1721-1736). 1999. Mazda Publishers. 978-1568590851. 2. (...) against Nader's advice, Shah Tahmasp marched against the Turks to force their withdrawal from Transcaucasia. The Ottomans routed the Persian forces in 1731, and in January 1732, the Shah concluded an agreement that left eastern Armenia, eastern Georgia, Shirvan, and Hamadan in Turkish hands..
8. Book: Tucker. Spencer C.. A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]

   From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East]

   . 23 December 2009. ABC-CLIO. 978-1851096725. 729. Pursued by the Turks, Tahmasp is decisively defeated in the second Battle of Hamadan. In order to prevent a general Turkish invasion, he agrees to cede the territory conquered by Nadir in 1730 and recognizes all Turkish acquisitions.
9. Book: A ́goston. Ga ́bor. Masters. Bruce Alan. Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. 2010. Infobase Publishing. 978-1438110257. 415–416. But while Nadir pursued conquests in the east, Shah Tahmasp reopened hostilities with the Ottomans in an effort to regain his lost territories. He was defeated and agreed to a treaty that restored Tabriz but left Kermanshah and Hamadan in Ottoman hands. Nadir was incensed at the treaty (...).
10. Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi IV, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 1-8
11. Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi IV, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 22-25
12. Selcuk Aksin Somel (2010), The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire, quote: "This indecisive military conflict resulted in the preservation of the existing borders.", The Scarecrow Press Inc., p. 170
13. Web site: KARIM KHAN ZAND – Encyclopaedia Iranica.
14. Book: Fattah, Hala Mundhir. The Politics of Regional Trade in Iraq, Arabia, and the Gulf: 1745-1900. 1997. SUNY Press. 9781438402376. 34.
15. Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi IV, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 193-195