The Battle of Fontenoy, 11 May 1745, was a major engagement of the War of the Austrian Succession, fought between the forces of the Pragmatic Army – comprising mainly Dutch, British, and Hanoverian troops, as well a relatively small contingent of Austrians under the command of the Duke of Cumberland – and a French army under the titular command of King Louis XV of France, with actual field command held by Maurice de Saxe, commander of Louis XV's forces in the Low Countries.
When the two armies met on the field they were approximately equal in numbers.[1] Although there is not complete agreement among historians on the exact numbers, there is general agreement that there were about 50,000 men on each side with the French having more cavalry and the allies having more infantry. Some historians put the French as more numerous while others make the allies more numerous.[2]
Complete agreement on the order of battle, sizes of the armies, precise returns on casualties is not possible as official returns are few and made by different countries with differing criteria and not all are made at the same time so that variations and disagreements will occur even in those returns of the same army. For example, Skrine points out his book in Fontenoy and Great Britain's share in the war of the Austrian Succession that most of the British troops that were listed as missing, in initial returns, turned out to have been killed or wounded.[3] There are detailed, contemporary, official returns in various forms available for most troops in both armies except for the French cavalry for which there are some lists of officer casualties but the returns for the rank and file were apparently not made and the estimate generally accepted for their losses is the one made by Voltaire shortly after the battle. Wherever possible, names of units and numbers of casualties are given without any attempt to reconcile or synthesize the various sources.
Historians give various estimates for the French army. With a general lack of primary source information just before the battle on the exact number of soldiers involved, the estimates rely on a better understanding of the numbers of battalions and squadrons present at the battle and multiply the total of battalions and squadrons by an average for each. Skrine arrives at his estimate by multiplying the number of battalions by 690 soldiers and the number of squadrons by 160 troopers. This approach can be flawed. Lucien Moulliard in The French Army of Louis XV[4] states that the regulation strength, or paper strength, of a battalion is 685 men and that of a squadron is 150 to 160. Actual field strength[5] is lower than regulation strength due to various forms of attrition such as illness, straggling, desertion death, wounds or capture in battle prior to the battle in question.
| Unit | Commander | Complement | Killed | Wounded | Missing | Total losses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Army of France | Marshal Maurice de Saxe | 52,000 ~ 47,000 engaged[6] 32,000 Infantry in 55 battalions[7] 14,000 Cavalry in 101 squadrons | 7,000[8] -7,500 5,161 Infantry[9] 2,300 Cavalry[10] | |||
| Left of first French Infantry Line | General Lutteaux | |||||
| Rgt. Royal Corse | 1 battalion | |||||
| Rgt. Angoumois | 1 battalion | 1 off. | ||||
| Brigade Normandie | Comte de Berenger | |||||
| Rgt. Normandie | 4 battalions | 4 off. 57 men | 19 off. 152 men | |||
| Grassins in Bari Wood | 2 battalions | 98 men | 11 off. 132 men | |||
| Brigade d'Eu | Marquis de Chambonas | 4 battalions | ||||
| Rgt. d'Eu in 2 redoubts | 1 battalion 4 guns each redoubt | 1 man | 29 men | |||
| Irish Brigade | Milord Thomond & Comte de Rooth | 6 battalions | 13 off. 261 men[11] | 58 off. 324 men | ||
| Rgt. Dillon | 1 battalion | 3 off. 51 men | 11 off. 70 men | |||
| Rgt. Bulkeley | 1 battalion | 20 men | 4 off. 34 men | |||
| Rgt. Clare | 1 battalion | 4 off. 56 men | 14 off. 72 men | |||
| Rgt. Rooth | 1 battalion | 2 off. 47 men | 8 off. 46 men | |||
| Rgt. Berwick | 1 battalion | 1 off. 52 men | 11 off.60 men | |||
| Rgt. Lally | Thomas Arthur, comte de Lally | 1 battalion | 3 off. 35 men | 11 off. 42 men | ||
| Center of first French Infantry Line | General Chabannes | |||||
| Les Gardes Brigade | Duc de Grammont | 6 battalions | ||||
| Gardes Françaises | 4 battalions | 2 off. 96 men | 17 off. 296 men | |||
| Gardes Suisses | 2 battalions | 1 off. 66 men | 10 off. 149 men | |||
| Brigade Aubeterre | ||||||
| Rgt. Aubeterre | 1 battalion | 129 men | 22 off. 177 men | |||
| Rgt. Courten | 3 battalions | 6 off. 75 men[12] | 14 off. 206 men | |||
| Center of first French Line in Fontenoy | ||||||
| Brigade Dauphin | General Vauguyon | |||||
| Rgt. Dauphin | 3 battalions | 4 off. 45 men | 3 off. 60 men | |||
| Rgt. Beauvoisis | 1 battalion | 15 men | 5 off. 30 men | |||
| Right of first French Infantry Line | General Montagne | |||||
| Brigade Royal Vaisseaux | Comte de Guerchy | 4 battalions | ||||
| Rgt, Royal Vaisseaux | 3 battalions | 3 off. 146 men | 29 off. 291 men | |||
| Rgt. Languedoc | 1 battalion | off. men | off. men | |||
| Brigade du Roi | Duc de Biron | |||||
| Rgt. du Roi | 4 battalions | 4 off. 79 men | 33 off. 299 men | |||
| Brigade Royal | ||||||
| Rgt. Royal | 4 battalions | 6 off. 136 men | 32 off. 509 men | |||
| Brigade La Couronne | Marquis de Croissy | 4 battalions | ||||
| Rgt. La Couronne | Duc d'Havre | 3 battalions | 2 off.41 men | 35 off. 218 men | ||
| Rgt. Soissonais | 1 battalion | 2 off. 30 men | 16 off. 101 men | |||
| Brigade Bettens | 4 battalions | |||||
| Rgt. Bettens | 3 battalions | 1 off. 50 men | 5 off. 50 men | |||
| Rgt. Hainault | 1 battalion | 1 off. 120 men | 18 off. 135 men | |||
| Rgt. Diesbach | 1 battalion | 2 off. 48 men | 2 off. 28 men | |||
| Rgt. Royal Artillerie | 1 battalion | 2 off. 18 men | 5 off. 36 men | |||
| Rgt. Auvergne | 1 battalion | off. men | off. men | |||
| Rgt.Tresnel | off. men | off. men | ||||
| off. men | off. men | |||||
| off. men | off. men | |||||
| off. men | off. men | |||||
| off. men | off. men | |||||
| Rgt.Touraine | 3 battalions | off. men | off. men | |||
| Rgt. Nivernois | 1 battalion | off. men | off. men | |||
| Brigade Crillon | 4 battalions | |||||
| Rgt. Crillon | 3 battalions | 20 men | 1 off. 101 men | |||
| Rgt. Laval | ||||||
| Right of first French Line in Antoing | ||||||
| Brigade Piedmont | 5 battalions | |||||
| Rgt. Piedmont | 4 battalions | |||||
| Rgt.Royal la Marine | 1 battalion | off. men | off. men | |||
| Rgt.Biron | 1 battalion | off. men | off. men | |||
| French Horse | 31 off.[13] | 142 off. 330 men[14] | 1,800 - 2,300[15] | |||
| Left of first French Cavalry Line | ||||||
| Carabiniers | 10 squadrons | 60 off.[16] 130 men | 22 off. men ? | |||
| Maison du Roi | 9 squadrons | 4 off.[17] men | 24 off. men | |||
| Gendarmerie | 4 squadrons | 1 off. men | 2 off. men | |||
| Royal Rousillon | 4 squadrons | 1 off. men | 7 off. men | |||
| Royal Cravattes | 4 squadrons | 1 off. men | 6 off. men | |||
| Fiennes | 4 squadrons | 2 off. men | 13 off. men | |||
| Penthièvre | 4 squadrons | off. men | 22 off. men | |||
| Noailles | 4 squadrons | 3 off. men | 8 off. men | |||
| Berry | 4 squadrons | 1 off. men | 8 off. men | |||
| Colonel-Général | 4 squadrons | 1 off. men | 6 off. men | |||
| Brancas | 4 squadrons | 1 off. men | 2 off. men | |||
| Mestre de Camps | 4 squadrons | 1 off. men | off. men | |||
| d'Orleans | 4 squadrons | off. men | off. men | |||
| de Pons | 4 squadrons | off. men | 7 off. men | |||
| Prince Camille | 4 squadrons | 1 off. men | 4 off. men | |||
| Dragons du Roi | 4 squadrons | off. men | off. men | |||
| Cuirassiers du Roi | 4 squadrons | off. men | off. men | |||
| Cavalrie du Roi | 4 squadrons | off. men | off. men | |||
| Clermont-Prince | 4 squadrons | 1 off. men | 3 off. men | |||
| Clermont-Tonnerre | 4 squadrons | off. men | off. men | |||
| Egmont | off. men | off. men | ||||
| Fitz-James | 4 squadrons | 11 off. or wounded[18] | 7 off. men | |||
| Brienne | 2 off. men | 2 off. men | ||||
| Chabrillant | 4 squadrons | 1 off. men | off. men | |||
| Royal Étranger | 4 squadrons | off. men | 1 off. men | |||
| Talleyrand | 4 squadrons | off. men | off. men | |||
| off. men | off. men | |||||
| French Artillery 90-110 guns, sources vary.[19] | M. du Brocard | 3 battalions[20] 8 × 12-pounders 6 × 8-pounder 36 × 4-pounder 50 × 4-pounder Suédoise[21] | 4 off. 34 men | 10 off. 73 men | ||
| Fontenay | 1 battalion | 1 off. 13 men | 4 off. 29 men | |||
| Pumbeque | 1 battalion | 1 off. | ||||
| Richecourt | 1 battalion | 2 off. 21 men | 5 off. 43 men | |||
The British army foot and cavalry regiments had a peacetime establishment, a wartime establishment, an effective strength and a field strength. Peacetime establishment was a much reduced strength that was increased during the war by Parliament. However, the wartime establishment was frequently unmet as there was always some variable number of purposely unfilled rank and file to provide the regiment with some flexible funding. The effective strength, therefore, was actual number of rank and file that was initially sent on campaign. The effective strength would immediately begin to vary as the campaign progressed due to sickness, wounds or death in battle, desertion, new reinforcement drafts, etc. and the resultant strengths at any given time are the field strengths. British foot regiments generally consisted of a single battalion made up of a variable number of companies, usually 9 or 10. Some foot regiments, such as the Guards, had more than one battalion but the battalions of a regiment rarely served together in the field. Cavalry regiments consisted of 1 to 4 squadrons.
The Historical memoirs of His late Royal Highness William-Augustus, duke of Cumberland[22] explains in a foot note that, according to a return in 1749, for the 1st Foot Guards wartime establishment strength voted by Parliament was 3,080 while the effective strength was 2,689, the 2nd Foot Guards was 1,980 establishment and effective 1,842, the 3rd Foot Guards 1,980; effective 1,630. There were 3 battalions in the 1st Foot Guards, 2 of 9 companies and one of 10. As can be seen from the above, the average establishment strength of a battalion of the 1st Guards is slightly over 1,000 while the effective strength is about 895 and the 2nd is 990 and 921 while the 3rd is 895 and 815. For the entire army of 43,676 men voted by Parliament the effective strength was 38,200 in 1749.
As for other armies, historians often determine the army's strength based on an average strength for the battalion or squadron. In 1745 Parliament voted 28,107 men in Flanders[23] consisting of: 2 troops of Horse Guards, 1 of Horse Grenadier Guards, 3 regiments of horse, six of dragoons; 21 regiments (battalions) of foot, 3 battalions of Foot Guards.[24] This force, less four regiments of foot and one regiment of dragoons,[25] is the British contingent at Fontenoy. Rolt gives an estimated strength for this force at Fontenoy as 21,000 consisting of 20 battalions of foot and 26 squadrons of horse.[26] Colin is in close agreement with this estimate with a further breakdown of the total with 16,170 foot in 20 battalions and 4,656 horse in 26 squadrons, giving an average battalion strength of 808 men and an average squadron strength of 179.[27] Skrine, who gives impossibly high field strengths for French foot battalions, uses remarkably low average field strengths for British battalions and squadrons: 650 per battalion and 150 per squadron by which he arrives at his total for the British contingent of 16,900 (13,000 foot and 3,900 horse).[28]
| Unit | Commander | Complement | Killed[33] | Wounded | Missing[34] | Total Losses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| British contingent of Allied Right Wing | William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland | 21,000[35] 16,170 foot in 20 battalions 4,656 horse in 26 squadrons | 48 off. 1,442 men | 153 off. 1,926 men | 16 off. 295 men | 3,879 men[36] 21 guns[37] |
| British Foot | Sir John Ligonier | |||||
| Guards Brigade | Major General John Churchill | |||||
| 1st Foot Guards | 1 battalion | 4 off. 85 men | 7 off. 142 men | |||
| 2nd Foot Guards | 1 battalion | 3 off. 112 men | 8 off. 116 men | |||
| 3rd Foot Guards | 1 battalion | 4 off. 105 men | 7 off. 131 men | |||
| Ponsonby's Brigade | Ponsonby | |||||
| Royal Scots (1st Foot) | 1 battalion | 87 men | 8 off. 83 men | 8 men | ||
| Scots Fusiliers(21st Foot) | 1 battalion | 2 off. 201 men | 9 off. 144 men | 3 off. 15 men | ||
| Handaside's (31st Foot) | 1 battalion | 4 off. 139 men | 5 off. 100 men | 13 men | ||
| Onslow's Brigade | Onslow | |||||
| Onslow's (8th Foot) | 1 battalion | 16 men | 7 off. 83 men | 31 men | ||
| Rothe's/Sempill's (25th Foot) | 1 battalion | 1 off. 59 men | 10 off. 76 men | 13 men | ||
| Johnson's (33rd Foot) | 1 battalion | 6 off. 42 men | 12 off. 84 men | 30 men | ||
| Howard's (19th Foot) | 1 battalion | 2 off. 17 men | 8 off. 70 men | 13 men | ||
| Howard's Brigade | Howard | |||||
| Howard's (3rd Foot) | 1 battalion | 1 off. 11 men | 2 off. 32 men | 8 men | ||
| Welsh Fusiliers (23rd Foot) | 1 battalion | 4 off. 185 men | 10 off. 77 men | 8 off. 39 men | ||
| Skelton's (32nd Foot) | 1 battalion | 16 men | 5 off. 100 men | 1 off. 17 men | ||
| Bland's Brigade | Bland | |||||
| Sowle's (11th Foot) | 1 battalion | 4 off. 49 men | 2 off. 112 men | 1 off. 46 men | ||
| Bragg's (28th Foot) | Lieutenant-Colonel Lord George Sackville | 1 battalion | 1 off. 27 men | 9 off. 76 men | 1 off. 12 men | |
| Skelton's Brigade | Skelton | |||||
| Cholmondeley's (34th Foot) | 1 battalion | off. 27 men | 6 off. 84 men | 28 men | ||
| Bligh's (20th Foot) | 1 battalion | 1 off. 28 men | 5 off. 35 men | |||
| Ingoldsby's Brigade | Colonel James Ingoldsby | |||||
| Duroure's (12th Foot) | Colonel Duroure[38] | 1 battalion | 7 off. 153 men | 12 off. 149 men | 3 men | |
| Pulteney's (13th Foot) | 1 battalion | 1 off. 37 men | 4 off. 41 men | 10 men | ||
| Sempill's Highlanders (42nd Foot) | Colonel Sir Robert Munro | 1 battalion | 2 off. 30 men | 3 off. 88 men | 13 men | |
| British Horse | Lieutenant General James Campbell | |||||
| Earl of Rothes' Brigade | ||||||
| 2nd Dragoons (Scots Greys) | 3 squadrons | 14 men | 1 off. 11 men | |||
| Hawley's Royal Dragoons (1st Royal Dragoons) | 3 squadrons | 14 men | 4 off. 31 men | |||
| Bland's King's Own Dragoons (3rd Hussars) | 9 men | 2 off. 14 men | 1 off. 7 men | |||
| Cope's Queen's Own Dragoons (7th Hussars) | 3 squadrons | 1 off. 10 men | 5 off. 35 men | 3 men | ||
| Stair's 6th Dragoons (6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons) | 3 squadrons | 1 off. 3 men | 11 men | 3 men | ||
| Brigade | ||||||
| 3rd troop Horse Guards (Life Guards) | 4 men | 1 off. 14 men | ||||
| 4th troop Horse Guards (Life Guards) | 2 men | 2 off. 12 men | ||||
| 2nd troop Horse Grenadiers (Life Guards) | 4 men | 4 off. 10 men | ||||
| Blues (Royal Horse Guards) | 3 squadrons | 10 men | 5 off. 39 men | |||
| Honeywood's (1st Dragoon Guards) | 7 men | 1 off. 4 men | 1 man | |||
| Ligonier's Black Horse (7th Dragoon Guards) | 2 squadrons | 3 men | 1 off. 4 men | 1 man | ||
| British Artillery | Colonel Lewis | 47 guns:[39] 10 6-pounders, 27 3-pounders, 6 1&1/2-pounders, 4 8-inch howitzers | ||||
| 1 off. 4 men | 23 men | |||||
| Unit | Commander | Complement | Killed | Wounded | Missing[40] | Total Losses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hanoverian contingent of Allied Right Wing | General Zastrow | 7,000[41] | 17 off. 468 men | 77 off. 1,125 men | 54 men | 1,741[42] |
| Hanoverian Foot [43] | General Ilten | 4,135[44] [45] in 5 battalions | 12 off. 420 men | 38 off. 912 men | 50 men | |
| Rgt. Böschlanger | 1 battalion | 156 | 201 | 20 | ||
| Rgt. Zastrow | 1 battalion | 90 | 209 | |||
| Rgt. Sporken | 1 battalion | 65 | 214 | |||
| Rgt. Oberg | 1 battalion | 54 | 155 | 28 | ||
| Rgt. Campen | 1 battalion | 67 | 141 | 2 | ||
| Hanoverian Horse | 2,840[46] | 4 off. 64 men | 28 off. 201 men | 3 men | ||
| Rgt. d'Acerre | 2 squadrons | |||||
| Rgt. Leib Han | 2 squadrons | |||||
| Rgt. Von Aldeleben | 4 squadrons | |||||
| Rgt. Von Dachenhausen | 2 squadrons | |||||
| Rgt. Von der Bussche | 4 squadrons | |||||
| Rgt. Von Montigny | 2 squadrons | |||||
| Rgt. Von Wendt | 4 squadrons | |||||
| Hanoverian Artillery | 12 3-pounder guns[47] | 1 off. 3 men | 2 off. 12 men | 1 man | ||
| Unit | Commander | Complement | Killed | Wounded | Missing | Total Losses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austrian contingent | Marshal Joseph Königsegg | 2,000 | 420[48] | |||
| Austrian Horse | 1,650 in 11 squadrons | 23 | 47 | 11 | 81 | |
| Dragoons de Ligne | 8 squadrons[49] | |||||
| Rgt. Karolyi Hussars | 3 squadrons, 450 troopers | |||||
| Austrian Foot | ||||||
| 2 Freikorps Companies | 250 men | |||||
| Unit | Commander | Complement | Killed[50] | Wounded | Missing | Total Losses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dutch contingent of the Allied Left Wing | Karl August, Prince of Waldeck | 22,000[51] | 563 | 757 | 221 | 1541[52] |
| Dutch Foot | General Cronström | 18 off. 485 men | 44 off. 649 men | 1 off. 202 men | ||
| Regt. Garde te Voet | 2 battalions | 1 off. 11 men | 13 men | 1 off. 5 men | ||
| Regt. Waldeck (German) | 1 battalion | 1 off. 22 men | 3 off. 47 men | |||
| Regt. Cronström (National) | 1 battalion | 41 men | 2 off. 37 men | 2 men | ||
| Combined grenadier battalion Van Dorth | 1 battalion | 32 men | 6 off. 33 men | 4 men | ||
| Regt. Aylva (National) | 1 battalion | 1 off. 10 men | 2 off. 44 men | |||
| Regt. Smissaert (Walloon) | 1 battalion | 1 off. 18 men | 1 off. 10 men | 4 men | ||
| Regt. Schaumberg-Lippe (National) | 1 battalion | 2 off. 13 men | 47 men | 21 men | ||
| Regt. Bentinck (National) | 1 battalion | 13 men | 2 off. 25 men | 7 men | ||
| Regt. De Constant-Rebecque (Swiss) | 3 battalions | 1 off. 58 men | 6 off. 119 men | 4 men | ||
| Regt. Buddenbroek (National) | 1 battalion | 1 off. 24 men | 3 off. 67 men | 11 men | ||
| Regt. Bronckhorst (National) | 1 battalion | 18 men | 1 off. 22 men | 21 men | ||
| Regt. Oranje-Vriesland (National) | 1 battalion | 2 off. 28 men | 3 off. 35 men | 39 men | ||
| Regt. Oranje-Groningen (National) | 1 battalion | 2 off. 24 men | 4 off. 56 men | 36 men | ||
| Regt. Salis (Swiss) | 2 battalions | 3 off. 59 men | 2 off. 58 men | 28 men | ||
| Regt. Sturler (Swiss) | 2 battalions | 1 off. 36 men | 4 off. 45 men | |||
| Regt. Broekhuysen (National) | 1 battalion | 1 off. 44 men | 3 off. 45 men | 3 men | ||
| Combined grenadier battalion Van Rijssel | 1 battalion | 1 off. 64 men | 2 off. 37 men | 47 men | ||
| Unnamed Grenadier units | 4 battalions | |||||
| Dutch Horse | 3 off. 57 men | 3 off. 61 men | 18 men | |||
| Regt. Garde-Dragonders | 5 squadrons | 2 off. 12 men | 1 off. 11 men | 9 men | ||
| Regt. Hesse-Homburg | 3 squadrons | 2 men | 2 men | 4 men | ||
| Regt. Ginkel | 3 squadrons | 2 men | 2 men | |||
| Regt. Hop | 3 squadrons | 1 men | 5 men | |||
| Regt. Schack | 3 squadrons | 1 men | 3 men | 2 men | ||
| Regt. Sandouville | 3 squadrons | 2 men | 2 men | |||
| Regt. Hœuft van Oyen Carabiniers | 2 squadrons | 6 men | 14 men | |||
| Regt. Schlippenbach Dragoons | 5 squadrons | 20 men | 3 off. 18 men | 1 man | ||
| Regt. Lynden | 3 squadrons | 1 off. 9 men | 3 men | 1 man | ||
| Regt. Buys | 1 squadron | 1 man | ||||
| Regt. Nassau-la Leq | 5 squadrons | 2 men | 1 man | |||
| Regt. Rechteren-Overijssel | 3 squadrons | |||||
| Dutch Artillery | 34 guns: 24 3-pounders; 6 6-pounders; 4 howitzers | |||||