Orchard Sports Injury and Illness Classification System explained

Orchard Sports Injury and Illness Classification System
Status:Active
Year Started:1993
First Published:1993
Version:15
Version Date:2024
Organization:IOC
Editors:John Orchard, IOC consensus panel (version 13)
Authors:John Orchard, Katherine Rae (version 10)
Abbreviation:OSIICS
Domain:Medical classification
License:Open-access

The Orchard Sports Injury and Illness Classification System (OSIICS), previously OSICS,[1] is an injury classification system for sports injuries and illnesses. It was first created in 1993 and is free (open access) for sporting teams and competitions to use. It is one of the two major Sports Injury classification systems in use worldwide;[2] the other is the Sports Medicine Diagnostic Coding System.[3]

Usage

OSIICS is used by multiple injury surveillance systems in the world of sport, including IOC,[4] UEFA,[5] professional English and international rugby union[6] [7] cricket,[8] professional tennis,[9] Paralympic sport,[10] cycling[11] and other Australian[12] [13] [14] [15] and European sports[16] [17] [18] and military studies.[19]

It has been translated into other languages including Spanish,[20] Italian (alongside the version 14 update)[21] and Catalan.[22]

International Olympic Committee (IOC) adoption

In October 2019, the IOC hosted a 3-day consensus meeting in Lausanne, Switzerland to provide a standard method to report injuries and illnesses in sport.[23] At this meeting, the expert panel recommended that OSICS should be rebranded as OSIICS to also reflect the importance of illness in sport. New consensus injury and illness categories were chosen by the consensus panel and adopted by both OSIICS and the SMDCS.[24] The IOC recommendations have since been adopted by golf, tennis, cycling and parasport [25] and national datasets such as that of the Australian Institute of Sport.[26]

Structure

The consensus structure as applied to OSIICS codes is summarised as follows:

Character Designation Examples
FirstBody part H = Head; N = Neck; S = Shoulder; U = Upper arm; E = Elbow, etc.
FirstIllness code M = Illness code
SecondPathology type M = Muscle strain; T = Tendinopathy; F = Fracture, etc.
SecondOrgan System C = Cardiovascular; D = Dermatological; P = Respiratory, etc.
ThirdEtiology E = Environmental Exercise-related; I = Infection; C = Degenerative or Chronic Condition, etc.

Evaluation

The reason why sporting teams and competitions use sports-specific systems rather than general medical systems like the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is that the general medical disease systems have many more codes but do not contain the relevant codes for sports injury. OSICS has been found to be more applicable to sports injury coding than the ICD.[27] Most classification of disease has a focus on conditions that present to hospital and/or cause major morbidity or death, whereas in sports medicine there is a focus on conditions (injury and illnesses) that stop an athlete from being able to compete. OSICS has been evaluated for efficacy in multiple studies.[28] [29] [30]

History

Previously published versions include version 1 in 1993,[31] version 6 in 1998, version 7 in 2000 and version 8 in 2002,[32] then version 10 in 2007,[33] version 13 in 2020 [34] and then version 14 in 2022. Most recently version 15 has been published in 2024.[35]

The major upgrade for version 10 was to include more illness codes and to expand codes to 4 characters. Version 13 was re-written to align categories with an IOC consensus statement.

Limitations

OSIICS is almost exclusively used within the domain of professional and elite sport—with a high take-up in the field of sports medicine. The classification only includes diagnostic codes, and has no options for coding the mechanisms of injury or an injury's severity.[36]

External links

Notes and References

  1. Orchard . J . Rae . K . Brooks . J . Hägglund . M . Til . L . Wales . D . Wood . T . Revision, uptake and coding issues related to the open access Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) versions 8, 9 and 10.1. . Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine . 2010 . 1 . 207–14 . 10.2147/OAJSM.S7715 . 24198559. 3781871 . free .
  2. Junge . A . Engebretsen . L . Alonso . JM . Renström . P . Mountjoy . M . Aubry . M . Dvorak . J . Injury surveillance in multi-sport events: the International Olympic Committee approach. . British Journal of Sports Medicine . June 2008 . 42 . 6 . 413–21 . 10.1136/bjsm.2008.046631 . 18390916. 44544320 .
  3. Meeuwisse . WH . Wiley . JP . The Sport Medicine Diagnostic Coding System. . Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine . May 2007 . 17 . 3 . 205–7 . 10.1097/JSM.0b013e318057518f . 17513913. 27748004 .
  4. Bahr . Roald . Clarsen . Ben . Derman . Wayne . Dvorak . Jiri . Emery . Carolyn A. . Finch . Caroline F. . Hägglund . Martin . Junge . Astrid . Kemp . Simon . Khan . Karim M. . Marshall . Stephen W. . Meeuwisse . Willem . Mountjoy . Margo . Orchard . John W. . Pluim . Babette . Quarrie . Kenneth L. . Reider . Bruce . Schwellnus . Martin . Soligard . Torbjørn . Stokes . Keith A. . Timpka . Toomas . Verhagen . Evert . Bindra . Abhinav . Budgett . Richard . Engebretsen . Lars . Erdener . Uğur . Chamari . Karim . International Olympic Committee consensus statement: methods for recording and reporting of epidemiological data on injury and illness in sport 2020 (including STROBE Extension for Sport Injury and Illness Surveillance (STROBE-SIIS)) . British Journal of Sports Medicine . 1 April 2020 . 54 . 7 . 372–389 . 10.1136/bjsports-2019-101969 . 32071062 . 7146946 . en . 0306-3674.
  5. Ekstrand . J . Hägglund . M . Kristenson . K . Magnusson . H . Waldén . M . Fewer ligament injuries but no preventive effect on muscle injuries and severe injuries: an 11-year follow-up of the UEFA Champions League injury study. . British Journal of Sports Medicine . August 2013 . 47 . 12 . 732–7 . 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092394 . 23813543. 2620167 . free .
  6. Fuller . CW . Sheerin . K . Targett . S . Rugby World Cup 2011: International Rugby Board injury surveillance study. . British Journal of Sports Medicine . December 2013 . 47 . 18 . 1184–91 . 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091155 . 22685124. 22308429 .
  7. Fuller . CW . Taylor . A . Kemp . SP . Raftery . M . Rugby World Cup 2015: World Rugby injury surveillance study. . British Journal of Sports Medicine . January 2017 . 51 . 1 . 51–57 . 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096275 . 27461882. 33840115 .
  8. Frost . WL . Chalmers . DJ . Injury in elite New Zealand cricketers 2002-2008: descriptive epidemiology. . British Journal of Sports Medicine . June 2014 . 48 . 12 . 1002–7 . 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091337 . 22942169. 45403308 .
  9. Pluim . BM . Fuller . CW . Batt . ME . Chase . L . Hainline . B . Miller . S . Montalvan . B . Renström . P . Stroia . KA . Weber . K . Wood . TO . Consensus statement on epidemiological studies of medical conditions in tennis, April 2009. . British Journal of Sports Medicine . December 2009 . 43 . 12 . 893–7 . 10.1136/bjsm.2009.064915 . 19900956. 34852889 .
  10. Steffen . Kathrin . Clarsen . Benjamin . Gjelsvik . Hilde . Haugvad . Lars . Koivisto-Mørk . Anu . Bahr . Roald . Berge . Hilde Moseby . 2022 . Illness and injury among Norwegian Para athletes over five consecutive Paralympic Summer and Winter Games cycles: prevailing high illness burden on the road from 2012 to 2020 . British Journal of Sports Medicine . 56 . 4 . 204–212 . 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104489 . 1473-0480 . 34607800. 238262151 . free . 11250/2830894 . free .
  11. Clarsen . Benjamin . Pluim . Babette M. . Moreno-Pérez . Víctor . Bigard . Xavier . Blauwet . Cheri . Del Coso . Juan . Courel-Ibáñez . Javier . Grimm . Katharina . Jones . Nigel . Kolman . Nikki . Mateo-March . Manuel . 2021 . Methods for epidemiological studies in competitive cycling: an extension of the IOC consensus statement on methods for recording and reporting of epidemiological data on injury and illness in sport 2020 . British Journal of Sports Medicine . 55 . 22 . 1262–1269 . 10.1136/bjsports-2020-103906 . 1473-0480 . 33980546. 234475637 . 2263/80799 . free .
  12. Finch . CF . Cook . J . Kunstler . BE . Akram . M . Orchard . J . Subsequent Injuries Are More Common Than Injury Recurrences: An Analysis of 1 Season of Prospectively Collected Injuries in Professional Australian Football. . The American Journal of Sports Medicine . July 2017 . 45 . 8 . 1921–1927 . 10.1177/0363546517691943 . 28278378. 45869513 .
  13. Orchard . J . Seward . H . Epidemiology of injuries in the Australian Football League, seasons 1997-2000. . British Journal of Sports Medicine . February 2002 . 36 . 1 . 39–44 . 10.1136/bjsm.36.1.39 . 11867491. 1724448 .
  14. Ruddick . GK . Lovell . GA . Drew . MK . Fallon . KE . Epidemiology of bone stress injuries in Australian high performance athletes: A retrospective cohort study. . Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport . October 2019 . 22 . 10 . 1114–1118 . 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.06.008 . 31307905. 196813367 .
  15. Joseph . C . Naughton . G . Antcliff . A . Australian netball injuries in 2016: An overview of insurance data. . Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport . December 2019 . 22 . 12 . 1304–1308 . 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.07.016 . 31416755. 201018667 . free .
  16. Gómez-Carmona . P . Fernández-Cuevas . I . Sillero-Quintana . M . Arnaiz-Lastras . J . Navandar . A . Infrared Thermography Protocol on Reducing the Incidence of Soccer Injuries. . Journal of Sport Rehabilitation . 1 November 2020 . 29 . 8 . 1222–1227 . 10.1123/jsr.2019-0056 . 32188790. free .
  17. Florit . D . Pedret . C . Casals . M . Malliaras . P . Sugimoto . D . Rodas . G . Incidence of Tendinopathy in Team Sports in a Multidisciplinary Sports Club Over 8 Seasons. . Journal of Sports Science & Medicine . December 2019 . 18 . 4 . 780–788 . 31827363. 6873129 .
  18. Geßlein . M . Frodl . A . Millrose . M . Biber . R . Bail . HJ . Wolpert . AK . How dangerous is American football in a German amateur league? An injury analysis according to playing position over a period of four seasons. Der Unfallchirurg . June 2020 . 123 . 6 . 473–478 . 10.1007/s00113-019-00743-z . 31720735. 209256153 .
  19. Gruhn . J . Leggat . P . Müller . R . Injuries presenting to Army physiotherapy in north Queensland, Australia. . Military Medicine . February 1999 . 164 . 2 . 145–52 . 10.1093/milmed/164.2.145 . 10050575. free .
  20. Beas-Jiménez . JD . Garrigosa . AL . Cuevas . PD . Riaza . LM . Terés . XP . Alonso . JM . Recio . MIÁ . Bolados . CC . Translation Into Spanish and Proposal to Modify the Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) Version 12. . Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine . April 2021 . 9 . 4 . 2325967121993814 . 10.1177/2325967121993814. 2325-9671 . 33954218. 8044570 .
  21. Orchard . J . Genovesi . F . Orchard Sports Injury and Illness Classification System (OSIICS) version 14 and Italian translation. . British Journal of Sports Medicine . 22 June 2022 . 56 . 20 . 1144–1145 . 10.1136/bjsports-2022-105828 . 35732471. 249956079 .
  22. Til . L . Orchard . J . Rae . K . The Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) version 10. . APUNTS. Medicina de l'Esport . 2008 . 159 . 109–12. 10.1016/S1886-6581(08)70085-9 .
  23. Web site: Medical and Scientific Commission . International Olympic Committee . 7 August 2021 . en . 12 July 2021.
  24. International Olympic Committee Injury and Illness Epidemiology Consensus . Group. . Bahr . R . Clarsen . B . Derman . W . Dvorak . J . Emery . CA . Finch . CF . Hägglund . M . Junge . A . Kemp . S . Khan . KM . Marshall . SW . Meeuwisse . W . Mountjoy . M . Orchard . JW . Pluim . B . Quarrie . KL . Reider . B . Schwellnus . M . Soligard . T . Stokes . KA . Timpka . T . Verhagen . E . Bindra . A . Budgett . R . Engebretsen . L . Erdener . U . Chamari . K . International Olympic Committee Consensus Statement: Methods for Recording and Reporting of Epidemiological Data on Injury and Illness in Sports 2020 (Including the STROBE Extension for Sports Injury and Illness Surveillance (STROBE-SIIS)). . Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine . February 2020 . 8 . 2 . 2325967120902908 . 10.1177/2325967120902908 . 32118084. 7029549 .
  25. Dvorak . J . Pluim . BM . Injury and illness surveillance in sports: how golf, tennis, cycling and parasport extended the IOC consensus statement to tailor injury and illness surveillance to specific sports. . British Journal of Sports Medicine . January 2021 . 55 . 1 . 6–7 . 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102616 . 0306-3674 . 33122251. free . 2263/80798 . free .
  26. Web site: The definitions and use of the injury record within the Athlete Management System Data Dictionary Version 2.1 . The AIS . 7 August 2021.
  27. Rae . K . Britt . H . Orchard . J . Finch . C . Classifying sports medicine diagnoses: a comparison of the International classification of diseases 10-Australian modification (ICD-10-AM) and the Orchard sports injury classification system (OSICS-8). . British Journal of Sports Medicine . December 2005 . 39 . 12 . 907–11 . 10.1136/bjsm.2004.017517 . 16306497. 1725095 .
  28. Crossway . AK . Games . KE . Eberman . LE . Fleming . N . Orchard Sports Injury Classification System 10.1 Plus: An End-User Study. . International Journal of Exercise Science . 2017 . 10 . 2 . 284–293 . 28344740. 5360368 .
  29. Finch . CF . Orchard . JW . Twomey . DM . Saad Saleem . M . Ekegren . CL . Lloyd . DG . Elliott . BC . Coding OSICS sports injury diagnoses in epidemiological studies: does the background of the coder matter? . British Journal of Sports Medicine . April 2014 . 48 . 7 . 552–6 . 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091219 . 22919021. 3963545 .
  30. Hammond . LE . Lilley . J . Ribbans . WJ . Coding sports injury surveillance data: has version 10 of the Orchard Sports Injury Classification System improved the classification of sports medicine diagnoses? . British Journal of Sports Medicine . July 2009 . 43 . 7 . 498–502 . 10.1136/bjsm.2008.051979 . 19050000. 24330003 .
  31. Orchard . John . Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) . Sport Health . 1993 . 11 . 39–41.
  32. Orchard . John . Rae . Katherine . Brooks . John . Hägglund . Martin . Til . Lluis . Wales . David . Wood . Tim . Revision, uptake and coding issues related to the open access Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) versions 8, 9 and 10.1 . Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine . 11 October 2010 . 1 . 207–214 . 10.2147/OAJSM.S7715 . 24198559 . 1179-1543. 3781871 . free .
  33. Rae . K . Orchard . J . The Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) version 10. . Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine . May 2007 . 17 . 3 . 201–4 . 10.1097/JSM.0b013e318059b536 . 17513912. 31994177 .
  34. Orchard . JW . Meeuwisse . W . Derman . W . Hägglund . M . Soligard . T . Schwellnus . M . Bahr . R . Sport Medicine Diagnostic Coding System (SMDCS) and the Orchard Sports Injury and Illness Classification System (OSIICS): revised 2020 consensus versions. . British Journal of Sports Medicine . April 2020 . 54 . 7 . 397–401 . 10.1136/bjsports-2019-101921 . 32114487. 211724559 . 11250/2663641 . free .
  35. Orchard . JW . Rio . E . Crossley . K . Orchard . JJ . Mountjoy . M . Orchard Sports Injury and Illness Classification System (OSIICS) Version 15. . Journal of sport and health science . 16 March 2024 . 10.1016/j.jshs.2024.03.004 . 38494156 . free . 11184301 .
  36. Beas-Jiménez . JD . Garrigosa . AL . Cuevas . PD . Riaza . LM . Terés . XP . Alonso . JM . Recio . MIÁ . Bolados . CC . Translation Into Spanish and Proposal to Modify the Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) Version 12. . Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine . April 2021 . 9 . 4 . 2325967121993814 . 10.1177/2325967121993814. 2325-9671 . 33954218. 8044570 .

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