| Ōtara | |||
| Caption1: | The central section of Fish Canopy, a 1987 sculpture in the Ōtara Town Centre | ||
| City1: | Auckland | ||
| Council: | Auckland Council | ||
| Ward: | Manukau ward | ||
| Board: | Ōtara-Papatoetoe Local Board | ||
| Area: | 680 | ||
| Coordinates: | -36.9608°N 174.8744°W | ||
| Map: |
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Ōtara is a suburb of South Auckland, New Zealand (formerly Manukau City), situated 18 kilometres to the southeast of the Auckland City Centre. Ōtara lies near the head of the Tamaki River, and is surrounded by the suburbs of Papatoetoe, East Tāmaki, Clover Park and Flat Bush. The area is traditionally part of the rohe of Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki, and the name Ōtara refers to Ōtara Hill / Te Puke ō Tara, a former Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki pā and volcanic hill to the north of the suburb. From 1851 to 1910 the area was part of the Goodfellow family farm, and during the 1910s the area was an agricultural college run by the Dilworth Trust.
After the construction of the Auckland Southern Motorway in the 1950s, Ōtara developed as a suburb, primarily as part of a state housing project by the New Zealand Government. The suburb is noted for its proportion of Māori and Pacific Islander residents, who make up 78% of the Ōtara population, and its unusually low number of European New Zealanders (Pākehā) residents (10%).
Ōtara, meaning "The Place of Tara", is a shortened form of Ōtara Hill / Te Puke ō Tara, the volcanic hill previously found to the north of the suburb.[1] [2] The hill is either named for the Waiohua ancestor and taniwha of the Manukau Harbour, Tara-mai-nuku, or for the 19th century paramount chief of Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki, Tara Te Irirangi.[3] An earlier name applied to the area was Ngā Kopi o Toi ('The Karaka Berries of Toi'), named for a karaka grove said by tradition to have been brought to Tamaki from the Chatham Islands and planted in the vicinity of Greenmount by Toi-te-huatahi.[4] [5] During European settlement, the name Ōtara became associated with the area in the 1850s.
Ōtara is found in South Auckland at the south-eastern headlands of the Tāmaki River, primarily to the north-east of the Auckland Southern Motorway.[6] The Ōtara Creek runs through the suburb, becoming a tidal estuary of the Tāmaki River in the north.[7]
There are two features of the Auckland Volcanic Field in the area. Pukewairiki is an estuary of the Ōtara Creek and a volcanic maar that erupted an estimated 130,000 years ago.[8] Ōtara Hill / Te Puke o Tara is a volcano located to the north in East Tāmaki that erupted an estimated 56,500 years ago,[8] and was quarried in the mid-20th century.[9] Lava flows from the hill flowed as far south as the Ōtara Town Centre.
The Ōtara area is part of the rohe of Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki, who descend from the crew of the Tainui migratory waka, who visited the area around the year 1300.[10] The mouth of the Tāmaki River was traditionally known as Maori: Te Wai ō Tāiki ("The Waters of Tāiki"), named after the Ngāi Tai ancestor Tāiki. Tāiki settled with his followers along the eastern shores of the Tāmaki River, alongside the descendants of Huiārangi of the early iwi Te Tini ō Maruiwi.[11] The upper reaches of the river near modern was traditionally known as Maori: Te Wai Mokoia, referring to Mokoikahikuwaru, a protector taniwha of the Tainui waka who is described in legends as taking up residence at the Panmure Basin.[12] The area is close to the portages where waka could be easily taken over land between the Manukau Harbour and Tāmaki River, including Te Tō Waka at Ōtāhuhu and Waokauri / Pūkaki portage at Papatoetoe.[13] [14]
Ngāi Tai created extensive cultivations along the eastern shores of the Tāmaki River.[10] The area around Maori: Te Waiōtara (Ōtara Creek) and Ōtara Hill / Te Puke ō Tara was home to the extensive stonefield gardens and a fortified pā,[10] [3] [15] occupied up until the early 19th century.[11] Over time, with the emergence and expansion of later hapū/sub group of Iwi and iwi identities, Ngāti Tai occupying the area of Tara became closely interlinked by marriages with Te Akitai, Ngāti Tamaoho and Ngāti Kahu of the Tāmaki Makaurau (Auckland) confederation of tribes known collectively as Te Wai ō Hua, and with the Hauraki Gulf peoples of Ngāti Pāoa and Ngāti Tamaterā, among others. The Ngāti Pāoa chieftain Hauauru noted in 1851 that by the mid-1830s Ngāti Pāoa, Ngāti Tamaterā and Te Akitai had competing interests in Ōtara.[16] While all of these groups hold ancestral relationships to the Ōtara area, Ngāi Tai continue to retain recognised mana whenua status.
During the Musket Wars in the 1820s, Ngāi Tai sought temporary refuge in the Waikato.[17] When English missionary William Thomas Fairburn visited the area in 1833, it was mostly unoccupied.[18]
In 1836, William Thomas Fairburn brokered a land sale between Tāmaki Māori chiefs covering the majority of modern-day South Auckland and East Auckland.[19] The sale was envisioned as a way to end hostilities in the area, but it is unclear what the chiefs understood or consented to. Māori continued to live in the area, unchanged by this sale.[20] In 1854 when Fairburn's purchase was investigated by the New Zealand Land Commission, a Ngāi Tai reserve was created around the Wairoa River and Umupuia areas, and as a part of the agreement, members of Ngāi Tai agreed to leave their traditional settlements to the west.[21] [18]
In 1851, William Goodfellow purchased Otara Farm along the south-eastern shores of the Tāmaki River, where he built a homestead. He was joined by Reverend Gideon Smales, who settled a 400acres block purchased from the Government in 1856 at East Tāmaki.[2] The wider East Tāmaki area was predominantly farmland where crops such as wheat were grown, and in the late 19th century the area began converting into dairy farms.
In 1861, Governor George Grey ordered the construction of the Great South Road further south into the Waikato, to improve supply lines through swampy and thickly forested country, prior to the Invasion of the Waikato.[22] On 9 July 1863, due to fears of the Māori King Movement, Governor Grey proclaimed that all Māori living in the South Auckland area needed to swear loyalty to the Queen and give up their weapons. Most people refused due to strong links to Tainui, leaving for the south. During this time, the Te Ākitai Waiohua rangatira Īhaka Takaanini was arrested and died on Rakino Island. After the war, the Crown confiscated 1.2 million acres of Māori land around the Waikato, including Waiohua land in South Auckland,[23] and Ngāi Tai land in East Auckland, despite Ngāi Tai being considered "friendly" people by the Crown and not asked to leave the region.[11] [10]
In 1910, the Goodfellow family sold their farm to the Dilworth Trust, who established the Dilworth Ulster Institute School of Agriculture in 1915. Few people attended the agricultural college, which closed in 1918. In 1919, the Dilworth Trust subdivided the property, and in 1950 sold much of the land to the Ministry of Works, who established the Otara Fertiliser Research Station at the site of the former school. In 1929, the Waitemata Brewery was constructed on the corner of Bairds Road and Great South Road, later becoming DB Breweries.[24]
The development of the Auckland Southern Motorway in the mid-1950s led to an explosion in the population of Papatoetoe and Manurewa to the south.[23] [25] To counter overcrowding in the central suburbs, the New Zealand Government undertook large scale state housing developments, creating planned suburbs.[26] Ōtara was chosen as a site for a state housing project due to its proximity to the motorway and the industrial areas of Ōtāhuhu and Penrose, and it was the second large-scale state housing development in Auckland aimed at low-income families, centred around a retail and community centre, following Glen Innes.[27] In August 1958, a Memorandum of Agreement was signed between the Ministry of Works and the Manukau County Council to develop Ōtara, and within 10 years over 3,000 houses had been built.
In June 1958, Otahuhu Foodtown, the first supermarket in New Zealand, was opened by Tom Ah Chee in the future site of Ōtara, who pooled his resources with two other Auckland produce shop owners, Norman Kent and John Brown.[28] [29] The Ōtara Town Centre was officially opened in 1966.[29]
In 1968, the Otahuhu Power Station was opened in Ōtara, which at the time was the largest gas turbine in Australasia, and operated until 2016.[30] In 1970, the Otara Fertiliser Research Station was redeveloped into Manukau Institute of Technology's Ōtara campus, and in 1972 the Ngāti Ōtara Marae was officially opened.[11] In 1987, the Ōtara Town Centre was redeveloped, with the sculpture Fish Canopy by architect Rewi Thompson. Inspired by Pasifika fale and constructed in the shape of a fish, the glass canopy has become an architectural symbol for Ōtara.[31]
Ōtara covers 6.8km2[32] and had an estimated population of as of with a population density of people per km2.
Ōtara had a population of 22,872 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 2,130 people (10.3%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 849 people (3.9%) since the 2006 census. There were 4,518 households, comprising 11,244 males and 11,622 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.97 males per female, with 6,843 people (29.9%) aged under 15 years, 6,369 (27.8%) aged 15 to 29, 8,103 (35.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,554 (6.8%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 10.2% European/Pākehā, 21.9% Māori, 78.0% Pacific peoples, 6.4% Asian, and 0.6% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
The percentage of people born overseas was 34.3, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 18.1% had no religion, 70.4% were Christian, 2.5% had Māori religious beliefs, 1.1% were Hindu, 1.0% were Muslim, 0.3% were Buddhist and 0.9% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 966 (6.0%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 4,056 (25.3%) people had no formal qualifications. 588 people (3.7%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 7,206 (45.0%) people were employed full-time, 1,704 (10.6%) were part-time, and 1,347 (8.4%) were unemployed.
| Name | Area (km2) | Population | Density (per km2) | Households ! | Median age | Median income | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ōtara West | 1.56 | 3,369 | 2,160 | 666 | 24.1 years | $19,300 | |
| Ōtara Central | 1.52 | 2,730 | 1,796 | 570 | 26.5 years | $19,500 | |
| Ōtara East | 0.87 | 3,930 | 4,517 | 780 | 25.7 years | $21,700 | |
| Ōtara South | 0.80 | 3,720 | 4,650 | 741 | 25.8 years | $21,300 | |
| Ferguson | 0.99 | 4,389 | 4,433 | 843 | 24.5 years | $20,100 | |
| Rongomai West | 0.49 | 2,451 | 5,002 | 462 | 25.2 years | $20,600 | |
| Rongomai East | 0.58 | 2,283 | 3,936 | 456 | 26.3 years | $22,700 | |
| New Zealand | 37.4 years | $31,800 |
Ōtara is the home of the "Otara Global Village" developing in the old relocated Baird's Intermediate school which was moved to the new site of the Sir Edmund Hillary Collegiate and renamed SEHC Middle School
The Village now houses a Kohanga Reo, a Māori language pre-school, a Koe Oaga Faka Niue – Fatamanu – pre-school, an alternative School for Boys and New Zealand's first Secondary/Tertiary College – Vaka Moana, an integral part of the Manukau Institute of Technology as well as a number of Community groups
The suburb achieved a mild degree of worldwide fame with the one-off hit single "How Bizarre", by hip-hop artists OMC. "OMC" stands for "Otara Millionaires' Club" – a tongue-in-cheek reference to the low socio-economic status of much of the suburb, Ōtara being one of the poorest parts of the Auckland region – Ōtara North being Auckland Region's suburb with the second lowest median income, at NZ$25,900 after Great Barrier Island at NZ$25,100, and compared to an average of NZ$37,300 and the highest value of NZ$60,000.[33]
Ōtara is also known for its Saturday morning 'flea market' held in the Ōtara shopping centre car park next to the South Campus of Manukau Institute of Technology. The Ōtara Markets first started in the late 1970s, and are the largest street market in New Zealand.[34]
In the 1970s Prime Minister Robert Muldoon's immigration policies led to police raids on some Ōtara residents by police in the search for illegal overstayers from the Pacific Islands.
Ōtara long had some of the highest crime rates of the country, but recently a major action against the Tribesmen and Killer Beez gangs (in 2008), and 2010s increases in police force numbers in the area, combined with a community policing approach, have been credited with both reducing crime and establishing less hostile attitudes between the locals and the police.[35]
Sir Edmund Hillary Collegiate consists of three schools on a single campus. The Junior School catering for years 1–6 has a roll of ; the Middle School, years 7 and 8, has students; and the Senior School catering for Years 9–13 has . Hillary College, Bairds Intermediate and Clydemore Primary School are the three schools that now form Sir Edmund Hillary Collegiate.
Tangaroa College is a secondary school (years 9–13) with a roll of . The Tangaroa College Teen Parent Unit shares its campus.
Ferguson Intermediate is an intermediate school (years 7–8) with a roll of .
Bairds Mainfreight Primary School, Dawson School, East Tāmaki School, Flat Bush School, Mayfield School, Rongomai School, Wymondley Road School and Yendarra School are contributing primary schools (years 1–6) with rolls of,,,,,, and students, respectively.
Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Otara is a Māori language full primary school (years 1–8) with a roll of .
St John the Evangelist Catholic School is a state-integrated full primary school (years 1–8) with a roll of .
All these schools are coeducational. Rolls are as of
Ōtara is also home to Manukau Institute of Technology's two main campuses.