Oskar Romm Explained

Oskar Romm
Birth Date:	18 December 1919
Birth Place:	Hejnice, Czechoslovakia
Death Place:	Waldesch, Germany
Nickname:	"Ossi"
Allegiance:	(to 1945)
Serviceyears:	1939–1945
Rank:	Oberleutnant (first lieutenant)
Unit:	JG 51 JG 3
Commands:	IV./JG 3
Battles:	World War II Battle of Kursk Defense of the Reich
Awards:	Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross

Oskar "Ossi" Romm (18 December 1919 – 1 May 1993) was a Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership. During his career he was credited with 92 aerial victories, 82 on the Eastern Front and 10 on the Western Front.

Career

On 22 November 1942, Romm made an emergency landing in his Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-3 (Werknummer 0291—factory number) due to engine failure 5abbr=offNaNabbr=off north of Sychyovka.

In September 1943, Romm was transferred to Ergänzungs-Jagdgruppe Ost, specialized training unit for new fighter pilots destined for the Eastern Front, as an instructor. During this assignment, he was awarded the German Cross in Gold on 17 October.

Despite being half Jewish, or Mischling under the Nuremberg Laws, Romm enlisted in the Luftwaffe and served with distinction. He was awarded his Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (German: Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 29 February 1944 when his victory score stood at 76.

Western Front

By late May 1944, 2. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders" (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing) had been staffed with a full complement of 16 pilots, including Romm. The Staffel was ordered to relocate to the Western Front where it was attached to IV. Sturmgruppe of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" (JG 3—3rd Fighter Wing) as fourth squadron fighting in Defense of the Reich. There, the Staffel was underwent conversion training to the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 radial engine powered fighter aircraft. At the time, IV. Sturmgruppe was based at Salzwedel and commanded by Hauptmann Wilhelm Moritz.

Romm was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 12. Sturmstaffel of JG 3 on 7 July 1944. He replaced Oberleutnant Hans Rachner who had been killed in action that day. On 7 July, a force of 1,129 B-17 Flying Fortress and B-24 Liberator bombers of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) Eighth Air Force had set out from England to bomb aircraft factories in the Leipzig area and the synthetic oil plants at Boehlen, Leuna-Merseburg and Lützkendorf. This formation was intercepted by a German Gefechtsverband (combat formation) consisting of IV. Sturmgruppe of JG 3, led by Moritz, escorted by two Gruppen of Bf 109s from Jagdgeschwader 300 (JG 300—300th Fighter Wing) led by Major Walther Dahl. Dahl and Moritz drove the attack to point-blank range behind the Liberators of the 492d Bombardment Group before opening fire. 492d Bombardment Group was temporarily without fighter cover. Within about a minute the entire squadron of twelve B-24s had been annihilated. The Germans claimed 28 USAAF 2nd Air Division B-24 bombers that day and were credited with at least 21. The majority to the Sturmgruppe attack. This figure includes one B-24 bomber claimed shot down by Romm. In total, Luftwaffe pilots claimed the destruction of 60 bombers while actual losses were 28 bombers destroyed and further bombers returned with various levels of combat damage. The authors Prien, Stemmer and Bock state that the consolidated attack flown in close formation by the Sturmgruppe resulted in overclaiming of aerial victories caused by the confusing combat situation. During these attacks, multiple pilots may have simultaneously fired at the same bomber. It was therefore unclear who was responsible for the destruction of the bomber.

On 18 July, the USAAF Fifteenth Air Force attacked the Luftwaffe Memmingen Airfield. The Sturmgruppe intercepted the bombers and following the mission, the pilots claimed 36 heavy bombers shot down, including three Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers by Romm. Two days later, the Sturmgruppe moved to an airfield at Schwaighofen near Neu-Ulm where they stayed until 30 July. The Sturmgruppe then moved to Schongau. There, 12. Sturmstaffel was renamed to 15. Sturmstaffel on 10 August.

In October 1944, Romm was transferred to I. Gruppe of JG 3 where he was tasked with the creation of a newly formed 4. Staffel. At the time, I. Gruppe was based at Bindersleben Airfield and commanded by Hauptmann Horst Haase. Command of 15. Sturmstaffel was then passed to Hauptmann Hubert-York Weydenhammer. Romm claimed his only aerial victory while serving with 4. Staffel on 2 November when he shot down a USAAF North American P-51 Mustang fighter. That day, the Eighth Air Force attacked the synthetic fuel factories at Leuna. The day ended with a defeat for the Luftwaffe with 72 pilots killed in action and further 32 pilots wounded. The USAAF lost 40 heavy bombers, further two crashed on their return to England, and 14 escort P-51 fighters shot down. In early December, Romm was transferred to I. Gruppe of Ergänzungs-Jagdgeschwader 1, a replacement training unit for fighter pilots. Command of 4. Staffel was then passed to Leutnant Franz Ruhl.

Eastern Front and end of war

On 12 January 1945, Soviet forces launched the Vistula–Oder offensive advancing into German-held territory, capturing Kraków, Warsaw and Poznań. In consequence, Romm as an experienced unit leader was transferred back to IV. Sturmgruppe of JG 3 again taking command of 15. Sturmstaffel. He took command from Leutnant Karl-Dieter Hecker who had taken command of the Sturmstaffel after Weydenhammer had been transferred in December 1944. On 21 January 1945, IV. Sturmgruppe was ordered to relocate from Gütersloh Airfield to Märkisch Friedland, present-day Mirosławiec, located approximately 75abbr=offNaNabbr=off east of Stargard. With this transfer, the Sturmgruppe came under the control of the 1. Flieger-Division (1st Air Division), commanded by Generalmajor Robert Fuchs, and subordinated to II. Fliegerkorps (2nd Air Corps), headed by General der Flieger Martin Fiebig. On 27 January, Märkisch Friedland had to be abandoned and the Sturmgruppe retreated to an airfield 75abbr=offNaNabbr=off southwest of Stargard. Over the next weeks, the Sturmgruppe predominantly flew fighter-bomber missions in support of German ground forces retreating towards the Oder.

Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring, the commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe, visited the Sturmgruppe on 13 February at Prenzlau. Göring was furious when he learned that the pilots were unable to fly missions due to lack of fuel. On 17 February 1945, Romm was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of IV. Sturmgruppe of JG 3. He succeeded Major Erwin Bacsila who was transferred to Jagdgeschwader 400 (JG 400—400th Fighter Wing). Command of 15. Sturmstaffel was then passed to Leutnant Karl-Dieter Hecker. The next day, the Sturmgruppe flew ground support missions southeast of Stargard. During this mission, Luftwaffe pilots claimed four aerial victories, including an Il-2 ground-attack aircraft by Romm.

Later life

Romm died on 1 May 1993 in Waldesch, Germany.

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Romm was credited with 92 aerial victories. Spick also lists Romm with 92 aerial victories, of which 82 were claimed over the Eastern Front and further 10 over the Western Front, claimed in 229 combat missions. Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 88 aerial victory claims. This figure includes 78 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and 10 over the Western Allies, including eight four-engined heavy bombers, claimed in 283 combat missions.

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 07651". The Luftwaffe grid map (German: Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360sqmi. These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3x in size.

Chronicle of aerial victories

Claim	Date	Time	Type	Location	Claim	Date	Time	Type	Location
– 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders" – Eastern Front — 11 September 1942 – 3 February 1943
1	4 December 1942	12:55	Il-2	vicinity of Oledar	3?	18 January 1943	11:10	MiG-3	PQ 07754, Velikiye Luki
2	15 January 1943	12:45	MiG-3	PQ 07651
– 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders" – Eastern Front — 4 February – September 1943
4	24 February 1943	09:46	Il-2	PQ 35 Ost 44282 10km (10miles) north of Zhizdra	38♠	20 August 1943	05:40	Il-2 m.H.	southeast of Achtyrka
5	24 February 1943	09:48	Il-2	PQ 35 Ost 44252 15km (09miles) north of Zhizdra	39♠	20 August 1943	05:41	Il-2 m.H.	southwest of Achtyrka
6	18 March 1943	07:11	Pe-2	PQ 35 Ost 53322 10km (10miles) west of Soskovo	40♠	20 August 1943	05:43	Il-2 m.H.	southwest of Achtyrka
7	20 April 1943	12:15	La-5	PQ 35 Ost 64624 20km (10miles) north-northeast of Mtsensk	41♠	20 August 1943	05:44	Il-2 m.H.	southwest of Achtyrka
8	10 June 1943	19:20	Il-2	PQ 35 Ost 44454 vicinity of Wosnessnokaja	42♠	20 August 1943	06:19	Il-2 m.H.	southwest of Achtyrka
9	5 July 1943	08:55	Il-2	PQ 35 Ost 73543 40km (30miles) west-southwest of Livny	43♠	20 August 1943	06:21	Il-2 m.H.	southwest of Achtyrka
10	5 July 1943	11:50	MiG-3	PQ 35 Ost 63774 10km (10miles) southeast of Fatezh	44	21 August 1943	14:19	Il-2 m.H.	east of Peressetschnaya
11	8 July 1943	03:57	Il-2	PQ 35 Ost 63713 10km (10miles) east of Fatezh	45	22 August 1943	06:25	Il-2 m.H.	east of Peressetschnaja
12	8 July 1943	09:39	Il-2	PQ 35 Ost 63714 10km (10miles) east of Fatezh	46	22 August 1943	07:00	Il-2 m.H.	south of Grjewka
13	9 July 1943	12:17	Il-2	PQ 35 Ost 63563 10km (10miles) southwest of Maloarkhangelsk	47	23 August 1943	13:20	Il-2 m.H.	southeast of Tscherkasskoje
14	10 July 1943	13:27	La-5?	PQ 35 Ost 63529 20km (10miles) west-northwest of Maloarkhangelsk	48	23 August 1943	16:41	Pe-2	east of Ossnowa
15	11 July 1943	03:47	MiG-3	PQ 35 Ost 63587 20km (10miles) southwest of Maloarkhangelsk	49	26 August 1943	17:12	Yak-1	PQ 35 Ost 41597 30km (20miles) south of Lebedin
16	13 July 1943	13:43	Il-2	PQ 35 Ost 63242 10km (10miles) south of Zalegoshch	50	26 August 1943	17:14	Yak-1	PQ 35 Ost 41586 30km (20miles) south-southwest of Lebedin
17?	13 July 1943		Il-2		51	27 August 1943	13:00	MiG-3	Taranowka
18	13 July 1943	14:00	Il-2	PQ 35 Ost 63256 15km (09miles) southeast of Zalegoshch	52	27 August 1943	13:07	Il-2 m.H.	Taranowka
19	21 July 1943	18:15	La-5	PQ 35 Ost 64811 10km (10miles) south of Mtsensk	53	28 August 1943	11:55	La-5	Kotelura
20	23 July 1943	11:37	La-5	PQ 35 Ost 43243 25km (16miles) west-southwest of Tschaikowka	54	31 August 1943	18:00	La-5	1km (01miles) west of Yelnya
21	1 August 1943	15:15	Il-2 m.H.	PQ 35 Ost 54766 10km (10miles) south of Znamenskoye	55	31 August 1943	18:30	Pe-2	18km (11miles) east of Yelnya
22	1 August 1943	15:18	Il-2 m.H.	PQ 35 Ost 54764 10km (10miles) south of Znamenskoye	56♠	4 September 1943	13:30	Il-2 m.H.	35km (22miles) southwest of Nowograditsche
23♠	2 August 1943	04:20	Il-2 m.H.	east of Sinojewo	57♠	4 September 1943	13:31	Il-2 m.H.	vicinity of Lenkino
24♠	2 August 1943	04:22	MiG-3	PQ 35 Ost 53622, Muchanowka 15km (09miles) west of Trosna	58♠	4 September 1943	13:32	La-5	4km (02miles) south of Wederinki
25♠	2 August 1943	04:35	Pe-2	west of Ssemenowka 15km (09miles) north-northeast of Dmitriyev-Lgovsky	59♠	4 September 1943	13:36	La-5	2km (01miles) south of Unbakowo
26♠	2 August 1943	04:36	Pe-2	PQ 35 53492 15km (09miles) south-southeast of Kromy	60♠	4 September 1943	17:17	Pe-2	vicinity of Ssofonowo
27♠	2 August 1943	18:34	Il-2 m.H.	east of Karachev	61	5 September 1943	15:29	MiG-3	PQ 35 Ost 35379 25km (16miles) southeast of Dorogobuzh
28	7 August 1943	08:20	MiG-3	PQ 35 Ost 54844 20km (10miles) southeast of Znamenskoye	62	6 September 1943	09:35?	Boston	8km (05miles) west Jaroslawez
29	7 August 1943	14:24	MiG-3?	PQ 35 Ost 54881 10km (10miles) northeast of Naryschkino	63	6 September 1943	15:12	Pe-2	6km (04miles) northwest of Beredina 1km (01miles) southwest of Voroshanka
30♠	14 August 1943	06:26	Il-2 m.H.	PQ 35 51858 15km (09miles) east of Bohodukhiv	64	6 September 1943	15:24	Yak-7	6km (04miles) southwest of Goroshanka 6km (04miles) northwest of Beredina Luika
31♠	14 August 1943	06:27	Il-2 m.H.	PQ 35 Ost 51825 15km (09miles) southwest of Zolochiv	65	7 September 1943	16:12	Yak-4?	1km (01miles) east of Wilarowka
32♠	14 August 1943	11:20	Boston	Stalina	66	8 September 1943	07:39?	Yak-7	5km (03miles) northeast of Rudnja
33♠	14 August 1943	13:22	La-5	north of Krysino	67	8 September 1943	07:47	Yak-7	5km (03miles) south of Kirov
34♠	14 August 1943	16:50?	P-40	PQ 35 Ost 51179 10km (10miles) west of Spas-Demensk	68	9 September 1943	15:30	MiG-3	6km (04miles) northeast of Dukhovshchina
35	18 August 1943	06:48	Yak-1	east of Kotlyarov	69?	10 September 1943	16:46	Yak-1	Djatkowo
36	18 August 1943	07:24	Il-2 m.H.	east of Bezlyudovka	70?	14 September 1943	16:30	La-5	Schatkowa
37	18 August 1943	07:25	Il-2 m.H.	east of Bezlyudovka
– 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders" – Eastern Front — February 1944
71♠	5 February 1944	08:58	Yak-9	PQ 25 Ost N/93329 15km (09miles) southwest of Parichi	74♠	5 February 1944	Boston?	Boston	PQ 25 Ost N/93345 15km (09miles) southwest of Parichi
72♠	5 February 1944	09:00	Boston?	PQ 25 Ost N/93351 20km (10miles) southwest of Parichi	75♠	5 February 1944	09:03	Boston	PQ 25 Ost N/93474 30km (20miles) south-southeast of Parichi
73♠	5 February 1944	09:01	Boston?	PQ 25 Ost N/93324 15km (09miles) southwest of Parichi	76♠	5 February 1944	Boston?	Boston	PQ 25 Ost N/93428 30km (20miles) south-southeast of Parichi
– 2. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders" – Defense of the Reich — July 1944
77	7 July 1944	09:40	B-24	PQ 15 Ost S/HC, Oschersleben
– 12. Sturmstaffel of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" – Defense of the Reich — 7 July – 10 August 1944
78	18 July 1944	10:50	B-17	30km (20miles) southeast of Memmingen	80	18 July 1944	10:55	B-17?	40km (30miles) southeast of Memmingen
79	18 July 1944	10:50	B-17	30km (20miles) southeast of Memmingen
– 15. Sturmstaffel of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" – Defense of the Reich — 10 August – November 1944
81	27 September 1944	11:06	B-24	PQ 15 Ost S/MA - 05 Ost MU Eschwege	84	28 September 1944	12:50	B-17	PQ 15 Ost S/JB west of Halberstadt
82	27 September 1944	11:06	B-24	PQ 15 Ost S/MA - 05 Ost MU Eschwege area	85	28 September 1944	12:51	B-17	PQ 15 Ost S/JB west of Halberstadt
83	27 September 1944	11:07	B-24	PQ 15 Ost S/MA - 05 Ost MU Eschwege area
– 4. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" – Defense of the Reich — November 1944
86	2 November 1944	12:38	P-51	PQ 15 Ost KD
– Stab IV. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" – Defense of the Reich in the East — 17 February – 8 May 1945
87	18 February 1945		Il-2		90	3 March 1945	17:10	P-39
88	19 February 1945		P-39		91	6 March 1945		LaGG-3
89	19 February 1945		Yak-3		92	21 March 1945		Il-2

Awards

Flugzeugführerabzeichen
Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe
Iron Cross (1939) 2nd and 1st Class
Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 1 November 1943 as Feldwebel and pilot
German Cross in Gold on 17 October 1943 as Feldwebel in the I./Jagdgeschwader 51
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 29 February 1944 as Oberfeldwebel and pilot in the 1./Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders"

References

Bibliography

Book: Aders . Gebhard . Held . Werner . 1993 . Jagdgeschwader 51 'Mölders' Eine Chronik – Berichte – Erlebnisse – Dokumente . Fighter Wing 51 'Mölders' A Chronicle - Reports - Experiences - Documents . de . Stuttgart, Germany . Motorbuch Verlag . 978-3-613-01045-1.
Web site: Bergström . Christer .
sv:Christer Bergström
. Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat . Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website . 25 October 2022 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20181222042030/http://www.bergstrombooks.elknet.pl/bc-rs/planquadrat.htm . 22 December 2018 . dead.
Book: Dixon , Jeremy . 2023 . Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe: Knight's Cross Holders 1943–1945 . Barnsley . . 978-1-39903-073-1.
Book: Fellgiebel , Walther-Peer .
de:Walther-Peer Fellgiebel
. 2000 . 1986 . Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile . The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches . de . Friedberg, Germany . Podzun-Pallas . 978-3-7909-0284-6.
Book: Forsyth , Robert . 2011 . Luftwaffe Viermot Aces 1942–45 . Aircraft of the Aces . 101 . Oxford, UK . . 978-1-84908-438-3.
Book: Forsyth . Robert . 2022 . Fw 190 D-9 Defence of the Reich 1944–45 . Oxford, UK . . 978-1-4728-4939-7.
Book: Mathews . Andrew Johannes . Foreman . John . 2015 . Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 3 M–R . Walton-on-Thames, UK . Red Kite . 978-1-906592-20-2.
Book: Obermaier , Ernst . 1989 . Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 . The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945 . de . Mainz, Germany . Verlag Dieter Hoffmann . 978-3-87341-065-7.
Book: Patzwall . Klaus D. . Scherzer . Veit . 2001 . Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II . The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2 . de . Norderstedt, Germany . Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall . 978-3-931533-45-8.
Book: Patzwall . Klaus D. . 2008 . Der Ehrenpokal für besondere Leistung im Luftkrieg . The Honor Goblet for Outstanding Achievement in the Air War . de . Norderstedt, Germany . Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall . 978-3-931533-08-3.
Book: Prien , Jochen . 1996 . IV./Jagdgeschwader 3—Chronik einer Jagdgruppe—1943 – 1945 . IV./Jagdgeschwader 3—Chronic of a Fighter Group—1943 – 1945 . de . Eutin, Germany . Struve-Druck . 978-3-923457-36-6.
Book: Prien . Jochen . Stemmer . Gerhard . 2002 . Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" in WWII: Stab and I./JG 3 in Action with the Messerschmitt Bf 109 . Atglen, Pennsylvania . . 978-0-7643-1681-4.
Book: Prien . Jochen . Stemmer . Gerhard . Rodeike . Peter . Bock . Winfried . 2006 . Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/II—Vom Sommerfeldzug 1942 bis zur Niederlage von Stalingrad—1.5.1942 bis 3.2.1943 . The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/II—From the 1942 Summer Campaign to the Defeat at Stalingrad—1 May 1942 to 3 February 1943 . de . Eutin, Germany . Struve-Druck . 978-3-923457-77-9.
Book: Prien . Jochen . Stemmer . Gerhard . Rodeike . Peter . Bock . Winfried . 2012 . Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 12/I—Einsatz im Osten—4.2. bis 31.12.1943 . The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 12/I—Action in the East—4 February to 31 December 1943 . de . Eutin, Germany . Buchverlag Rogge . 978-3-942943-02-4.
Book: Prien . Jochen . Stemmer . Gerhard . Bock . Winfried . 2018 . Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 13/IV—Einsatz im Reichsverteidigung und im Westen—1.1. bis 31.12.1944 . The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 13/IV—Action in the Defense of the Reich and in the West—1 January to 31 December 1944 . de . Eutin, Germany . Struve-Druck . 978-3-942943-19-2.
Book: Prien . Jochen . Stemmer . Gerhard . Balke . Ulf . Bock . Winfried . 2022 . Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 15/I—Einsatz im Osten—1.1. bis 31.12.1944 . The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 15/I—Action in the East—1 January to 31 December 1944 . de . Eutin, Germany . Buchverlag Rogge . 978-3-942943-26-0.
Book: Rigg , Bryan Mark . Bryan Mark Rigg . 2002 . Hitler's Jewish Soldiers: The Untold Story of Nazi Racial Laws and Men of Jewish Descent in the German Military . Lawrence, Kansas . University Press of Kansas . 978-0-7006-1178-2.
Book: Scherzer , Veit . 2007 . Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives . The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives . de . Jena, Germany . Scherzers Militaer-Verlag . 978-3-938845-17-2.
Book: Spick , Mike . 1996 . Luftwaffe Fighter Aces . New York . . 978-0-8041-1696-1 . registration .
Book: Weal , John . 1996 . Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Aces of the Western Front . Aircraft of the Aces . 9 . Oxford, UK . . 978-1-85532-595-1.
Book: Zabecki . David T. . David T. Zabecki . Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History . Santa Barbara, California . . 2014 . 978-1-59884-981-3.