Order of battle at the Battle of San Domingo explained

The Battle of San Domingo was the last fleet engagement of the Napoleonic Wars, contested off the Southern coast of the Spanish colonial Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, then under French occupation, on 6 February 1806. A British squadron of seven ships of the line under Vice-Admiral Sir John Thomas Duckworth surprised and destroyed a French squadron of five ships of the line led by Contre-amiral (Rear Admiral) Corentin Urbain Leissègues as the French sailed westwards along the San Domingo coast. Using his superior numbers and speed, Duckworth struck at the head of the French line with his leading ships while the slower eastern division of his squadron intercepted and captured the French stragglers. The only French ships to escape were two frigates and a corvette – three ships of the line were captured and two destroyed, including Leissègues' flagship, the 120-gun Impérial.[1] French casualties were estimated as more than 1,500 men killed and wounded and the British suffered nearly 350 casualties in the engagement, which lasted for just over two hours.[2]

Leissègues' squadron had escaped from Brest on 13 December 1805, taking advantage of a lapse in the British blockade. Sailing with another squadron under Contre-amiral Jean-Baptiste Willaumez, Leissègues separated from Willaumez after two days and passed north of the Azores, where his ships were damaged and scattered by winter storms. Sailing for Santo Domingo to reconstitute his squadron and make urgent repairs, Leissègues arrived on 20 January 1806.[3] Duckworth had been tasked with watching the remnants of the French and Spanish fleets in Cádiz following the Battle of Trafalgar in October 1805, but in November had gone hunting to the south in search of a French raiding squadron and on his route back to his station had encountered a frigate that reported the escape of Leissègues and Willaumez.[4] Sailing in pursuit, Duckworth encountered Willaumez on 25 December but refused battle and instead sailed for the West Indies to replenish his supplies before making the journey back to European waters. News reached him of the French arrival while anchored at Basseterre on 1 February and he immediately sailed to investigate, joined by part of the West Indies squadron under Rear-Admiral Alexander Cochrane.

British squadron

Duckworth's squadron was principally formed from his original Cádiz squadron, except for HMS Powerful which had been sent to the Indian Ocean in December 1805, and with the addition of two ships from the West Indies squadron under Cochrane, HMS Northumberland and HMS Atlas.[5] Frigates and smaller craft joined the fleet as it sailed north through the Leeward Islands, but none were engaged during the battle itself except to act as tows for the more seriously damaged ships of the line. As he approached the French line, Duckworth separated his force into two divisions: a western force to windward under Duckworth himself and a slower eastern force led by Duckworth's second in command Rear-Admiral Thomas Louis. During the engagement the divisions became separated and as a result Duckworth's division fought the strongest French forces at the head of the line. Louis was initially engaged with the French rear, but later assisted his commander against the huge Impérial during the final stages of the battle.[6] British casualties were recorded in detail in Duckworth's despatches, based on the returns of each ship, although they were not evenly distributed: HMS Agamemnon arrived late in the battle and suffered minimal losses, while Northumberland was heavily engaged with the French flagship and suffered correspondingly severe casualties.[7]

Vice-Admiral Duckworth's squadron
Duckworth's division
- valign="top"width=15%; align= center rowspan=2 Shipwidth=10%; align= center rowspan=2 Ratewidth=5%; align= center rowspan=2 Gunswidth=25%; align= center rowspan=2 Commanderwidth=9%; align= center colspan=3 Casualtieswidth=36%; align= center rowspan=2 Notes
width=3%; align= center Killedwidth=3%; align= center Woundedwidth=3%; align= center Total
align= left HMS Superbalign= center Third ratealign= center 74align= left Vice-Admiral Sir John Thomas Duckworth
Captain Richard Goodwin Keats[8] 		align= right align= right align= right align= left Lightly damaged
align= left HMS Northumberlandalign= center Third ratealign= center 74align= left Rear-Admiral Alexander Cochrane
Captain John Morrison		align= right align= right align= right align= left Mainmast collapsed and hull, rigging and remaining masts badly damaged
align= left HMS Spenceralign= center Third ratealign= center 74align= left Captain Robert Stopfordalign= right align= right align= right align= left Severe damage to hull, but masts and rigging largely intact
align= left HMS Agamemnonalign= center Third ratealign= center 64align= left Captain Sir Edward Berryalign= right align= right align= right align= left
Louis' division
- valign="top"align= left HMS Canopusalign= center Third ratealign= center 80align= left Rear-Admiral Thomas Louis
Captain Francis Austen		align= right align= right align= right align= left Lightly damaged
align= left HMS Donegalalign= center Third ratealign= center 74align= left Captain Pulteney Malcolmalign= right align= right align= right align= left Foreyard shot away, otherwise lightly damaged
align= left HMS Atlasalign= center Third ratealign= center 74align= left Captain Samuel Pymalign= right align= right align= right align= left Bowsprit lost in collision with Canopus and tiller damaged by shot. Otherwise lightly damaged
Minor warships
align= left HMS Acastaalign= center Fifth ratealign= center 40align= left Captain Richard Dalling Dunnalign= right align= right align= right align= left Not engaged in the battle
align= left HMS Magiciennealign= center Fifth ratealign= center 32align= left Captain Adam Mackenziealign= right align= right align= right align= left Not engaged in the battle
align= left HMS Kingfisheralign= center Brigalign= center 16align= left Commander Nathaniel Day Cochranealign= right align= right align= right align= left Not engaged, sent to Britain with despatches after the battle
align= left HMS Epervieralign= center Brigalign= center 14align= left Lieutenant James Higginsonalign= right align= right align= right align= left Not engaged in the battle
Total casualties: 74 killed, 264 wounded, 338 total
Source: James, pp. 196–197,

French squadron

Contre-amiral Leissègues' squadron was unchanged from the force that left Brest on 13 December. All ships however, especially Jupiter and, had been badly damaged by storms off the Azores in late December and repairs were incomplete by the time of Duckworth's attack, most of the fleet still undergoing caulking at Santo Domingo.[9] Recognising that if he was caught at anchor he would be destroyed, Leissègues sent orders from his offices in Santo Domingo for the fleet to sail, joining them later by small boat. Trapped against the land with the wind from the west, Leissègues had no option but to form a line of battle and wait to meet the British squadron. Although his ships fought hard, they were unable to mutually support one another and were rapidly overwhelmed: three surrendered, while Diomède and Impérial were driven ashore and wrecked to prevent their capture. The only ships to escape were the two frigates and a corvette that and slipped between the French line and the land early in the battle and made sail to the west, eventually reaching France.[10]

French casualties are hard to calculate, as the best available source is the vague totals submitted by Duckworth in his account to the Admiralty. He estimates, apparently based on reports by the senior remaining French officers on Alexandre, Jupiter and Brave, that those three ships suffered 760 casualties in total. These accounts were subsequently called into question by historian William James, who considered them too high. James also criticised the assumed totals for Impérial and Diomède, which are even less certain but reportedly totalled 500 and 250 respectively.[11] In addition to those killed and wounded, the entire surviving crews of Alexandre, Jupiter and Brave were taken prisoner, as were 150 men from Diomède and six from Impérial seized by British boarding parties on 8 February.[12]

Contre-amiral Leissègues' squadron
width=15%; align= center rowspan=1 Shipwidth=10%; align= center rowspan=1 Ratewidth=5%; align= center rowspan=1 Gunswidth=25%; align= center rowspan=1 Commanderwidth=9%; align= center rowspan=1 Casualtieswidth=36%; align= center rowspan=1 Notes
- valign="top"align= left Alexandrealign= center Third ratealign= center 80align= left Captain Pierre-Elie Garreaualign=center ~300align= left Captured in a dismasted and sinking state with surviving crew. Repaired, but unfit for continued service and later broken up
align= left Impérialalign= center First ratealign= center 120align= left Contre-amiral Corentin Urbain Leissegues
Captain Julien-Gabriel Bigot		align=center ~500align= left Driven ashore and wrecked, subsequently burnt by a British boarding party on 8 February. Six men taken prisoner
align= left align= center Third ratealign= center 74align= left Captain Jean-Baptiste Henryalign=center ~250align= left Driven ashore and wrecked, subsequently burnt by a British boarding party on 8 February. 150 men taken prisoner
align= left Jupiteralign= center Third ratealign= center 74align= left Captain Gaspard Laignelalign=center ~200align= left Captured with surviving crew. Later commissioned into the Royal Navy as HMS Maida
align= left Bravealign= center Third ratealign= center 74align= left Commodore Louis-Marie Coudéalign=center ~260align= left Captured with surviving crew. Foundered during journey back to Europe
Minor warships
align= left Comètealign= center Fifth ratealign= center 40align= left align= center 0align= left Not engaged in the battle, returned to France
align= left Félicitéalign= center Fifth ratealign= center 32align= left align= center 0align= left Not engaged in the battle, returned to France
align= left Diligentealign= center Corvettealign= center 20align= left Captain Raymond Cocaultalign= center 0align= left Not engaged in the battle, returned to France
Total casualties: 1,510
Source: James, pp. 196–197,

Bibliography

Notes and References

  1. Clowes, p. 192
  2. James, Vol. 4, p. 197
  3. Clowes, p. 189
  4. James, Vol. 4, p. 186
  5. Clowes, p. 188
  6. James, Vol. 4, p. 192
  7. James, Vol. 4, p. 196
  8. Book: Hannah.
  9. James, Vol. 4, p. 198
  10. Adkins, p. 173
  11. James, Vol. 4, p. 197
  12. Gardiner, p. 24

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