Orders of magnitude (molar concentration) explained

This page lists examples of the orders of magnitude of molar concentration. Source values are parenthesized where unit conversions were performed.

M denotes the non-SI unit molar:

1 M = 1 mol/L = 10−3 mol/m3.

All orders

List of orders of magnitude for molar concentration! Factor (Molarity)! SI prefix! Value! Item
10−24yM1 elementary entity per litre[1]
airborne bacteria in the upper troposphere [2]
10−23
10−22
10−21 zMsolar neutrinos on Earth [3]
10−20 radon in ambient, outdoor air in the United States (≈)[4]
10−19indoor radon at the EPA's "action level" (≈)[5]
cosmic microwave background photons in outer space [6]
10−18 aM
10−17
10−16
10−15 fM bacteria in surface seawater [7]
10−14virions in surface layer North Atlantic seawater [8]
gold in seawater[9]
10−13
10−12 pM normal range for erythrocytes in blood in an adult male [10] [11]
10−11 gold in undersea hydrothermal fluids
10−10 upper bound for healthy insulin when fasting[12]
10−9 nM inhaled osmium tetroxide is immediately dangerous to life or health [13]
10−8
10−7 hydronium and hydroxide ions in pure water at (pKW = 13.99)[14]
10−6 μM
10−5
10−4normal range for uric acid in blood
inhaled carbon monoxide induces unconsciousness in 2–3 breaths and death in < [15]
10−3mMnormal range of hydronium ions in stomach acid (pH 1.5–3.5)[16]
upper bound for healthy blood glucose when fasting[17]
upper bound for healthy blood glucose 2 hours after eating
10−2cMneutrinos during a supernova, from the core (1058 over)[18]
pure ideal gas at and [19]
10−1dMsodium ions in blood plasma
sodium ions in seawater[20]
100 M 1 Mstandard state concentration for defining thermodynamic activity[21]
101daM17.5 Mpure (glacial) acetic acid (1.05 g/cm3)[22]
pure solid hydrogen [23]
pure water at, temperature of its maximum density [24]
102hMpure osmium at [25]
pure copper at
103 kM
104 helium in the solar core (⋅)[26]
105
106 MM
107
108 nuclei in a white dwarf from a progenitor star [27]
109 GM
1010
1011
1012 TM
1013
1014
1015 PM
1016
1017 nucleons in atomic nuclei (=)[28]
1018 EM
...
1077 the Planck concentration, inverse of the Planck volume

See also

Notes and References

  1. ÷ NA ≈
  2. DeLeon-Rodriguez . Natasha . Lathem . Terry L. . Rodriguez-R . Luis M. . Barazesh . James M. . Anderson . Bruce E. . Beyersdorf . Andreas J. . Ziemba . Luke D. . Bergin . Michael . Nenes . Athanasios . Konstantinidis . Konstantinos T. . Microbiome of the upper troposphere: Species composition and prevalence, effects of tropical storms, and atmospheric implications . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 12 February 2013 . 110 . 7 . 2575–2580 . 10.1073/pnas.1212089110 . 23359712 . 3574924 . en . 0027-8424. 2013PNAS..110.2575D . free .
  3. Bahcall . John N. . Serenelli . Aldo M. . Basu . Sarbani . New Solar Opacities, Abundances, Helioseismology, and Neutrino Fluxes . The Astrophysical Journal . 1 March 2005 . 621 . 1 . L85–L88 . 10.1086/428929 . astro-ph/0412440 . 2005ApJ...621L..85B . 1374022 .
  4. Web site: Radon Toxicity Case Study: What are the Standards and Regulations for Environmental Radon Levels? ATSDR - Environmental Medicine & Environmental Health Education - CSEM . www.atsdr.cdc.gov . CDC . 26 November 2018.
  5. July 2016 . Basic Radon Facts . . 14 December 2018.
  6. Smoot . George F. . The Cosmic Microwave Background Spectrum . 13 May 1997 . astro-ph/9705101 . 1997astro.ph..5101S .
  7. Gamfeldt . Lars . Lefcheck . Jonathan S. . Byrnes . Jarrett E. K. . Cardinale . Bradley J. . Duffy . J. Emmett . Griffin . John N. . Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: what's known and what's next? . Oikos . March 2015 . 124 . 3 . 252–265 . 10.1111/oik.01549 .
  8. Bergh . Øivind . Børsheim . Knut Yngve . Bratbak . Gunnar . Heldal . Mikal . High abundance of viruses found in aquatic environments . Nature . August 1989 . 340 . 6233 . 467–468 . 10.1038/340467a0 . 2755508 . En . 0028-0836. 1989Natur.340..467B . 4271861 .
  9. Gold in seawater . Earth and Planetary Science Letters . 1 May 1990 . 98 . 2 . 208–221 . 10.1016/0012-821X(90)90060-B . en . 0012-821X. 1990E&PSL..98..208K . Kenison Falkner . K. . Kelly Falkner . Edmond . J. M. .
  10. [Reference ranges for blood tests]
  11. Web site: Erythrocyte Count (RBC): Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels . Medscape . 26 November 2018 . 7 January 2017.
  12. Insulin: Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels . Medscape . WebMD . 30 November 2018 . 22 April 2018.
  13. Web site: CDC - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): Osmium tetroxide (as Os) - NIOSH Publications and Products . www.cdc.gov . CDC . 28 November 2018 . en-us . 2 November 2018.
  14. Bandura . Andrei V. . Lvov . Serguei N. . 2006 . The Ionization Constant of Water over Wide Ranges of Temperature and Density . Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data . 35 . 1 . 15–30 . 10.1063/1.1928231 . 2006JPCRD..35...15B .
  15. Goldstein . Mark . Carbon Monoxide Poisoning . Journal of Emergency Nursing . December 2008 . 34 . 6 . 538–542 . 10.1016/j.jen.2007.11.014 . 19022078 .
  16. Book: Marieb EN, Hoehn K . Human anatomy & physiology . Benjamin Cummings . San Francisco . 2010 . 978-0-8053-9591-4.
  17. Web site: Type 2 diabetes - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic . www.mayoclinic.org . en.
  18. Web site: nature physics portal - looking back - Neutrinos and neutrino mass from a supernova . www.nature.com . Nature Publishing Group 2006 . 26 November 2018.
  19. Vm = 8.3145 × 273.15 / 101.325 = 22.414 dm3/mol
  20. 0.469 mol/kg at an average density of 1.025 kg/L
  21. Web site: The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) . IUPAC - standard concentration (S05909) . 2022-11-13 . goldbook.iupac.org.
  22. Web site: PubChem . Acetic Acid . 2022-11-13 . pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov . en.
  23. James. Dewar. 1899. Sur la solidification de l'hydrogène. Annales de Chimie et de Physique. 18. 145–150.
  24. Book: Franks . Felix . The Physics and Physical Chemistry of Water . 1974 . Plenum Press . New York . 9781468483345 . 376 . 2.
  25. Osmium, the Densest Metal Known. Arblaster, J. W.. Platinum Metals Review. 39. 4. 1995. 164. 2018-11-30. https://web.archive.org/web/20110927045236/http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/pmr-v39-i4-164-164. 2011-09-27. dead.
  26. Web site: Helio- and Asteroseismology . solar-center.stanford.edu . Stanford SOLAR Center . 26 November 2018.
  27. Fields . C. E. . Farmer . R. . Petermann . I. . Iliadis . C. . Timmes . F. X. . Properties of Carbon-Oxygen White Dwarfs From Monte Carlo Stellar Models . The Astrophysical Journal . 20 May 2016 . 823 . 1 . 46 . 10.3847/0004-637X/823/1/46 . 1603.06666 . 2016ApJ...823...46F . 118706003 . free .
  28. Web site: The Atomic Nucleus . www.cyberphysics.co.uk . 26 November 2018.

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