| Conventional Long Name: | Orchha State |
| Common Name: | Orchha |
| Year Start: | 1501 |
| Year End: | 1950 |
| Event End: | Accession to the Union of India |
| S1: | India |
| Flag S1: | Flag of India.svg |
| Image Map Caption: | Orchha State in the Imperial Gazetteer of India |
| Stat Area1: | 5400 |
| Stat Year1: | 1908 |
| Stat Pop1: | 321,364 |
| Today: | India |
| Capital: | Orchha, Tikamgarh |
| Status Text: | Independent (1501–1531) Under the Mughal Empire (1531–?) Vassal state of Maratha Confederacy (1742 - 1803) Proctorate of the East India Company (1812-1857) Princely state of the British Raj (1857–1947) Under the Dominion of India (1947–1950) |
| Leader1: | Rudra Pratap Singh |
| Year Leader1: | 1501–1531 (first) |
| Title Leader: | Raja |
| Leader2: | Vir Singh II |
| Year Leader2: | 1930–1950 (last) |
Orchha State (also known as Urchha, Ondchha and Tikamgarh)[1] was a kingdom situated in the Bundelkhand region and later a princely state in British India. The state was ruled by Bundela clan of Rajputs.[2] It was located within what is now the state of Madhya Pradesh.
The Chaturbhuj Temple was built by the Queen of Orchha,[3] while the Raj Mandir was built by Madhukar Shah during his reign, 1554 to 1591.[4] In 1811, during the period of Company Rule in India, it became part of the Bundelkhand Agency within the Central India Agency; after the independence of India in 1947, it acceded to the Union of India, in 1950.
Orchha State was founded in 1531 by the Rudra Pratap Singh, who became its first king. He had a fortress at Garh Kundar and took advantage of the politically unstable environment of the time to make territorial gains. He moved to Orchha on the banks of the river Betwa and established it as his new capital. He died in the same year.[5]
Rudra Pratap Singh was succeeded by his son, Bharatichand, who died without leaving an heir in 1554 and was in turn succeeded by his younger brother, Madhukar Shah. Both Bharatichand and Madhukar had to deal with attacks, organised under the Afghan Islam Shah Suri (r. 1545–53) and the Mughal emperor Akbar (r. 1556–1605). Events involving the former were noted by the court poet Keshavdas and those involving Madhukar, who had to relinquish lands to Akbar in 1577 and 1588, were recorded in the Akbarnama. Madhukar's position had become so precarious in the 1570s that he agreed to Orchha becoming a tributary state and to enlistment of himself and his family in the service of the Mughal empire, but another near-contemporary historian, `Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni, records him as a rebel in 1583.[6]
During the rule of the Mughal emperor Jahangir, his vassal, Vir Singh Deo, was ruler of the Orchha area. His reign ended in either 1626 or 1627 and it was during this period that Orchha reached its zenith in both political power and architectural splendour. Examples of the architecture include the Jahangir Mahal (built ca. 1605) and the Sawan Bhadon Mahal.[7]
In the early-17th century, Raja Jhujhar Singh rebelled against the Mughal emperor but was defeated. Shah Jahan placed the former raja's brother on the throne in 1641. Orchha was the only Bundela state not entirely subjugated by the Maratha Confederacy in the 18th century.
In the rainy season of 1742, the Peshwa set up camp near Orchha and sent a detachment led by Jotiba Sindia and Malhar Krishna to demand Chauth from Birsinh Dev, who had neglected his payments. One night in November 1742, Birsinh Dev launched a surprise attack on the Maratha camp in Jhansi, killing Jotiba Sindia and Malhar Krishna, and plundering their belongings. In retaliation, the Peshwa dispatched Naro Shankar, who captured Birsinh Dev and confined him on the hill-fort of Jhansi after burning Orchha to the ground. This act of retribution firmly asserted the Peshwa’s authority. Following negotiations, Birsinh Dev was released and restored to Orchha after surrendering Jhansi to the Marathas and paying a fine. Jhansi then became a key Maratha post with Naro Shankar appointed as its first governor, a position he held until 1756. He soon conquered Churkhi, where Birsinh Dev’s relatives lived. The descendants of Birsinh Dev relocated to Teheri, where they continue to rule, as Orchha remained in ruins.[8] The town of Tehri, Tikamgarh, about 52miles south of Orchha, became the capital of Orchha state in 1783, and is now the district town; Tehri was the site of the fort of Tikamgarh, and the town eventually took the name of the fort.
On 23rd December 1812, Orchha king made treaty of alliance with Britishers. Hamir Singh, who ruled from 1848 to 1874, was elevated to the style of Maharaja in 1865. During his reign the allied forces of Orchha and Datia invaded Jhansi in 1857 intending to divide the Jhansi territory between them. However they were defeated by Rani Lakshmibai's army and her allies in August 1857. (She intended at this time to hold Jhansi on behalf of the British who had no forces there at the time.)[9] Maharaja Pratap Singh (born 1854, died 1930), who succeeded to the throne in 1874, devoted himself entirely to the development of his state, himself designing most of the engineering and irrigation works that were executed during his reign.
In 1908, the boundaries of the state lay between 24° 26′ and 25° 40′ North and 78° 26′ and 79° 21′ East. It formed a part of the Bundelkhand Agency and had an area of 2080sqmi. The 1901 Census of India recorded a population of 321,634.[10] It was the oldest and highest in rank of all the Bundela states,[11] with a 15-gun salute, and its maharajas bore the hereditary title First of the Prince of Bundelkhand.
Vir Singh, Pratap Singh's successor, merged his state with the Union of India on 1 January 1950. The district became part of Vindhya Pradesh state, which was merged into the state of Madhya Pradesh in 1956.
Prior to Company Rule, the rulers of Orchha all held the title of Raja. They were:
During the British era, initially under Company Rule and then as a part of the British Raj, the title of Raja was in use until 1865, when it was replaced with that of Maharaja. The rulers were:
Postage stamps for the state were prepared for use in 1897 but were never issued. The first Orchha State stamps were issued in 1913 (half-anna and one anna); in 1914 there was another issue of four stamps (half-anna to four annas). The third issue was in 1939 when a range of stamps bearing the maharajah's portrait were issued which included denominations from half-anna to eight annas and one rupee to ten rupees.[14]
Separate stamps were discontinued on 30 April 1950 after the state was merged with the Union of India early that year.
Orchha minted coins in copper and silver. The currency was known as Gaja Shahi because it most commonly bore the symbol of a mace (gaja) on the reverse. The mace symbol was imitated on coins issued by Datia State.
