Orbiliaceae Explained

The Orbiliaceae are a family of saprobic sac fungi. It is the only family in the monotypic class Orbiliomycetes and the monotypic order Orbiliales. The family was first described by John Axel Nannfeldt in 1932 and now contains 288 species in 12 genera.[1] Members of this family have a widespread distribution, but are more prevalent in temperate regions.[2] Some species in the Orbiliaceae are carnivorous fungi, and have evolved a number of specialized mechanisms to trap nematodes.

Description

Orbiliaceae do not have stromata, dense structural tissue that produces fruit bodies. They have small disc-shaped apothecia, that are typically convex, brightly colored or translucent.[2] Their ascospores are small (typically less than 10 x 1 μm), hyaline, and have an oval or ellipsoidal shape.[3] Species are usually found in wood on both wet and dry habitats.Anamorph species are hyphomycetous.[4]

Nematophagy

This family is well known for its many nematophagous species.[5] Shortly after coming into contact with its prey, fungal mycelia penetrate the nematode and spontaneously differentiate into functional structures, known as traps, which will ultimately digest the nematode's internal contents.[6] There are 5 types of trap mechanisms recognized in this family:[7] [8] [9]

Genera

According to the most recent classification of Ascomycota,[10] the Orbiliaceae contain only two (teleomorph) genera, the Hyalorbilia and the Orbilia. Hyalorbilia is distinguished from Orbilia by having asci without a stalk that arise from croziers, a hemispherical to broadly conical, thin-walled apex, asci and paraphyses in a gelatinous matrix, and an ectal excipulum (the outer surface of a cup-like apothecium) of horizontal textura prismatica.[11] [12]

Anamorph genera of the Orbiliaceae include Anguillospora,[13] Arthrobotrys,[14] Dactylella,[15] Dactylellina, Dicranidion,[16] Drechslerella, Helicoön,[17] Monacrosporium, and Trinacrium. It has been suggested that the anamorph specialization illustrates convergent evolution occurring among mycelial fungi in aquatic and low-nitrogen habitats.[18] This hypothesis has been borne out by recent phylogenetic and morphological studies.[19]

In 2007, a new species was described from southwestern China with morphological features intermediate between Orbilia and Hyalorbilia. This species, named Pseudorbilia bipolaris Y. Zhang, Z.F. Yu, H.O. Baral & K.Q. Zhang, was placed into its own genus in the Orbiliaceae to accommodate its distinctive features.[20]

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Kirk . Paul M. . Cannon . Paul F. . Minter . David W. . Stalpers . Joost A. . Orbiliaceae . 485 . https://books.google.com/books?id=IFD4_VFRDdUC&pg=PA485 . Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi . 2008 . CABI . 978-0-85199-826-8 .
  2. Book: Cannon . P. F. . Kirk . P. M. . Orbiliaceae . 251–252 . Fungal Families of the World . 2007 . CABI . 978-0-85199-827-5 .
  3. Book: Blackwell M, Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW . Introductory Mycology . Wiley . New York . 1996 . 0-471-52229-5.
  4. Book: Bisby GR, Ainsworth GC, Kirk PM, Aptroot A . Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi . CAB International . Oxon . 2001 . 369 . 0-85199-377-X.
  5. Pfister . Donald H. . Castor, Pollux and life histories of fungi . Mycologia . 1997 . 89 . 1 . 1–23 . 10.1080/00275514.1997.12026750 .
  6. Book: Barron, George L. . The Nematode-destroying Fungi . Canadian Biological Publications . Guelph . 1977 . 0-920370-00-4 .
  7. Yang . Ying . Yang . Ence . An . Zhiqiang . Liu . Xingzhong . Evolution of nematode-trapping cells of predatory fungi of the Orbiliaceae based on evidence from rRNA-encoding DNA and multiprotein sequences . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 15 May 2007 . 104 . 20 . 8379–8384 . 10.1073/pnas.0702770104 . 17494736 . 1895958 . 2007PNAS..104.8379Y . free .
  8. Drechsler . Charles . Some Hyphomycetes that Prey on Free-Living Terricolous Nematodes . Mycologia . 1 July 1937 . 29 . 4 . 447–552 . 10.1080/00275514.1937.12017222 .
  9. Book: Stirling GR . Biological control of plant parasitic nematodes . C.A.B. International . Wallingford, UK . 1991 . 0-85198-703-6.
  10. Web site: Outline of Ascomycota - 2007 . 2008-12-25.
  11. . Baral . HO . Comments on 'Outline of the ascomycetes-1993' . Systema Ascomycetum . 1994 . 13 . 1 . 113–128 .
  12. Wu . Mei-Lee . Su . Yu-Chih . Baral . Hans-Otto . Liang . Shih-Hsiung . 2007 . Two new species of Hyalorbilia from Taiwan . Fungal Diversity . 25 . 233–244 . 90409824 . 10.1.1.594.3347 .
  13. Book: Webster . J . Descals . E. . The teleomorphs of water-borne Hyphomycetes from fresh water . 419–451 . Kendrick . Bryce . The Whole Fungus: The Sexual-asexual Synthesis . 1979 . National Museum of Natural Sciences . 978-0-660-00146-3 .
  14. Pfister . Donald H. . Orbilia fimicola, a nematophagous discomycete and its Arthrobotrys anamorph . Mycologia . 1 May 1994 . 86 . 3 . 451–453 . 10.1080/00275514.1994.12026433 .
  15. Thakur . S. . Zachariah . K. . Response of the fungus Dactylella rhopalota to bacteria . Plant and Soil . 1 November 1989 . 120 . 1 . 87–93 . 10.1007/BF02370294 . 1989PlSoi.120...87T . 28858277 .
  16. . Korf . Richard P . 1992 . A preliminary discomycete flora of Macaronesia: Part 8, Orbiliaceae . Mycotaxon . 45 . 503–510 .
  17. Pfister . DH . 1995 . Helicoon sessile, the anamorph of Orbilia luteorubella . Inoculum . 46 . 34 . .
  18. Book: Webster . John . Convergent evolution and the functional significance of spore shape in aquatic and semi-aquatic fungi . 191–201 . . Rayner . A. D. M. . Brasier . C. M. . Moore . David . Evolutionary Biology of the Fungi: Symposium of The British Mycological Society Held at the University of Bristol April 1986 . June 2011 . Cambridge University Press . 978-0-521-27925-3 .
  19. 10.3852/mycologia.97.5.1034 . Li Y, Hyde KD, Jeewon R, Cai L, Vijaykrishna D, Zhang K . Phylogenetics and evolution of nematode-trapping fungi (Orbiliales) estimated from nuclear and protein coding genes . Mycologia . 97 . 5 . 1034–46 . 2005 . 16596955 . 10722/53351 . free .
  20. Zhang . Ying . Yu . Ze-Fen . Baral . H.-O. . Qiao . Min . Zhang . Ke-Qin . 2007 . Pseudorbilia gen. nov. (Orbiliaceae) from Yunnan, China . Fungal Diversity . 26 . 305–312 .

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