Operation Prosperity Guardian Explained

Conflict:Operation Prosperity Guardian
Partof:the Red Sea crisis and the Yemeni civil war
Date:18 December 2023 – present
Place:Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Yemen
Status:Ongoing
U.S. declares Red Sea conflict with Houthis as largest naval battle since World War II[1] [2]
Combatant1: Yemen (SPC)
Combatant2:[3]








[4]


[5]
Supported by:
Commander2:
Strength1: Unclear (see Houthi armed strength)
Strength2:Unknown
Casualties1:10 deaths, 2 injured[7]
Casualties2:3 deaths (non-combat)[8]

Operation Prosperity Guardian is a United States-led military operation by a multinational coalition formed in December 2023 to respond to Houthi-led attacks on shipping in the Red Sea.[9]

Following the breakout of the ongoing Israel–Hamas war in October 2023, the Houthi movement in Yemen blockaded Israel in the Red Sea and launched a series of attacks against commercial vessels heading or related to Israel, with the stated purpose of preventing the bombing of Gaza and forcing Israel to let food and medicine into the strip.[10] [11] [12] On 18 December 2023, U.S. Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin announced the formation of an international maritime security force aimed at ending the blockade[13] and countering threats by Houthi forces against international maritime commerce in the region.[14]

The coalition currently has more than 20 members, of which ten are anonymously involved.[15] [16] Egypt and Saudi Arabia, both economically reliant on unhindered commercial shipping in the area, are absent from the listed participants.[17] France, Italy and Spain have also declined to participate.[18] The chairman of the Suez Canal Authority, Usama Rabia, claimed that "navigation traffic in the Suez Canal was not affected by what is happening in the Red Sea".[19] Nevertheless, on 10 January, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) adopted a resolution demanding a cessation of Houthi attacks on merchant vessels.[20]

The day of the UNSC resolution, the Houthis launched their largest-ever barrage of 18–24 attack drones and missiles at international ships and warships in the Red Sea.[21] [22] In response, on 12 January, the coalition launched its first airstrikes against Houthi targets in Yemen, to which the Houthis have pledged to retaliate.[23]

On 7 August 2024, the head of United States naval efforts in the Middle East, Vice Admiral George Wikoff stated that the American and British approach to combat the Houthis in the Red sea crisis had failed to dissuade the Houthis and stop attacks on shipping through the region, arguing that strikes and defensive efforts had done little to change the Houthis' behaviour.[24]

Background

See also: Red Sea crisis. The operation aims to ensure both the freedom of navigation and the safety of maritime traffic in the Red Sea, Bab al-Mandeb and Gulf of Aden.[3] Following the start of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, multiple civilian container and freight ships were attacked and hijacked in the Gulf of Aden by Houthi forces.[25] Houthi forces stated that only vessels with links to Israel are targeted, though vessels without links to Israel have been targeted, possibly due to misidentification from many vessels turning off their automatic identification system signal during transit.[26] [27] The Houthis claim the attacks will end if Israel allows humanitarian supplies to enter Gaza; the attempted blockade is seen as a way to pressure Israel's Western allies to work to restrain Israeli operations in the war.[28], at least seventeen civilian vessels have been attacked.

The waterways to and from the Red Sea are shipping chokepoints for the global economy which connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Indian Ocean and the Suez Canal with the Horn of Africa.[29] This had led to the 2023 situation being dubbed "a new Suez Crisis" by The Economist.[30]

A considerable number of freighters have continued to transit, with mostly large container ships diverting away rather than other shipping, with the strait continuing to be heavily used by bulk carriers and tankers which are under different contract arrangements and often from countries supportive of Gaza's situation so perceiving a minimal risk from ongoing Houthi attacks.[31] In the first week of January 2024 the average number of freighters active each day in the Red Sea included 105 bulk carriers and 58 tankers, down from 115 bulk carriers and 70 tankers the week before.[27] In contrast, six of the ten largest container shipping companies were largely avoiding the Red Sea,[32] with relatively few container ships transiting the Bab al-Mandeb strait from 18 December 2023.[33]

Forces

Combined Task Force 153, under control of the U.S. Combined Maritime Forces,[3] will control the vessels of the operation, which currently include the United States Navy's Carrier Strike Group 2.[34] This strike group consists of the aircraft carrier and her escorting Arleigh Burke-class destroyers,, and .[35] [36] Other countries' vessels involved include the British destroyer and frigate, with Greece also announcing plans to send one frigate to the region.[37] [38] [39] Denmark would initially announce they would be sending one officer to aid the operation but made an additional announcement on 29 December 2023 that a frigate would also be sent.[40] [41]

Australia announced that it will send 11 military personnel but rejected a US request to send a warship.[42] [43] The Canadian Armed Forces will deploy an unspecified number of land, air and sea support vehicles.[44] Canada is sending three staff officers by way of Operation Artemis.[45] The Netherlands plans to send two staff officers. Norway plans on dispatching up to ten staff officers, but as of 21 December is not sending any vessels.[46] Singapore will be deploying a team from the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN)'s Information Fusion Centre to support information sharing and engagement outreach to the commercial shipping community, as well as a senior national representative to the Combined Maritime Forces (CMF).[47] [48]

Seychelles is not deploying any vessels or personnel, and limits its participation to "providing and receiving information" as a member of Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) (which is based in Bahrain).[49] On 23 January 2024, New Zealand sent six New Zealand Defence Force personnel to help provide maritime security in the Red Sea including "precision targeting."[50]

On 24 February 2024 Sri Lanka Navy confirmed that one of its ships had completed its maiden patrol in the Bab el-Mandeb Strait and was returning to the island but did not clarify the dates, name of the ship or plans for further patrols.[51] It was later revealed to be SLNS Gajabahu and the Sri Lankan government confirmed that patrols would continue.[52] [53]

Finland announced on 8 March 2024 that the country would send up to two soldiers to support Operation Prosperity Guardian, in addition to supporting the European Union-led Operation Aspides.[54]

Prosperity Guardian

Joint Operations (Prosperity Guardian + Aspides)

Attacks on shipping

See main article: Timeline of the Red Sea crisis.

Date! colspan="2"
Vessel attackedAgentResult
NameFlag
18 December 2023MSC Clara PanamaHouthi dronesUnknown[72]
18 December 2023Swan Atlantic NorwayHouthi dronesMinor damage
26 December 2023MSC United VIII LiberiaHouthi naval missileUnknown[73]
30 December 2023Maersk Hangzhou SingaporeHouthi land-based missileMinor damage[74]
31 December 2023Maersk Hangzhou SingaporeHouthi crewUnharmed[75]
12 January 2024Khalissa PanamaHouthi projectileUnknown[76]
15 January 2024Gibraltar Eagle Marshall IslandsHouthi anti-ship missileMinor damage[77]
16 January 2024Zografia MaltaBallistic missileMinor damage[78]
17 January 2024Genco Picardy Marshall IslandsHouthi droneMinor damage[79]
18 January 2024Chem Ranger Marshall IslandsHouthi anti-ship ballistic missileUnharmed[80]
22 January 2024Ocean Jazz United StatesHouthisUnknown[81]
24 January 2024Maersk Detroit United StatesHouthi missileUnharmed[82]
24 January 2024Maersk Chesapeake United StatesHouthi missileUnharmed
26 January 2024Marlin Luanda Marshall IslandsHouthi missileSet afire[83]
30 January 2024Koi LiberiaHouthi naval missilesUnknown[84]
6 February 2024Morning Tide BarbadosHouthisMinor damage[85]
6 February 2024Star Nasia Marshall IslandsHouthisMinor damage[86]
12 February 2024Star Iris Marshall IslandsHouthi missilesMinor damage[87]
16 February 2024Pollux PanamaHouthi missileMinor damage[88]
18 February 2024Rubymar BelizeHouthi anti-ship missileSunk[89]
19 February 2024Sea Champion GreeceHouthi naval missilesMinor damage[90]
19 February 2024Navis Fortuna Marshall IslandsHouthi naval missileMinor damage
22 February 2024Islander PalauHouthi missileDamaged[91]
6 March 2024True Confidence BarbadosHouthi anti-ship missileSet afire[92]
8 March 2024Propel Fortune SingaporeHouthi anti-ship missilesUnknown[93]
24 March 2024Huang Pu PanamaHouthi anti-ship ballistic missileUnknown[94]
7 April 2024Hope Island Marshall IslandsHouthisUnknown[95] [96] [97]
7 April 2024MSC Grace PanamaHouthisUnknown
7 April 2024MSC Gina PanamaHouthisUnknown
9 April 2024Maersk Yorktown United StatesHouthi anti-ship missileUnharmed[98]
9 April 2024MSC Gina PanamaHouthisUnknown
9 April 2024MSC Darwin VI LiberiaHouthisUnknown[99]
24 April 2024Maersk Yorktown United StatesHouthi missileUnharmed
24 April 2024MSC Veracruz PortugalHouthi anti-ship ballistic missileUnknown[100]
26 April 2024Andromeda Star PanamaHouthi missilesMinor damage
26 April 2024Maisha Antigua and BarbudaHouthi missileUnharmed
29 April 2024Cyclades MaltaHouthi missiles and UAVsMinor damage[101]
29 April 2024MSC Orion PortugalHouthi dronesMinor damage[102]
18 May 2024Wind PanamaHouthi missilesMinor damage[103]
23 May 2024Yannis MaltaHouthi missilesUnharmed[104] [105]
23 May 2024Essex LiberiaHouthi missilesUnharmed
28 May 2024Laax Marshall IslandsHouthi missilesDamaged[106]
1 June 2024Abliani MaltaHouthi drones and rocketsUnharmed[107] [108]
1 June 2024Maina MaltaHouthi anti-ballistic missiles and armed dronesUnharmed[109]
1 June 2024Al Oraiq Marshall IslandsHouthi anti-ballistic missiles and armed dronesUnharmed
8–9 June 2024Norderney Antigua and BarbudaHouthi missilesSet afire[110]
8 June 2024MSC Tavivshi LiberiaHouthi ballistic missileSet afire[111]
9 June 2024UnknownUnknownHouthi ballistic missileDamaged[112]
12 June 2024Tutor LiberiaHouthi Toufan-1 USV,[113] ballistic missiles, dronesSunk[114] [115] [116]
13 June 2024Verbena PalauHouthi cruise missilesSet afire[117]
13 June 2024UnknownUnknownUnknown Houthi weaponsUnharmed[118]
16 June 2024UnknownUnknownUnknownUnharmed[119]
21 June 2024Transworld Navigator LiberiaHouthi ballistic missilesUnharmed[120] [121]
23 June 2024Transworld Navigator LiberiaHouthi USVDamaged[122] [123]
24 June 2024MSC Sarah V LiberiaHouthi Hatem 2 hypersonic missileUnharmed[124] [125]
26 June 2024UnknownUnknownHouthi missileUnharmed[126]
27 June 2024UnknownUnknownLikely Houthi USVUnharmed[127]
28 June 2024Delonix LiberiaHouthi ballistic missilesUnharmed[128]
9 July 2024Maersk Sentosa United StatesHouthi missilesUnharmed[129]
10 July 2024Mount Fuji LiberiaLikely Houthi weaponsUnharmed[130]
11 July 2024UnknownUnknownLikely Houthi missilesUnharmed[131] [132]
15 July 2024Bentley I PanamaHouthi USV, patrol boats, ballistic missilesHit[133]
15 July 2024Chios Lion LiberiaHouthi USVDamaged
19 July 2024Lobivia SingaporeHouthi ballistic missiles, UAVsSet afire[134]
20 July 2024Pumba LiberiaHouthi UAVs, USVDamaged[135] [136]
3 August 2024Groton LiberiaHouthi ballistic missilesHit[137] [138]
8–9 August 2024Delta Blue LiberiaHouthi RPG, USV, missilesUnharmed[139]
13 August 2024Delta Atlantica LiberiaLikely Houthi USV, other weaponsHit[140]
13 August 2024On Phoenix PanamaLikely Houthi weaponsUnharmed
21–22 August 2024Sounion GreeceHouthi boats, USV, other weaponsSet afire[141] [142] [143]
21–22 August 2024SW North Wind I PanamaHouthi USV, other weaponsDamaged[144]
30 August 2024Groton LiberiaHouthi missilesUnharmed[145]
2 September 2024Blue Lagoon I PanamaHouthi ballistic missilesDamaged[146] [147]

Reactions

The Houthis stated: "We have capabilities to sink your fleet, your submarines, your warships", adding "the Red Sea will be your graveyard".[148] In a public statement, Commander-in-Chief of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Hossein Salami reassured the Iranian public that there is nothing to fear from the coalition.[149] [150] (The Iranian government has long had purported direct ties to the Houthi movement.) IRGC senior officer Mohammad Reza Naqdi was cited as threatening to close "the Mediterranean Sea, (the Strait of) Gibraltar and other waterways" without explaining how.[151]

While named by the United States as part of the coalition, the French Defense Ministry stated that its warships, including the frigate Languedoc, would remain under French command.[9] Italian Defense Ministry, which has deployed the frigate Virginio Fasan in the Red Sea, also stated that the warship was not part of Prosperity Guardian.[9] Spanish Defense Ministry stated that it would only take part in operations under NATO or EU coordination.[9] Spain also vetoed any potential EU contribution to Operation Prosperity Guardian through the resources of EU-conducted Operation Atalanta.[152] At the time, Spain was the commanding nation of Operation Atalanta and had the frigate Victoria deployed in the area.[153]

The Maersk Line announced on 24 December that with Operation Prosperity Guardian now in place, it would resume using the Suez Canal.[154] On 2 January 2024, both Maersk and Happag-Lloyd announced that the route would once again be avoided until further notice.[155] [156]

On 3 January 2024, President of Sri Lanka Ranil Wickremesinghe indicated that Sri Lanka will be deploying a warship to the Red Sea and the Sri Lanka Navy stated that it is ready to deploy one of its five Advanced Offshore Patrol Vessels as part of Operation Prosperity Guardian.[157]

On 13 January 2024, pro-Palestinian protesters in central London expressed support for the Houthi movement, chanting slogans hours after the RAF and US launched a missile and airstrike on ground targets in Yemen. Some demonstrators shouted, "Yemen, Yemen make us proud, turn another ship around," and displayed signs reading "Hands off Yemen", "Thanks Yemen" and "UK+US wants war. Yemen supports Palestine. Gaza Wants to live".[158]

Houthi attacks on merchant ships in the Red Sea escalated, in response to "American-British aggression against our country", as stated by a Houthi spokesman in January 2024. US Central Command then stated that the Houthi attacks "have nothing to do with the conflict in Gaza" and that Houthis had "fired indiscriminately into the Red Sea", to target vessels, affecting more than 40 nations.[159]

In March 2024, ahead of the 9th anniversary of the Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war, Mohammed al-Houthi warned Saudi Arabia that it will resume attacking the country should it allow the US-led coalition to use its territory or airspace "in their aggression on Yemen." al-Houthi also called the US-UK strikes inside Yemen as “arrogant” and “unjustified actions,” saying the Houthi rebels will not remain silent and will respond in kind.[160] [161]

See also

Notes and References

  1. News: 2024-06-14 . US Navy faces its most intense combat since World War II against Yemen's Iran-backed Houthi rebels . 2024-09-07 . Associated Press . en.
  2. News: 2024-06-16 . Navy faces most intense running sea battle since WWII with Houthis . 2024-09-07 . Navy Times . en.
  3. Web site: Statement from Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III on Ensuring Freedom of Navigation in the Red Sea. 18 December 2023 . U.S. Department of Defense . 18 December 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231218220514/https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3621110/statement-from-secretary-of-defense-lloyd-j-austin-iii-on-ensuring-freedom-of-n/ . live .
  4. News: NZ to deploy six NZDF staff to Red Sea, PM announces . 25 January 2024 . 1 News . 23 January 2024 . en.
  5. Web site: 9 January 2024 . Sri Lanka to join US-led naval operations against Houthi rebels in Red Sea. Mallawarachi. Bharatha. live . 10 January 2024 . ABC News . en . 10 January 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240110012021/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/sri-lanka-join-us-led-naval-operations-houthi-106217965 .
  6. News: Wickham . Alex . McBride . Courtney . 11 January 2024 . UK's Sunak Authorizes Joint Military Strikes Against Houthis. subscription . 11 January 2024 . Bloomberg.
  7. News: 31 December 2023 . US sinks 3 ships, kills 10 after Houthi Red Sea attack. Reuters. 31 December 2023.
  8. News: 25 March 2024 . US Navy sailor dies after falling overboard in Red Sea. 27 May 2024.
  9. News: Zhdannikov . Dmitry . Armstrong . Rachel . 22 December 2023 . What is U.S.-led Red Sea coalition and which countries are backing it?. live . https://archive.today/20231225072733/https://www.reuters.com/world/us-red-sea-taskforce-gets-limited-backing-some-allies-2023-12-20/ . 25 December 2023 . 23 December 2023 . Reuters.
  10. Web site: Chen . Heather . Michaelis . Tamar . Israel ready to act against Houthi rebels if international community fails to, official says . CNN . https://web.archive.org/web/20231222165250/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/09/middleeast/israel-houthi-yemen-warning-intl-hnk/index.html . 22 December 2023 . en . 10 December 2023 . live.
  11. News: Copp . Tara . Baldor . Lolita C. . 19 December 2023 . Pentagon announces new international mission to counter attacks on commercial vessels in Red Sea. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20231219184801/https://apnews.com/article/attacks-red-sea-navy-mission-missiles-286d51bfd65e741e839e185f0f4a455b . 19 December 2023 . 19 December 2023 . Associated Press.
  12. Web site: Michael Callahan . Haley Britzkey . 18 December 2023 . Austin announces US-led security operation focusing on Red Sea, Gulf of Aden after Houthi attacks on commercial shipping. live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231219002556/https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/18/politics/commercial-ships-red-sea-gulf-of-aden-houthi-attacks/index.html . 19 December 2023 . 19 December 2023 . CNN.
  13. Web site: Johnson. Jake. 23 December 2023. Biden Urged Not to Attack Yemen Over Houthi Blockade of Israel in Red Sea. 23 December 2023. Truthout. en-US. 23 December 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231223160906/https://truthout.org/articles/biden-urged-not-to-attack-yemen-over-houthi-blockade-of-israel-in-red-sea/. live.
  14. News: Yemen's Houthis warn they will target all ships headed to Israel. Reuters. A Houthi military spokesperson said all ships sailing to Israeli ports are banned from the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea."If Gaza does not receive the food and medicine it needs, all ships in the Red Sea bound for Israeli ports, regardless of their nationality, will become a target for our armed forces," the spokesperson said in a statement.. 23 December 2023. 9 December 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231209164906/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/yemens-houthis-say-they-will-target-ships-red-sea-en-route-israel-2023-12-09/. live.
  15. Web site: Altman . Howard . 19 December 2023 . Red Sea Maritime Coalition Much Bigger Than Originally Disclosed. live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231220094004/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/red-sea-maritime-coalition-much-bigger-than-originally-disclosed . 20 December 2023 . 20 December 2023 . The Drive.
  16. Web site: More than 20 countries join coalition to protect Red Sea shipping, says Pentagon. The Times of Israel. 21 December 2023. 22 December 2023. 22 December 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231222003251/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/more-than-20-countries-join-coalition-to-protect-red-sea-shipping-says-pentagon/. live.
  17. News: US announces naval coalition to defend Red Sea shipping from Houthi attacks. Sabbagh. Dan . . 19 December 2023 . 19 December 2023 . 19 December 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231219183554/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/dec/19/us-announces-naval-coalition-to-defend-red-sea-shipping-from-houthi-attacks . live .
  18. Web site: Europe split over US, UK strikes on Houthis in Yemen. 12 January 2024. 12 January 2024. Reuters. Amante. Angelo. Irish. John. Landauro. Inti. Bose. Nandita.
  19. Web site: أسامة ربيع: حركة الملاحة في قناة السويس لم تتأثر بما يحدث في البحر الأحمر. 23 December 2023 . مصراوي.كوم . ar . 18 December 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231218072221/https://www.masrawy.com/news/news_egypt/details/2023/12/17/2511546/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1 . live .
  20. Web site: Adopting Resolution 2722 (2024) by Recorded Vote, Security Council Demands Houthis Immediately Stop Attacks on Merchant, Commercial Vessels in Red Sea UN Press. 12 January 2024 . press.un.org.
  21. Web site: 12 January 2024 . What is Operation Prosperity Guardian, US-led mission to protect Red Sea shipping?. 12 January 2024 . The Independent . en.
  22. Web site: Tegler . Eric . Destroyers Shot Down 24 Houthi Missiles And Drones: That'll Be $17 Million. 12 January 2024 . Forbes . en.
  23. Web site: 12 January 2024 . Houthi rebels vow fierce retaliation after American and British strikes against them. 12 January 2024 . AP News . en.
  24. News: Seldin . Jeff . 8 August 2024 . Houthis undeterred despite US action to protect Red Sea shipping . Voice of America . 11 August 2024.
  25. News: Red Sea Map Shows Where Attacks on Vessels Have Taken Place . Phillips . Aleks . Newsweek . 18 December 2023 . 12 January 2024.
  26. News: Houthis target tenth ship in Red Sea as attacks turn increasingly indiscriminate . Lloyd's List Intelligence . 15 December 2023 . 12 January 2024.
  27. News: Houthi leader tells ships to deny Israel links on AIS . Lloyd's List Intelligence . 8 January 2024 . 12 January 2024.
  28. Web site: Who are the Houthis and why are they attacking ships in the Red Sea? . . 19 December 2023 . 5 January 2024 . 5 January 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240105161744/https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/19/middleeast/red-sea-crisis-explainer-houthi-yemen-israel-intl/index.html . live .
  29. News: BP pauses all Red Sea shipments after rebel attacks. 18 December 2023. BBC. Analysis by S&P Global Market Intelligence found that nearly 15% of goods imported into Europe, the Middle East and North Africa were shipped from Asia and the Gulf by sea. That includes 21.5% of refined oil and more than 13% of crude oil.. 20 December 2023. 18 December 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231218120737/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-67748605. live.
  30. News: The Economist. A new Suez crisis threatens the world economy – Global shipping firms are suspending voyages in the Red Sea. 16 December 2023. 19 December 2023. 19 December 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231219203729/https://www.economist.com/international/2023/12/16/a-new-suez-crisis-threatens-the-world-economy. live.
  31. News: Red Sea fallout much greater for containers than tankers, bulkers . Miller . Greg . FreightWaves . 20 December 2023 . 13 January 2024.
  32. News: How the Red Sea crisis could clobber the global economy . Ziady . Hanna . CNN . 12 January 2024 . 13 January 2024.
  33. News: Red Sea shipping slumps after US airstrikes in Yemen trigger retaliation fears . Kumagai . Takeo . Gordon . Meghan . Mohindru . Sameer . S&P Global Commodity Insights . 12 January 2024 . 14 January 2024.
  34. Web site: Lagrone . Sam . 26 December 2023 . U.S Destroyer, Super Hornets Splash Red Sea Attack Drones and Missiles. 1 January 2024 . U.S. Naval Institute . 1 January 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240101055140/https://news.usni.org/2023/12/26/u-s-destroyer-super-hornets-splash-red-sea-attack-drones-and-missiles . live .
  35. Web site: 24 December 2023 . US says Houthi drones attacked warship, tankers in Red Sea. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20231224024825/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/us-says-houthi-drones-attacked-warship-tankers-in-red-sea/ . 24 December 2023 . 24 December 2023. The Times of Israel.
  36. Web site: Misra . Surbhi . Shumaker . Lisa . 31 December 2023 . US says it shot down 2 missiles launched from Houthi-controlled areas . live . https://archive.today/20231231014903/https://www.reuters.com/world/us-says-it-shot-down-2-missiles-launched-houthi-controlled-areas-2023-12-31/ . 31 December 2023 . 1 January 2024 . Reuters.
  37. Web site: 19 December 2023 . HMS Diamond joins new international task force to protect shipping in the Red Sea. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20231219173007/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/hms-diamond-joins-new-international-task-force-to-protect-shipping-in-the-red-sea . 19 December 2023 . 19 December 2023 . UK Ministry of Defence . press release.
  38. Web site: HMS Richmond takes over from HMS Diamond to protect shipping in the Red Sea . GOV.UK . 6 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240206105740/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/hms-richmond-takes-over-from-hms-diamond-to-protect-shipping-in-the-red-sea . 6 February 2024 . en . 6 February 2024 . live.
  39. Web site: 21 December 2023. Dendias: Greece will dispatch frigate to Red Sea. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20231223234606/https://www.ekathimerini.com/news/1227629/dendias-greece-will-dispatch-frigate-to-red-sea/ . 23 December 2023 . 21 December 2023 . www.ekathimerini.com.
  40. Web site: Denmark to send frigate to US-led task force in Red Sea. The Jerusalem Post . 30 December 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231230002923/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-780039 . 30 December 2023 . 29 December 2023 . live.
  41. News: 29 December 2023 . Denmark to send frigate to U.S.-led task force in Red Sea . 1 January 2024 . Reuters.
  42. News: 21 December 2023 . Australia to send military personnel to help protect Red Sea shipping but no warship . en. Associated Press. live . 22 December 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231221150243/https://apnews.com/article/red-sea-australia-international-security-force-5acf692653367a0679538ad3eae0444e . 21 December 2023.
  43. News: Hurst . Daniel . 20 December 2023 . Red Sea crisis: why the Albanese government said no to the United States' warship request . The Guardian. live . 22 December 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231221172248/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/dec/20/red-sea-crisis-why-the-albanese-government-said-no-to-the-united-states-warship-request . 21 December 2023.
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  157. News: Jayawardana . Sandun . Deployment of SL Navy advanced offshore patrol vessel to the Red Sea still under discussion. 8 January 2024 . Sunday Times . 11 January 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240111111941/https://www.sundaytimes.lk/240107/news/deployment-of-sl-navy-advanced-offshore-patrol-vessel-to-the-red-sea-still-under-discussion-544478.html . live .
  158. News: Bird . Steve . Parker . Fiona . 13 January 2024 . Watch: Pro-Palestinian demonstrators chant support for Houthi rebel attacks . 21 January 2024 . The Telegraph . en-GB . 0307-1235.
  159. News: Houthis attack British-linked tanker Marlin Luanda in Gulf of Aden . 8 May 2024 . BBC News.
  160. News: Farhat . Beatrice . 25 March 2024 . Houthis warn Saudi Arabia 'would be a target' if it backs US-UK strikes . 30 August 2024 . Al-Monitor.
  161. News: 25 March 2024 . Houthis threaten Saudi Arabia's oil installations for 'supporting US aggression' . 30 August 2024 . S&P Global.

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