| Agency Name: | Organization and Guidance Department of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea |
| Nativename: | 조선로동당 조직지도부 |
| Formed: | 15 September 1948 |
| Preceding1: | General Affairs Department |
| Jurisdiction: | Party, state and military |
| Headquarters: | Pyongyang, North Korea |
| Chief1 Name: | Kim Jae-ryong |
| Chief1 Position: | Director |
| Chief2 Name: | Ri Byong-chol |
| Chief2 Position: | First Deputy Director |
| Parent Agency: | Central Committee |
| Chief3 Name: | Kim Kyong-ok |
| Chief3 Position: | First Deputy Director |
| Chief4 Name: | Kim Jo-Guk |
| Chief4 Position: | First Deputy Director |
| Chief5 Name: | Min Byong-chol |
| Chief5 Position: | Deputy Director |
| Chief6 Name: | Hwang Pyong-so |
| Chief6 Position: | Deputy Director |
| Chief7 Name: | Jo Yong-won |
| Chief7 Position: | Deputy Director |
The Organization and Guidance Department (OGD), or the Organizational Leadership Department (Official translation in North Korea) created in 1946, is a department of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK), the ruling party of North Korea. Its central responsibility is to implement the directives and teachings of the Great Leaders comrade Kim Il Sung, comrade Kim Jong Il, and comrade Kim Jong Un. The department was initially a department within the WPK General Affairs Department, but eventually spun off and was established at the 3rd Plenary Session of the 2nd Central Committee as the Organization Committee.
The OGD is a powerful department of the WPK that guides the implementation of all Party life policy, which extends to nearly every aspect of life in North Korea from civilian, to military, to government. The OGD also serves as the staff for the Central Committee and Central Military Committee, and controls key personnel in the government, WPK, and Korean People's Army (KPA).[1] This control stems from the OGD's power to select and dismiss high-ranking officials based on the monitoring it does, records it collects, and investigations it runs, making it one of the most powerful and feared departments of the WPK.[2]
The OGD is also responsible for administering party life guidance to secure loyalty to the Kim dynasty and maintain Party ideology, overseeing guidance implementation down to a local and even workplace level. It does this through local Organization Departments, which are a part of every KWP Committee and have political power due to their close link to the OGD. Since every North Korean citizen experiences party life in some form, regardless of actually joining the party, the OGD and its guidance have a direct effect on the lives of every North Korean from the highest to lowest level.
Due to a lack of information on the OGD from the North Korean government, there is a heavy reliance on defector testimony and expert analysis. Polish political scientist Nicolas Levi refers to the OGD as "The heart of the North Korean political system".[3] According to North Korean defector Jang Jin-sung, the OGD is "the only entity that actually matters when it comes to decision-making or policy-making" and reflects the autocratic structure of the government.[4] Hwang Jang-yop, another high-ranking defector, stated that the leading figures of North Korea belong to the OGD.[3] Its officials regularly accompany the Great Leader during inspections and field guidance appearances.[3] Some of its powers were given to the WPK Administrative Department (AD), in a bid to weaken the influence of those working in the OGD. However the AD itself was abolished in February 2014, after the execution of the AD Head Jang Song-thaek.[5]
Some scholars and defectors argue that the leaders of the OGD are the real leaders of North Korea, that Kim Jong Un is a puppet.[6] [7] North Korean defector Jang Jin-sung argues that Hwang Pyong-so, the First Deputy Head of the OGD, through his post as director of the General Political Bureau of the Korean People's Army, was the real ruler of the country because he controlled the appointments and dismissals of military officers.[7] However, none of the three following GPB Directors, Choe Ryong-hae, Kim Jong-gak and then Kim Su-gil, have been seen as true leaders of North Korea. Robert Collins at the Committee for Human Rights in North Korea maintains that the OGD truly implements directives of the Great Leader, and Michael Madden of the North Korea Leadership Watch concludes the OGD is not powerful enough to introduce directives itself.[7]
High-ranking members of the OGD have significant power in the WPK. The director is often referred to as the second most powerful figure in the country, exemplified by the first director of the OGD being Kim Il Sung, the founder of the North Korean state, and his successor, Kim Jong Il (the Party General Secretary from 1997 to 2011) directing the OGD from September 1973 until his death in 2011.[8] Under Kim Jong Il's stewardship, the OGD was turned into a center of power within the WPK.[8] Therefore, OGD first deputy directors and deputy directors are leading figures within the North Korean establishment. Their position affords them privileges and a degree of secrecy that makes them "a kind of elite priesthood in the DPRK."[8] Officials working within the OGD are not under the jurisdiction of state law or party bylaws, after a memorandum issued by Kim Jong Il in the 1980s turned the OGD into a partially secret organization.[8] Sanctions against deputy heads are kept confidential from the rest of the party.[8] Although lower ranking members of the OGD don't have these privileges to the same extent, any member of the OGD is considered to be in a position of power and privilege.
Members of the OGD, especially directors and deputy directors, are under constant and heavy surveillance and can be dismissed at any time for any reason by the Great Leader. He, as the head of every chain of leadership, has the final word on dismissals; for instance, in the 1990s Yun Sung-gwan, as deputy head, assumed control over the affairs of the OGD for two years, but was removed when Kim Jong Il believed he had amassed too much power.[8] A similar case took place in 2003, when Jang Song-thaek was dismissed.[8]
Kim Kyong-hui and Kim Jong Un were speculated to have led the OGD following Kim Jong Il's death. Ri Man-gon was dismissed in February 2020 by the Politburo from his position as WPK Vice-Chairman, and likely as OGD Director as well. This was due to, according to the North Korean Central News Agency, an abuse of power and corruption scandal in the WPK.[9] [10] Former premier Kim Jae-ryong was appointed to lead the OGD in 2020.[11]
First deputy directors (as of 2020)
An OGD Deputy Director since 2007 and KWP Deputy Director since 1991, General Kim is deeply involved in the party and the Kim Regime. Kim Jong Un's security is his responsibility. Having no formal military training, General Kim was appointed general in 2010 in an effort to put civilian leadership at the head of the army. General Kim seems to be trusted by Kim Jong Un, accompanying Kim Jong Un on many of his public inspections. In 2016 he was sanctioned by the U.S. Treasury (OFAC).
He has served for over four decades in the KPA, rising up the ranks to four star general in 2010. In addition to his position as OGD First Deputy Director, he is also a deputy director at the KWP Munitions Industry Department which is responsible for all weapons development in North Korea.[12] Thus, he plays an active part in overseeing the research and production of weapons of mass destruction as well as making decisions regarding personnel in the military and weapons programs.[13] General Ri has both military and senior Party experience, and is a trusted advisor to Kim Jong Un, especially in times of crisis.[14] In 2017 he was sanctioned by the U.S. Treasury (OFAC).[15]
Deputy directors (as of 2020)
[16] [17] Fired from the General Political Bureau in 2017 for corruption, Hwang was retained as OGD Vice-Director after three months of "Revolutionary Rehabilitation".[18] Despite a lack of formal military training, he has significant influence over the military and frequently accompanies Kim Jong Un on military related visits. In 2017 Hwang was sanctioned by the U.S. Treasury (OFAC).[19]
[20] In 2014 Jo Yong-won began appearing on the political scene, attending senior level meetings, advising Kim Jong Un, and accompanying Kim Jong Un to inspections. He is believed to be Kim Jong Un's Personal Action Officer within the OGD. In 2017 he was sanctioned by the U.S. Treasury (OFAC).
As the sister of Kim Jong Un, Kim Yo-jong is often thought to be a deputy director of the OGD, although there is no official confirmation.[21] In 2017 she was sanctioned by the U.S. Treasury (OFAC).
The OGD is the largest department under the WPK Political Bureau, with a personnel of 1,000 and an estimated 25 deputy directors employed in its central sections, and all report to the office of the general secretary.[24] Sections under the OGD often overlap with other organizations within the party. This ensures security in the WPK and the OGD's power across the WPK. Due to the OGD's level of secrecy, it is difficult to track the various offices and sections, which are often referred to by slightly different names. Below is a list of known sections under the OGD.
According to the United Nations Human Rights Council, the OGD plays a role in North Korea's notorious human rights violations.[30] Monitoring North Korea's human rights policy, although not a formal designation, falls under the responsibility of the OGD, which administers and guides North Korea's policy of human rights denial. The OGD's control over Party life through Organization Departments at a local level allows it to record and punish any North Korean who does not adhere to policy. North Koreans can be removed from positions of power, receive reeducation, or in severe cases be denied access to the food and medical systems or even send citizens to prison or labor camps.
In 2017 United Nations (UN) Security Council sanctioned the OGD as well as key leadership: Min Byong-chol (OGD Deputy Director as of 2020), Jo Yon-jun (former OGD Deputy Director), Kim Kyong-ok (OGD First Director as of 2020), and Jo Yong-won (deputy director as of 2020).[31]
In 2016 the United States put North Korean human rights on its agenda, with the US Treasury placing sanctions on the OGD itself as well as Jo Yon-jun, Kim Kyong-ok and several other members of North Korean leadership who were added to the Office of Foreign Assets Control Specially Designated Nationals List (OFAC SDN) for human rights abuses.[32] Later in 2017, Min Byong-chol, Jo Yong-won, and Kim Yo-jong were added to the OFAC SDN list for human rights abuses as well.[33]
South Korea sanctioned Hwang Pyong-so (OGD Deputy Director as of 2020) in 2016 and implemented the above-mentioned UN sanctions.[34]
In 2017, the United Kingdom put its own additional sanctions on the OGD and the same individuals.[35]
The stability of the Mount Paektu bloodline depends on the party obligations that are largely created and enforced by the OGD, according to the Korean Institute for National Unification. Thus, the OGD is integral to the regime's survival. As assessed by Robert Collins, former Chief of Strategy at R.O.K.- U.S. Combined Forces Command, there are external threats that could put strain on the OGD such as a manmade or natural disaster, or rebellion or war. Internal corruption, competition, and stress due to the OGD's wide responsibility also have potential to strain the OGD.