| Oskar Minkowski | |
| Birth Date: | 13 January 1858 |
| Birth Place: | Aleksotas, Kovno Governorate, Russian Empire (now Lithuania) |
| Death Place: | Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Germany |
| Field: | Diabetology |
| Work Institutions: | University of Breslau |
| Known For: | pancreas and diabetes |
Oskar Minkowski (;[1] pronounced as /de/ 13 January 1858 – 18 July 1931) was a German physician and physiologist who held a professorship at the University of Breslau and is most famous for his research on diabetes. He was the brother of the mathematician Hermann Minkowski and father of astrophysicist Rudolph Minkowski.
Born in Aleksotas, of Jewish origin,[2] [3] but later converted to Christianity.[4] Minkowski was the son of Rachel (née Taubmann) and Lewin Boruch Minkowski (1825–1884), a first-guild merchant, who subsidized construction of the choral synagogue in Kovno.[2]
Minkowski worked with Josef von Mering on the study of diabetes at the University of Strasbourg. Their landmark study in 1889 in dogs induced diabetes by removing their pancreas. It was Minkowski who performed the operation and made the crucial link to recognize that the symptoms of the treated dogs were due to diabetes.[5] Thus they were able to indicate that the pancreas contained regulators to control blood sugar; they also provided a model for the study of diabetes. Their work led other doctors and scientists to pursue further research on the relation of the pancreas to diabetes, and ultimately resulted in the discovery of insulin as a treatment for the disease.
In recognition of the discovery by Minkowski the European Association for the Study of Diabetes annually awards the Minkowski Prize for outstanding original work of a younger investigator in diabetes research.[6]