Ordinance (India) Explained

Ordinances are laws that are promulgated by the President of India on the recommendation of the Union Cabinet, which will have the same effect as an Act of Parliament. They can only be issued when Parliament is not in session. They enable the Indian government to take immediate legislative action. Ordinances cease to operate either if Parliament does not approve of them within six weeks of reassembly, or if disapproving resolutions are passed by both Houses. It is also compulsory for a session of Parliament to be held within six months.[1] A total of 679 ordinances have been issued from 1950-2014.[2]

List of Central Government Ordinances since 2003

Year Number Title of Ordinance Ref.
2003 1 Great persons (Tariff) Amendment Ordinance, 2003 [3]
2003 2 Taxation Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2003 [4]
2003 3 National Tax Tribunal Ordinance, 2003 [5]
2003 4 Prevention of Terrorism (Amendment) Ordinance, 2003 [6]
2003 5 Representation of the People (Amendment) Ordinance, 2003 [7]
2003 6 Delimitation (Amendment) Ordinance, 2003 [8]
2003 7 Indian Telegraph (Amendment) Ordinance, 2003 [9]
2003 8 Indian Medicine Central Council (Amendment) Ordinance, 2003 [10]
2004 1 Prevention of Terrorism (Repeal) Ordinance [11]
2004 2 good acticities(Prevention) Amendment Ordinance [12]
2004 3 Banking Regulation (Amendment) and Miscellaneous Provisions Ordinance [13]
2004 4 Securities Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2004 [14]
2004 5 Enforcement of Security Interest and Recovery of Debts Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2004 [15]
2004 6 National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions Ordinance [16]
2004 7 Patents (Amendment) Ordinance, 2004 [17]
2004 8 Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority Ordinance [18]
2005 1 Central Excise Laws (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance [19]
2005 2 Citizenship (Amendment) Ordinance [20]
2005 3 Manipur University Ordinance, 2005 [21]
2005 4 Taxation Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2005 [22]
2006 1 National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions (Amendment) Ordinance, 2006 [23]
2006 2 National Council for Teacher Education (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance, 2006 [24]
2006 3 Indian Telegraph (Amendment) Ordinance, 2006 [25]
2007 1 Banking Regulation (Amendment) Ordinance, 2007 [26]
2007 2 National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Amendment) Ordinance, 2007 [27]
2007 3 National Tax Tribunal (Amendment) Ordinance, 2007 [28]
2007 4 Sports Broadcasting Signals (Mandatory Sharing with Prasar Bharati) Ordinance, 2007 [29]
2007 5 State Bank of India (Amendment) Ordinance, 2007 [30]
2007 6 National Capital Territory of Delhi Law (Special Provisions) Ordinance, 2007 [31]
2007 7 National Capital Territory of Delhi Law (Special Provisions) Second Ordinance, 2007 [32]
2007 8 Payment of Bonus (Amendment) Ordinance, 2007 [33]
2008 1 Delimitation (Amendment) Ordinance, 2008 [34]
2008 2 Railways (Amendment) Ordinance, 2008 [35]
2008 3 Forward contracts (Regulation) Amendment Ordinance, 2008 [36]
2008 4 Sugar Development Fund (Amendment) Ordinance, 2008 [37]
2008 5 Prasar Bharti (Broadcasting Corporation of India) Amendment Ordinance, 2008 [38]
2008 6 Food Safety and Standards (Amendment) Ordinance, 2008 [39]
2008 7 Employee's State Insurance (Amendment) Ordinance, 2008 [40]
2008 8 Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (Amendment) Ordinance, 2008 [41]
2009 1 High Court and Supreme Court Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Amendment Ordinance, 2009 [42]
2009 2 Central Industrial Security Force (Amendment) Ordinance, 2009 [43]
2009 3 Central Universities Ordinance 2009 [44]
2009 4 Meghalaya Appropriation (Vote on Account) Ordinance, 2009 [45]
2009 5 Meghalaya Appropriation Ordinance, 2008 [46]
2009 6 Competition (Amendment) Ordinance, 2009 [47]
2009 7 Jharkhand Contingency Fund (Amendment) Ordinance, 2009 [48]
2009 8 Central Universities (Amendment) Ordinance, 2009 [49]
2009 9 Essential Commodities (Amendment And Validation) Ordinance, 2009 [50]
2010 1 Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (Amendment & Validation) Ordinance, 2010 [51]
2010 2 Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Ordinance, 2010 [52]
2010 3 Securities and Insurance Laws (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance, 2010 [53]
2010 4 Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance, 2010 [54]
2011 1 Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Ordinance, 2011 [55]
2011 2 Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Kancheepuram Ordinance, 2011 [56]
2011 3 Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Amendment Ordinance, 2011 [57]
2012 1 All-India Institute of Medical Sciences (Amendment) Ordinance, 2012 [58]
2013 1 Securities and Exchange Board of India (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013 [59]
2013 2 Readjustment of Representation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Ordinance, 2013 [60]
2013 3 Criminal Law (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013 [61]
2013 4 Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013 [62]
2013 5 Securities and Exchange Board of India (Amendment) Second Ordinance, 2013 [63]
2013 6 Readjustment of Representation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies (Second) Ordinance, 2013 [64]
2013 7 National Food Security Ordinance, 2013 [65]
2013 8 Securities Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013 [66]
2013 9 Securities Laws (Amendment) Second Ordinance, 2013 [67]
2013 10 Readjustment of Representation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies (Third) Ordinance, 2013 [68]
2013 11 Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Second Ordinance, 2013 [69]
2014 1 Scheduled Castes And The Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Ordinance, 2014 [70]
2014 2 Securities Laws (Amendment) Odinance, 2014 [71]
2014 3 Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (Amendment) Ordinance, 2014 [72]
2014 4 Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation (Amendment) Ordinance, 2014 [73]
2014 5 Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Ordinance, 2014 [74]
2014 6 Textile Undertakings (Nationalisation) Laws (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance, 2014 [75]
2014 7 Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Second Ordinance, 2014 [76]
2014 8 Insurance Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2014 [77]
2014 9 Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency In Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Ordinance, 2014 [78]
2015 1 Citizenship (Amendment) Ordinance, 2015 [79]
2015 2 Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Ordinance, 2015 [80]
2015 3 Mines And Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Ordinance, 2015 [81]
2015 4 Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Ordinance, 2015 [82]
2015 5 Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Second Ordinance, 2015 [83]
2015 6 Negotiable Instruments (Amendment) Ordinance, 2015 [84]
2015 7 Negotiable Instruments (Amendment) Second Ordinance, 2015 [85]
2015 8 Commercial Courts, Commercial Division and Commercial Appellate Division of High Courts Ordinance, 2015 [86]
2015 9 Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Ordinance, 2015 [87]
2016 1 Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance, 2016 [88]
2016 2 Uttarakhand Appropriation (Vote on Account) Ordinance, 2016 [89]
2016 3 Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Second Ordinance, 2016 [90]
2016 4 Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Ordinance, 2016 [91]
2016 5 Dentists (Amendment) Ordinance, 2016 [92]
2016 6 Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Third Ordinance, 2016 [93]
2016 7 Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Fourth Ordinance, 2016 [94]
2016 8 Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Fifth Ordinance, 2016[95] [96]
2016 9 Payment of Wages (Amendment) Ordinance, 2016 [97]
2016 10 Specified Bank Notes (Cessation of Liabilities) Ordinance, 2016 [98]
2017 1 Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to States) Ordinance, 2017
2018 1 The Criminal Law Amendment Ordinance, 2018
2018 2 Companies (Amendment) Ordinance, 2018
2019 1 Companies (Amendment) Ordinance, 2019
2019 2 Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Teachers’ Cadre) Ordinance, 2019[99]
20193The Taxation Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2019
20201The Epidemic Act 1897 (Amendment) Act Ordinance, 2020

Notes and References

  1. News: Govt points to Ordinance route for crucial bills . Chowdhury . Kavita . . 23 December 2014 . 17 November 2015.
  2. http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/Updates/EventLSS_635907162497207518_presidential_address_english.pdf List of ordinances 1950–2015
  3. Web site: Customs Tariff Amendment Ordinance. 20 January 2003 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF.
  4. Web site: Taxation Laws (Amendment) Ordinance. 2003 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 30 April 2019.
  5. Web site: National Tax Tribunal Ordinance. 2003 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 30 April 2019.
  6. Web site: Prevention of Terrorism (Amendment) Ordinance. 2003 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 30 April 2019.
  7. Web site: Representation of the People (Amendment) Ordinance. 2003 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 30 April 2019.
  8. Web site: Delimitation (Amendment) Ordinance. 2003 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 30 April 2019.
  9. Web site: Indian Telegraph (Amendment) Ordinance. 2003 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 30 April 2019.
  10. Web site: Indian Medicine Central Council (Amendment) Ordinance. 2003 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 30 April 2019.
  11. Web site: Prevention of Terrorism (Repeal) Ordinance, 2004. 2004 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 30 April 2019.
  12. Web site: The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Ordinance, 2004. 2004 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 30 April 2019.
  13. Web site: Banking Regulation (Amendment) and Miscellaneous Provisions Ordinance, 2004. 2004 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 30 April 2019.
  14. Web site: Securities Laws (Amendment) Ordinance. 2004 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 30 April 2019.
  15. Web site: Enforcement of Security Interest and Recovery of Debts Laws (Amendment) Ordinance. 2004 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 29 April 2019.
  16. Web site: National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions Ordinance, 2004. 2004 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 29 April 2019.
  17. Web site: Patents (Amendment) Ordinance. 2004 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 29 April 2019.
  18. Web site: Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority Ordinance, 2004. 2004 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 29 April 2019.
  19. Web site: Central Excise Laws (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance, 2005. 2005 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 29 April 2019.
  20. Web site: Citizenship (Amendment) Ordinance, 2005. 2005 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 29 April 2019.
  21. Web site: National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions (Amendment) Ordinance. 2005 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 29 April 2019.
  22. Web site: Taxation Laws (Amendment) Ordinance. 2005 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 29 April 2019.
  23. Web site: National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions (Amendment) Ordinance. 2006 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 28 April 2019.
  24. Web site: National Council for Teacher Education (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance. 2006 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 28 April 2019.
  25. Web site: Indian Telegraph (Amendment) Ordinance. 2006 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 28 April 2019.
  26. Web site: Banking Regulation (Amendment) Ordinance. 2007 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 28 April 2019.
  27. Web site: National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Amendment) Ordinance, 2004. 2004 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 29 April 2019.
  28. Web site: National Tax Tribunal (Amendment) Ordinance. 2007 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 28 April 2019.
  29. Web site: Sports Broadcasting Signals (Mandatory Sharing with Prasar Bharati) Ordinance. 2007 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 28 April 2019.
  30. Web site: Sports Broadcasting Signals (Mandatory Sharing with Prasar Bharati) Ordinance. 2007 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 28 April 2019.
  31. Web site: National Capital Territory of Delhi Law (Special Provisions) Ordinance. 2007 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 28 April 2019.
  32. Web site: National Capital Territory of Delhi Law (Special Provisions) Second Ordinance. 2007 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 28 April 2019.
  33. Web site: Payment of Bonus (Amendment) Ordinance. 2007 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 28 April 2019.
  34. Web site: Delimitation (Amendment) Ordinance. 2008 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 28 April 2019.
  35. Web site: Railways (Amendment) Ordinance. 2008 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 28 April 2019.
  36. Web site: Forward contracts (Regulation) Amendment Ordinance. 2008 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 28 April 2019.
  37. Web site: Sugar Development Fund (Amendment) Ordinance. 2008 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 28 April 2019.
  38. Web site: Prasar Bharti (Broadcasting Corporation of India) Amendment Ordinance. 2008 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 27 April 2019.
  39. Web site: Food Safety and Standards (Amendment) Ordinance. 2008 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 27 April 2019.
  40. Web site: Employee's State Insurance (Amendment) Ordinance. 2008 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 27 April 2019.
  41. Web site: Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (Amendment) Ordinance. 2008 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 27 April 2019.
  42. Web site: High Court and Supreme Court Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Amendment Ordinance. 2009 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 27 April 2019.
  43. Web site: Central Industrial Security Force (Amendment) Ordinance. 2009 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 27 April 2019.
  44. Web site: Central Universities Ordinance. 2009 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 27 April 2019.
  45. Web site: Meghalaya Appropriation (Vote on Account) Ordinance. 2009 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 26 April 2019.
  46. Web site: Meghalaya Appropriation Ordinance. 2009 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 26 April 2019.
  47. Web site: Competition (Amendment) Ordinance. 2009 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 26 April 2019.
  48. Web site: Jharkhand Contingency Fund (Amendment) Ordinance. 2009 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 26 April 2019.
  49. Web site: Central Universities (Amendment) Ordinance. 2009 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 26 April 2019.
  50. Web site: Essential Commodities (Amendment And Validation) Ordinance. 2009 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 26 April 2019.
  51. Web site: Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (Amendment & Validation) Ordinance. 2010 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 26 April 2019.
  52. Web site: Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Ordinance. 2010 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 26 April 2019.
  53. Web site: Securities and Insurance Laws (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance. 2010 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 26 April 2019.
  54. Web site: Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance. 2010 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 26 April 2019.
  55. Web site: Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Ordinance. 2011 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 26 April 2019.
  56. Web site: Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Kancheepuram Ordinance. 2011 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 26 April 2019.
  57. Web site: Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Amendment Ordinance. 2011 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 26 April 2019.
  58. Web site: All-India Institute of Medical Sciences (Amendment) Ordinance. 2012 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 26 April 2019.
  59. Web site: Securities and Exchange Board of India (Amendment) Ordinance. 2013 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 26 April 2019.
  60. Web site: Readjustment of Representation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Ordinance. 2013 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 25 April 2019.
  61. Web site: Criminal Law (Amendment) Ordinance. 2013 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 25 April 2019.
  62. Web site: Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Ordinance. 2013 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 25 April 2019.
  63. Web site: Securities and Exchange Board of India (Amendment) Second Ordinance. 2013 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 25 April 2019.
  64. Web site: Readjustment of Representation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies (Second) Ordinance. 2013 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 25 April 2019.
  65. Web site: National Food Security Ordinance. 2013 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 25 April 2019.
  66. Web site: Securities Laws (Amendment) Ordinance. 2013 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 25 April 2019.
  67. Web site: Securities Laws (Amendment) Second Ordinance. 2013 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 25 April 2019.
  68. Web site: Readjustment of Representation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies (Third) Ordinance. 2013 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 25 April 2019.
  69. Web site: Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Second Ordinance. 2013 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 25 April 2019.
  70. Web site: Scheduled Castes And The Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Ordinance. 2014 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 25 April 2019.
  71. Web site: Securities Laws (Amendment) Odinance. 2014 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 25 April 2019.
  72. Web site: Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (Amendment) Ordinance. 2014 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 25 April 2019.
  73. Web site: Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation (Amendment) Ordinance. 2014 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 25 April 2019.
  74. Web site: Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Ordinance. 2014 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 24 April 2019.
  75. Web site: Textile Undertakings (Nationalisation) Laws (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance. 2014 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 24 April 2019.
  76. Web site: Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Second Ordinance. 2014 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 23 April 2019.
  77. Web site: Insurance Laws (Amendment) Ordinance. 2014 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 23 April 2019.
  78. Web site: Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency In Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Ordinance. 2014 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 23 April 2019.
  79. Web site: Citizenship (Amendment) Ordinance. 2015 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 23 April 2019.
  80. Web site: Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Ordinance. 2015 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 23 April 2019.
  81. Web site: Mines And Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Ordinance. 2015 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 23 April 2019.
  82. Web site: Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Ordinance. 2015 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 23 April 2019.
  83. Web site: Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Second Ordinance. 2015 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 23 April 2019.
  84. Web site: Negotiable Instruments (Amendment) Ordinance. 2015 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 23 April 2019.
  85. Web site: Negotiable Instruments (Amendment) Second Ordinance. 2015 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 23 April 2019.
  86. Web site: Commercial Courts, Commercial Division and Commercial Appellate Division of High Courts Ordinance. 2015 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 23 April 2019.
  87. Web site: Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Ordinance. 2015 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 23 April 2019.
  88. Web site: Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance. 2016 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 23 April 2019.
  89. Web site: Uttarakhand Appropriation (Vote on Account) Ordinance. 2016 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 23 April 2019.
  90. Web site: Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Second Ordinance. 2016 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 23 April 2019.
  91. Web site: Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Ordinance. 2016 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 23 April 2019.
  92. Web site: Dentists (Amendment) Ordinance. 2016 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 23 April 2019.
  93. Web site: Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Third Ordinance. 2016 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 23 April 2019.
  94. Web site: Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Fourth Ordinance. 2016 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 23 April 2019.
  95. Web site: Re-promulgation of ordinances fraud on Constitution: SC. 3 January 2017.
  96. Web site: Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Fifth Ordinance. 2016 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 23 April 2019.
  97. Web site: Payment of Wages (Amendment) Ordinance. 2016 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 23 April 2019.
  98. Web site: The Specified Banknotes Ordinance Ordinance. 20 January 2016 . bombayhighcourt.nic.in . PDF. 23 April 2019.
  99. Web site: The Hindu explains: The Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Teachers' Cadre) Bill . 2019 . thehindu.com . webpage. 1 July 2019.

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