2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel explained
On 7 October 2023, Hamas and several other Palestinian militant groups launched coordinated armed incursions from the Gaza Strip into the Gaza Envelope of southern Israel, the first invasion of Israeli territory since the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The attack coincided with the Jewish religious holiday Simchat Torah. Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups named the attacks Operation Al-Aqsa Flood (or Deluge;, usually romanized as "Tufan Al-Aqsa" or "Toofan Al-Aqsa"),[11] while in Israel they are referred to as Black Saturday [12] or the Simchat Torah Massacre,[13] and internationally as the 7 October attacks.[14] [15] [16] The attacks initiated the ongoing Israel–Hamas war.
The attacks began early on 7 October with a barrage of at least 3,000 rockets launched against Israel and vehicle-transported and powered paraglider incursions into Israel.[17] [18] Hamas fighters breached the Gaza–Israel barrier, attacking military bases and massacring civilians in 21 communities, including Be'eri, Kfar Aza, Nir Oz, Netiv Haasara, and Alumim. In total the attackers killed 1,139 people: 695 Israeli civilians (including 38 children),[19] 71 foreign nationals, and 373 members of the security forces.[20] 364 civilians were killed and many more wounded while attending the Nova music festival.[21] [22] The IDF estimated that about 3,000 militants invaded southern Israel, with additional waves of Gaza citizens entering through the breached fences later in the day.[23] About 250 Israeli civilians and soldiers were taken as hostages to the Gaza Strip, including 30 children, with the stated goal to force Israel to exchange them for imprisoned Palestinians, including women and children.[24] [25] [26] [27] Many cases of rape and sexual assault reportedly occurred, but Hamas officials denied the involvement of their fighters.[28] [29] [30]
Hamas said its attack was in response to the continued Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories, the blockade of the Gaza Strip, the expansion of illegal Israeli settlements, rising Israeli settler violence, and recent escalations.[31] [32] [33]
The governments of 44 countries denounced the attack and described it as terrorism, while some Arab and Muslim-majority countries blamed Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories as the root cause of the attack.[34] [35] [36] The day was labeled the bloodiest in Israel's history and the 'deadliest for Jews since the Holocaust' by many figures and media outlets in the West, including United States president Joe Biden.[37] [38] [39] Some have called the attack a genocidal massacre against Israelis.
Background
See main article: Israeli–Palestinian conflict.
Israel has occupied the Palestinian territories, including the Gaza Strip, since the Six-Day War in 1967.[40] [41]
The Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas), are a Palestinian nationalist[42] Islamist movement. They formed in 1987, and are the largest Islamist movement in the Palestinian territories.[43] It maintains an uncompromising stance on the "complete liberation of Palestine", often using political violence to achieve its goals. Recent statements suggest a shift in focus toward ending the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories and establishing a Palestinian state based on the 1967 borders. Hamas has been responsible for numerous suicide bombings[44] [45] and rocket attacks targeting Israeli civilians.[46] Australia, Canada, the EU, Japan, New Zealand, and the UK have designated Hamas a "terrorist organisation". In 2010 it attempted to derail the peace talks between Israel and the PA. In 2017, it adopted a new charter, removing antisemitic language and shifting focus from Jews to Zionists.[47] [48] [49] [50] Scholars differ on Hamas' objectives, with some saying it seeks a Palestinian state within 1967 borders[51] while others believe Hamas still seeks the destruction of Israel.[52]
Warnings
Before the attack, Saudi Arabia warned Israel of an "explosion" as a result of the continued occupation,[53] Egypt had warned of a catastrophe unless there was political progress,[54] and Palestinian Authority officials gave similar warnings. Less than two months before the attacks, King Abdullah II of Jordan lamented that Palestinians had "no civil rights; no freedom of mobility".
Events leading to the attack
See also: Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in 2023. Over the course of 2023, there were clashes between Israel and Palestinian Islamic Jihad in May 2023, increased settler attacks had displaced hundreds of Palestinians, and clashes around the Al-Aqsa Mosque, a contested holy site in Jerusalem.[55]
Tensions between Israel and Hamas rose in September 2023, and The Washington Post wrote that the two were "on the brink of war".[56] On 13 September, five Palestinians were killed at the border. Israel said it found explosives hidden in a shipment and halted all exports from Gaza; Hamas denied this. Reuters quoted Palestinians who said that the several-day ban affected thousands of families.[57] In response to the ban, Hamas put its forces on high alert and conducted military exercises with other groups, including openly practicing storming Israeli settlements. Hamas also allowed Palestinians to resume protests at the Gaza–Israel barrier. On 29 September, Qatar, the UN, and Egypt mediated an agreement between Israeli and Hamas officials in the Gaza Strip to reopen closed crossing points and deescalate tensions;[58] the total number of Gazans with work permits in Israel stood at 17,000.[59]
Egypt said it warned Israel days before the attack that "an explosion of the situation [was] coming, and very soon, and it would be big."[60] Israel denied receiving such a warning,[61] although Michael McCaul, Chairman of the US House Foreign Relations Committee, said that warnings were given three days before the attack.[62]
Operational planning
For two years, Hamas used hardwired phone lines within Gaza's tunnel network, nicknamed the "Gaza metro", to covertly communicate, evade Israeli intelligence, and plan Operation Al-Aqsa Flood. The specific plans were disclosed only shortly before the operation, catching intelligence agencies off guard and enabling a surprise attack.[63]
In the months preceding the attack, Hamas publicly released videos of its militants preparing to attack Israel. A video released in December 2022 showed Hamas training to take hostages, while another video showed Hamas practicing paragliding.[64] On 12 September, Hamas posted a video of its fighters training to blast through the border.[65] After the attack, the IDF said that Hamas had extensively studied the military bases and settlements near the border.[66]
The Wall Street Journal has accused Iran of being behind the attack.[67] U.S. officials[68] and Iran have denied this.[69]
The IDF has reported seizing over 10,000 weapons following the attack. The arsenal included RPGs, mines, sniper rifles, drones, thermobaric rockets, and other advanced weapons. According to Israeli sources, documents and maps seized from Hamas militants indicated that Hamas intended a coordinated, month-long operation to invade and occupy Israeli towns, cities, and kibbutzim, including attacking Ashkelon by sea and reaching Kiryat Gat, 20 miles into Israel. The scale of weapons, supplies, and plans indicated, according to Israel, that Hamas intended to inflict mass casualties on Israeli civilians and military forces over an extended period.[70] [71] Western and Middle Eastern security officials gathered evidence suggesting that Hamas intended to invade as far as the West Bank, had the initial attack been more successful.[72]
The National Resistance Center of Ukraine alleged that the Russian Wagner Group trained Hamas militants ahead of the attack, specifically on attack methods and using drones to drop explosives. The National Resistance Center, citing intelligence from Belarusian partisans, said that Wagner mercenaries provided Hamas with drones during exercises in Africa.[73]
Israeli intelligence failure
According to The New York Times, Israeli officials had obtained detailed attack plans more than a year before the attack. The document described operational plans and targets, including the size and location of Israeli forces, and raised questions in Israel about how Hamas learned these details. The document provided a plan that included a large-scale rocket assault before an invasion, drones to knock out the surveillance cameras and automated guns that Israel has stationed along the border, and gunmen invading Israel, including with paragliders. The Times reported, "Hamas followed the blueprint with shocking precision." According to The Times, the document was widely circulated among Israeli military and intelligence leadership, who largely dismissed the plan as beyond Hamas's capabilities, though it was unclear whether the political leadership was informed. In July 2023, a member of the Israeli signals intelligence unit alerted her superiors that Hamas was conducting preparations for the assault, saying, "I utterly refute that the scenario is imaginary". An Israeli colonel ignored her concerns.[74]
According to Haaretz, Israel's domestic intelligence agency, Shin Bet, and IDF military commanders discussed a possible threat to the Nova music festival near kibbutz Re'im just hours before the attack, but the festival's organizers were not warned.[75] [76]
According to a BBC investigation, surveillance reports suggested that Hamas was planning a significant operation against Israel, but senior IDF officers repeatedly ignored the warnings.[77]
A Ha'aretz investigation found that incompetence in the IDF's higher ranks, including refusal to acknowledge Hamas's preparations for the attacks, was a major cause of the October attacks. The IDF had reduced funding and manpower dedicated to observing Hamas, focusing primarily on rocket sites and ignoring Hamas training and troop movements as well as the activities of the Hamas military leadership. Simulated exercises of Hamas attacks found the Gaza division's response lacking. Cultural conformity was fostered among officers and dissent discouraged. Officers often silenced subordinates to maintain their positions, contributing to a toxic atmosphere where questioning higher-ups' decisions about Hamas was met with apprehension, resulting in most junior officers giving up.[78]
Attacks
At around 6:30 a.m. Israel Summer Time (UTC+3) on Saturday, 7 October 2023, Hamas announced the start of Operation Al-Aqsa Flood.[79] Qassam commander Mohammed Deif gave a speech mentioning Israel's 16-year blockade of Gaza, Israeli incursions in West Bank cities, violence at Al-Aqsa mosque, Israeli settler violence with the army's support, the confiscation of property and demolition of homes, arbitrarily detaining Palestinians for years until "they wither from cancer and disease", Israel's neglect for international law, American-Western support, and international silence. He then described the operation, that they had drawn the line, and that it was to end "the last occupation on Earth".[80] [79] Shortly thereafter, Hamas Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh made a similar announcement in a televised address.[81]
Participating and supporting organizations
In addition to Hamas, several Palestinian militant groups voiced support for the operation and participated in it to some extent. The National Resistance Brigades, the armed wing of the Maoist Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP), confirmed their participation in the operation through their military spokesman Abu Khaled,[82] saying it had lost three fighters in combat with the IDF.[83] The PFLP (a Palestinian Marxist–Leninist / Secular Nationalist political party)[84] and the Lions' Den group (a nonpartisan militant group based in the West Bank) voiced support for the operation and declared maximum alertness and general mobilization among their troops. The Abu Ali Mustafa Brigades, the PFLP's armed wing, published videos of two of their militants storming Israeli watchtowers.[84] Nine individuals employed by UNRWA were accused by Israel of participation, and after a months-long internal investigation, were fired for possible involvement.[85]
Rocket fire
See main article: List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2023. Deif said more than 5,000 rockets had been fired from the Gaza Strip into Israel in a span of 20 minutes at the start of the operation. Israeli sources reported the launch of 3,000 projectiles from Gaza, killing five.[86] Explosions were reported in areas surrounding Gaza and in the Sharon Plain, including Gedera, Herzliyya,[87] Tel Aviv, and Ashkelon.[88] Air raid sirens were activated in Beer Sheva, Jerusalem, Rehovot, Rishon Lezion, and Palmachim Airbase.[89] [90] [91] Hamas issued a call to arms, with Deif calling on "Muslims everywhere to launch an attack".
Palestinian militants also opened fire on Israeli boats off the Gaza Strip, while clashes broke out between Palestinians and the Israel Defense Forces in the eastern section of the Gaza perimeter fence. In the evening Hamas launched another barrage of about 150 rockets towards Israel, with explosions reported in Yavne, Givatayim, Bat Yam, Beit Dagan, Tel Aviv, and Rishon Lezion.
Incursions into Southern Israel
Simultaneously, around 2,900[92] Palestinian militants infiltrated Israel from Gaza using trucks, pickup trucks, motorcycles, bulldozers, speedboats, and powered paragliders.[93] [94]
The Sderot police station was reported to have come under Hamas control, with militants killing 30 Israelis, including policemen and civilians.[95] Early in the attack they deliberately destroyed the computer systems at the police station. This disabled communication and delayed the response to the attacks.[96] [97] [98]
Images and videos appeared to show heavily armed and masked militants dressed in black fatigues riding pickup trucks and opening fire in Sderot, killing dozens of Israeli civilians and soldiers and setting homes on fire.[99] Other videos appeared to show Israelis taken prisoner, a burning Israeli tank,[100] and militants driving Israeli military vehicles. Israeli first responders reportedly recovered documents from killed militants' bodies with instructions to attack civilians, including elementary schools and a youth center, to "kill as many people as possible", and to take hostages for use in future negotiations.[101] [102] [103] [104] Some of the militants wore body cameras to record the acts, presumably for propaganda purposes.[105]
According to news reports, Hamas militants were taking Captagon—a highly addictive stimulant made in Syria and reportedly used by terrorist organization throughout the Middle East—during the attacks.[106] [107] [108] [109]
The morning of the attack, an Israeli military spokesman said that the militants from Gaza had entered Israel through at least seven locations and invaded four small rural Israeli communities, the border city of Sderot, and two military bases from both land and sea. Israeli media reported that seven communities came under Hamas control, including Nahal Oz, Kfar Aza, Magen, Be'eri, and Sufa.[110] The Erez Crossing was reported to have come under Hamas control, enabling militants to enter Israel from Gaza. Israeli Police Commissioner Kobi Shabtai said there were 21 active high-confrontation locations in southern Israel.
The New York Times reported that an Israeli intelligence document prepared weeks after the attack found that Hamas had breached the border fence in over 30 separate locations.[111]
Starting at 6.30a.m. the same day, a massacre unfolded at an outdoor music festival near Re'im, resulting in at least 360 dead and many others missing. Witnesses recounted militants on motorcycles opening fire on fleeing participants, who were already dispersing due to rocket fire that had wounded some attendees; some were also taken hostage.[112] [113] [114] Militants killed civilians at Nir Oz,[115] Be'eri, and Netiv HaAsara, where they took hostages[116] [117] and set fire to homes, as well as in kibbutzim around the Gaza Strip. Around 50 civilians were killed in the Kfar Aza massacre, 108 in the Be'eri massacre, and 15 people in the Netiv HaAsara massacre.[118] [119] Militants killed 16 or 17 Thai and Nepalese employees during the Kibbutz Alumim massacre.[120] [121]
Other militants carried out an amphibious landing in Zikim.[122] Palestinian sources claim that the local Israeli army base was stormed.[123] The IDF said it had killed two attackers on the beach and destroyed four vessels, including two rubber boats. Militants also attacked a military base outside Nahal Oz, leaving at least 18 dead and taking seven hostage.[124] [125] An IDF fire investigation found that the militants had "ignited substances... that contain toxic gasses which can cause suffocation within minutes, or even less" both at the base and in civilian locations.
Re'im music festival massacre
See main article: Re'im music festival massacre.
As part of the Hamas-led attack, 364 civilians were killed and many more wounded at the Supernova Sukkot Gathering, an open-air music festival celebrating the Jewish holiday of Sukkot near kibbutz Re'im. At least 40 hostages were also taken.[126] [127] [128] [129] [130] This mass killing had the largest number of casualties out of a number of massacres targeting Israeli civilians in settlements adjacent to Gaza that were part of the 7 October invasion, alongside those at the settlements of Netiv HaAsara, Be'eri, Kfar Aza, Nir Oz, and Holit.[131]
At 6:30 am, around sunrise, rockets were noticed in the sky. Around 7:00 am, a siren warned of an incoming rocket attack, prompting festival-goers to flee.[132] Subsequently, armed militants, dressed in military attire and using motorcycles, trucks and powered paragliders, surrounded the festival grounds and indiscriminately fired on people attempting to escape. Attendees seeking refuge nearby, in bomb shelters, bushes, and orchards, were killed while in hiding. Those who reached the road and parking lot were trapped in a traffic jam as militants fired at vehicles. The militants executed some wounded people at point-blank range as they crouched on the ground.[133] [134]
The details of the hostages' whereabouts and conditions are not publicly known.[135] The massacre at the festival has been described as the largest terror attack in Israel's history[136] [137] and the worst Israeli civilian massacre ever.[138]
Kfar Aza massacre
See main article: Kfar Aza massacre. During the Hamas-led attack, around 70 Hamas militants attacked Kfar Aza, a kibbutz about 3km (02miles) from the border with the Gaza Strip, massacring residents and abducting several hostages.
The kibbutz had more than 700 residents, and it took the IDF two days to wrest back full control of it. While the exact number of Israelis killed is unknown, as of 15 October 52 were listed as dead and another 20 or more were missing.[139] [140]
Be'eri massacre
See main article: Be'eri massacre.
On the morning of the attack, around 70 Hamas militants[141] [142] carried out a massacre at Be'eri, an Israeli kibbutz near the Gaza Strip. At least 130 people were killed in the attack, including women (such as peace activist Vivian Silver),[143] children, and infants,[144] claiming the lives of 10% of the community's residents. Dozens of homes were also burned down.[145] Several newspapers called the massacre an act of terrorism; some compared the brutality of the atrocities to that of ISIS.[146] [147] [148] [149] Hostages were taken, leading to a standoff with the IDF.[150] [151] [152] According to survivors, there were also deaths from friendly fire; an Israeli tank fired on a house known to contain around 40 Hamas fighters and 14 hostages, among them two children, killing all hostages in the house but one.[153]
Moshav Yakhini
A squad of Hamas militants that arrived in a van attacked the moshav of Yakhini.[154] [155] [156] There were seven casualties in the moshav,[157] [158] including a border police officer.[159] [160] An IDF major in the Maglan unit was also injured.[161] The community leader's was on holiday in Thailand at the time, and remotely directed the moshav's 18-person protection team's response. YAMAM and Sayeret Matkal IDF units eventually arrived and killed all the attackers.
Ein HaShlosha kibbutz
Approximately 90 militants infiltrated kibbutz Ein HaShlosha, killing four civilians, looting, shooting, and burning houses.[162] [163] An 80-year-old Argentinian woman died after her home was set on fire and she was unable to escape.[164] A standoff between the attackers and the residents' security team lasted six hours.[165] The leader of the security team, who was in his sixties, was killed in the firefight.[165] A 63-year-old grandmother was also among those killed in the attack.[166] A 39-year-old Israeli-Chilean woman was shot eight times.[167]
Thirty survivors were discovered in the kibbutz three days after the massacre,[168] 14 of whom were Thai nationals.[169]
Psyduck music festival massacre
See main article: Psyduck music festival massacre.
Psyduck was a small trance music festival that took place in the open fields near kibbutz Nir Oz, about 2km (01miles) from the border of Gaza. The event drew around 100 participants. Hamas militants attacked the festival, killing 17 Israelis. Some were fatally shot at the festival site, while others were killed as they attempted to escape to nearby kibbutzim. Most survivors hid under small bushes until Israel Defense Forces rescued them a few hours later.[170]
Attack on Re'im military base
See main article: Battle of Re'im.
At 10 a.m., less than five hours after the attacks began, fighting was reported at Re'im military base, headquarters of the Gaza Division.[171] [172] It was later reported that Hamas took control of the base and took several Israeli soldiers captive before the IDF regained control later in the day.[173] [174] The base was reportedly the location of IDF drone and surveillance operations. Hamas reportedly posted video of dead Israeli soldiers it had killed at the base.[175]
Attack on kibbutz Nir Am
Nir Am was attacked but no residents were harmed. Inbal Rabin-Lieberman, the 25-year-old security coordinator, alongside her uncle Ami, led a guard detail that killed multiple militants attempting to infiltrate a nearby chicken farm. They successfully deterred the rest of the invading militants from entering the community.[176] [177] [178]
Attack on Ofakim
The town of Ofakim was the furtherest point reached by the initial intense attacks on 7 October. A large proportion of the population of the town is working-class Jews of North African descent.[179] Ofakim was one of the first locations where a "hostages situation" was reported.[180] The militants targeted the parts of the town where the housing was older and did not have individual bomb shelters in every home, locals tāpirie that the invaders has shot people who were trying to get to communal shelters.[181]
Rahat incursion
A number of Qassam Brigades militants infiltrated the Bedouin city of Rahat, north-east of Ofakim and 30 kilometres from Gaza, representing the furthest extent of the incursions by Palestinian militant groups on 7 October. Over a month after the initial attack, two militants were arrested by Israeli police.[182]
Failed plans
A Hamas group carried intelligence information and maps guiding it to the border of the West Bank.[183] Shikma Prison was among Hamas's targets, but the group that headed there with the aim to free Palestinian inmates could not find it.[184]
Hostages taken
See main article: Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis.
Soon after the start of the Hamas operation, there were reports that many civilians and soldiers had been taken as captives back to the Gaza Strip. Later in the day Hamas announced it had captured enough Israeli soldiers to force a prisoner swap,[185] and Israel confirmed hostages had been taken.[186]
In Be'eri, up to 50 people were taken hostage; after an 18-hour standoff between militants and IDF forces, they were freed.[187] Hostages were also reported taken in Ofakim, where policemen led by Chief Superintendent Jayar Davidov engaged Palestinian militants in a shootout;[''[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Chronological items|when?]]] Davidov and three of his men were killed, and the IDF later rescued two Israeli hostages in the suburb of Urim. There were reports of militants killing and stealing family pets.[188]
Hamas took many hostages back to Gaza. On 16 October, they said they were holding 250 hostages[189] and that it had done so to force Israel to release its Palestinian prisoners.[190] In addition to hostages with only Israeli citizenship, almost half of the hostages were foreign nationals or held multiple citizenships.[191] Some hostages were Negev Bedouins.[192] Some of the hostages, including three members of the Bibas family, were subsequently handed over to other militant groups. Palestinian Islamic Jihad ended up holding at least 30 of the hostages, but it is unclear whether they or Hamas originally kidnapped them.
According to Ariel Merari, the raiders "were ordered to kidnap as many [people] as possible... [and] they intentionally kidnapped a populace that is sensitive from the aspect of Israeli public opinion".[193] Merari doubts that Hamas will agree to releasing all of the hostages in "one go" regardless of how many of its prisoners are released, since the hostages are its only guarantee against complete destruction at Israel's hands.[193] He believes Hamas will try to force a ceasefire and protract the release for weeks or months, until an Israeli offensive is no longer seen as viable.[193]
Contrasting stories about the event
The attacks on 7 October included both civilian and military targets. The film Bearing Witness depicts civilian and military casualties. Hamas's propaganda videos posted to Al-Qassam Brigades' Telegram channel and website depict the operation as primarily, or solely, focused on the destruction of the border fence and other military targets.[194] In the months leading up to 7 October, Al-Qassam posted video of themselves and some of their allies training for the attacks against military and ambiguous targets.[195]
Israeli counterattack
After the initial breach of the Gaza perimeter by Palestinian militants, it took hours for the Israeli military to respond by sending troops to counterattack.[196] The first helicopters sent to support the military were launched from the north of Israel, and arrived in Gaza an hour after fighting began.[197] Israel had difficulty determining which outposts and settlements were occupied, and distinguishing between Palestinian militants and the soldiers and civilians on the ground.
Friendly fire and use of the Hannibal Directive
According to a December 2023 Ynet article, there was also an "immense and complex quantity" of friendly-fire incidents during the 7 October attack.[198] In January 2024, an investigation by Israeli newspaper Yedioth Ahronoth concluded that the IDF had in practice applied the Hannibal Directive, ordering all combat units to stop "at all costs" any attempt by Hamas militants to return to Gaza, even if there were hostages with them.[199] [200] [201] The directive was first employed at 7:18 AM at the Erez border crossing to prevent soldiers stationed there from being taken captive. At 10:32 AM, an order was issued to all battalions in the area to fire mortars in the direction of Gaza. Documents obtained by Haaretz and the testimonies of soldiers show that use of the Hannibal Directive was "widespread" after an order was issued to the Gaza Division at 11:22 AM that "Not a single vehicle can return to Gaza." At 2:00 PM, all units were instructed not to leave border communities or chase anyone into Gaza, as the border was under heavy, indiscriminate fire. At 6:40 PM, the army launched artillery raids at the border area "very close" to Kibbutz Be'eri and Kfar Azza.[202] It is unclear how many hostages were killed by friendly fire as a result of the order. According to Yedioth Ahronoth, around 70 burnt-out vehicles on roads leading to Gaza had been fired on by helicopters or tanks, killing all occupants in at least some cases.
Helicopter crews initially poured down fire at a tremendous rate, attacking about 300 targets in four hours. Later, the crews began to slow their attacks and carefully select targets. According to Haaretz journalist Josh Breiner, a police source said that a police investigation found that an IDF helicopter that had fired on Hamas militants "apparently also hit some festival participants" in the Re'im music festival massacre.[203] The Israeli police denied Haaretz's report.[204] In the aftermath of the attack, Israel buried hundreds of burned cars that were present at the scene of the attacks "To preserve the sanctity of those murdered by Hamas."[205] The Electronic Intifada called this "a worrying development which amounts to a state-sanctioned coverup of what could potentially be some of the most important forensic evidence from 7 October."[206] Subsequent investigation has determined that militants had been instructed not to run so that the air force would think they were Israelis. This deception worked for some time, but pilots began to realize the problem and ignore their restrictions. By around 9 a.m., amid the chaos and confusion, some helicopters started laying down fire without prior authorization.
Locations of attacks
See also: List of military engagements during the Israel–Hamas war.
Table Footnotes: Casualties
Gender percentage of 7 October deaths| Group | Source | % female | Reference |
|---|
| Total | AOAV[239] | 26.6% | |
| Civilians | | 36% | |
| Civilians | AOAV | 41% | |
| Military | AOAV | 11% | |
| Other security forces | AOAV | 15% | | |
The latest figure on total number killed during the attack, based on social security data, is 1,175, of whom 379 were from Israeli security forces and 796 were civilians (725 Israeli and 71 foreign). 26.6% of those killed were female.[239] Initially up to 1,400 people were reported killed; on 10 November this was revised to 1,200,[240] before being revised further in December. The casualties included 36 children; the youngest person killed was 10 months old, and 25 were people over age 80. The attack is considered the bloodiest day in Israel's history and the deadliest for Jews since the Holocaust.[241]
The attack left over 3,400 wounded,[242] and 247 soldiers and civilians were taken hostage. On 19 October, Israeli officials reported an additional 100 to 200 missing.[243] By July 2024, the number of missing was down to 1. Israeli casualties include about 70 Arab Israelis, predominantly from Negev Bedouin communities.[244] [245] [246] [247] The attack affected a province with a population of 4,000,000 Israelis, while the war displaced 300,000 Israelis.[248]
On 7 October, over 100 civilians were killed in the Be'eri massacre, including women and children, and over 270 people were killed at a music festival in Re'im.[112] As of 10 October, over 100 people had been reported killed in the Kfar Aza massacre, with the total death toll unknown.[249] Nine people were fatally shot at a bus shelter in Sderot. At least four people were reported killed in Kuseife. At least 400 wounded were treated in Ashkelon,[250] while 280 others were reported in Beer Sheva, 60 of whom were in serious condition. In the north, injuries from rocket attacks were reported in Tel Aviv.[251] At least 49 Israeli children and adolescents under the age of 19 were killed in the attack.[252]
Former Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C. striker Lior Asulin was among those killed in the Re'im music festival massacre.[253] The head of the Sha'ar HaNegev Regional Council, Ofir Libstein, was killed in an exchange of fire with the militants.[254] The police commander of Rahat, Jayar Davidov, was also killed.[255] The IDF confirmed that 247 of its soldiers had been killed.[256] Among those confirmed dead were Colonel Yonatan Steinberg, the commander of the Nahal Brigade, who was killed near Kerem Shalom; Colonel Roi Levy, commander of the Multidimensional "Ghost" unit, who was killed near kibbutz Re'im;[257] [258] and Lieutenant Colonel Eli Ginsberg, commander of the LOTAR Counter-terrorism Unit School.[259] The Druze deputy commander of the 300th "Baram" Regional Brigade, Lieutenant Colonel Alim Abdallah, was killed in action along with two other soldiers while responding to an infiltration from southern Lebanon on 9 October.[260] Israeli peace activist Hayim Katsman was killed in Holit. Peace activist Vivian Silver, originally thought to be taken hostage,[261] was later confirmed to have been killed during the attack on Be'eri.[262] Israel Hayom photographer Yaniv Zohar was killed in Nahal Oz.[263]
The great number and geographical spread of the victims made locating all of their remains difficult. Several weeks after the massacre, once conventional search techniques had been exhausted, the IDF approached the Israel Nature and Parks Authority for help in tracking the flight paths of vultures, which resulted in the discovery of at least five more bodies.[264] The IDF also enlisted the aid of archaeologists from the Israel Antiquities Authority to help recover remains that were so badly burned as to be indistinguishable from the surrounding rubble; the remains of at least ten victims have been recovered this way.[265] [266]
Hamas took at least 247 Israelis hostage and transported them to Gaza. On 8 October, Palestinian Islamic Jihad said it was holding at least 30 captives.[267] At least four people were reportedly taken from Kfar Aza.[268] Videos from Gaza appeared to show captured people, with Gazan residents cheering trucks carrying dead bodies. Four captives were later reported to have been killed in Be'eri,[269] while Hamas said that an IDF airstrike on Gaza on 9 October killed four captives.[270] Yedioth Ahronoth photographer Roy Edan was reported missing and likely captured alongside his child in Kfar Aza. His wife was killed and two of their children were able to hide in a closet until rescued.[271] Edan's body was identified ten days later as one of the casualties of the Kfar Aza massacre.[272] American-Israeli Hersh Goldberg-Polin was one of the kidnapped. On 11 October, Hamas's Qassam Brigades released a video appearing to show the release of three hostages, a woman and two children, in an open area near a fence. Israel dismissed the video as "theatrics".[273] According to Ynet, there were also casualties from friendly fire on 7 October which the IDF believed "it would not be morally sound to investigate [...] due to the immense and complex quantity of them that took place in the kibbutzim and southern Israeli communities due to the challenging situations the soldiers were in at the time."[274]
Identification of remains
According to Chen Kugel, head of the Abu Kabir Forensic Institute, hundreds of bodies arrived at the institute in a state "beyond recognition".[275] Pathologists were required to process, among others, bone fragments recovered from fires; a blood-soaked baby mattress; victims who were tied, then executed; and two victims who were tied, then incinerated alive.
With hundreds missing and bodies burned beyond recognition, Israeli authorities assembled recovery teams from across society. This included archaeologists from the Israel Antiquities Authority, who identified and removed ancient remains in attempts to sift through ash and rubble for bone fragments other forensic teams overlooked.[276]
The sheer number of casualties overwhelmed authorities. Bodies were brought chaotically to the Shura IDF base and Abu Kabir forensic institute. The different military, police, and civilian teams caused confusion. Archeologists systematically searched rooms, dividing them into grids and carefully extracting bone shards. At one house, the archeology team found a bloodstain under ash that it determined was the outline of a body, later identified by DNA analysis as Meni Godard.[276]
Revision of casualty numbers
On 10 November, Israel revised its casualty count from 1,400 to 1,200 after realizing that some bodies that were badly burned[277] were those of Hamas fighters.[278] [240] This included 859 civilians,[279] 283 soldiers,[280] [281] 58 policemen, and 10 Shin Bet members.[282]
At the end of May 2024, using social security data, this was further revised to 1,175: 725 Israeli civilians (including 36 children), 71 foreign nationals, and 379 security forces.[283] One person, peace activist Bilha Inon, was classed as missing[284] until 6 August 2024, when the IDF confirmed the she died at Netiv Ha’asara, with her husband.[285]
Operation Swords of Iron
The IDF launched Operation Swords of Iron in Gaza and declared a state of emergency for areas within 80km (50miles) of the Gaza border. The IDF additionally reported that it had begun targeted actions in Gaza under what it called Operation Swords of Iron (or Iron Swords) ([286] [287]
In a televised broadcast, Netanyahu said: "We are at war." He also said that the IDF would reinforce its border deployments to deter others from "making the mistake of joining this war".[288] In a later address, he threatened to "turn Gaza into a deserted island" and urged its residents to "leave now". Israel's Security Cabinet voted to undertake a series of actions to bring about the "destruction of the military and governmental capabilities of Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad", according to a statement by the Prime Minister's Office.[289] The Israel Electric Corporation, which supplies up to 80% of Gaza's electricity, cut off power to the area. As a result, Gaza's power supply was reduced from 120 MW to 20 MW, forcing it to rely on power plants paid for by the Palestinian Authority.
Reactions
Palestinian response
Hamas
Khaled Mashal lauded the Hamas attack, calling it legitimate resistance to Israeli occupation. He said, "We know very well the consequences of our operation on Oct. 7", emphasizing that Palestinian lives must be sacrificed in the quest for liberation.[290]
Khalil al-Hayya, a senior member of Hamas, said the action was necessary to "change the entire equation and not just have a clash... We succeeded in putting the Palestinian issue back on the table, and now no one in the region is experiencing calm."[291]
Taher El-Nounou, a Hamas media adviser, said that he hoped "that the state of war with Israel will become permanent on all the borders, and that the Arab world will stand with [Hamas]".
Ghazi Hamad, a senior Hamas official, said in an interview: "We must teach Israel a lesson, and we will do this again and again. The Al-Aqsa Flood is just the first time, and there will be a second, a third, a fourth. Because we have the determination...to fight."[292] He emphasized Hamas's willingness to "pay a price", concluding with a call for the elimination of Israel: "We must remove that country because it constitutes a security, military and political catastrophe to the Arab and Islamic nations".[293] These comments came after an incident where Hamad abruptly left a BBC interview when asked about Hamas's killing of civilians in Israel on 7 October.
Hamas denied killing any children in the attack.[294] Its official announcement referring to the event rejected the "falsehood of the fabricated allegations" promoted by some Western media outlets, which unprofessionally adopt the "Zionist narrative full of lies and slander against our Palestinian people and their resistance, the latest of which was the claim of killing children, beheading them, and targeting civilians". When asked about the Re'im music festival massacre, where 260 civilians were murdered, Hamas official Moussa Abu Marzouk replied that it was a "coincidence", and that the attackers may have thought these were soldiers "resting".[295] [296]
In January 2024, Hamas released a report titled "Our Narrative", which accepted "some faults" but continued to deny having intentionally targeted civilians, blamed Israel for deaths, and justified the attacks as "a necessary step and a normal response to confront all Israeli conspiracies against the Palestinian people".[297]
Palestinian Authority
On the eve of the Hamas attack at the emergency meeting in Ramallah, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas said that the Palestinian people had the right to defend themselves against the terror of settlers and occupation troops.[298] According to Palestinian government agency WAFA, Abbas also ordered the government and relevant authorities to immediately send all available resources to alleviate the suffering of Palestinians in Gaza under Israeli aggression.[299] On 16 October, he declared that "Hamas' actions don't represent the Palestinians".[300] [301] He has yet to condemn the 7 October massacre as of February 2024.[302]
On 30 October, Hanan Ashrawi, a Palestinian Christian official, said the attacks were an act of resistance launched against the IDF.[303]
On 16 May 2024, Mahmoud Abbas said that Hamas's unilateral military action on 7 October provided Israel with justification for attacks in the Gaza Strip. He emphasized opposition to harming civilians. In response, Hamas expressed regret for the remarks, asserting that the attack elevated the Palestinian cause and yielded strategic gains.[304]
Palestinian public opinion
In November 2023, as a result of Israeli actions in Gaza following the 7 October attacks, Hamas' popularity among Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank increased significantly.[305] In a survey conducted on 14 November by the Arab World for Research and Development (AWRAD), a research, consulting and development firm based in Ramallah,[306] Palestinians showed overwhelming support for the attack. It said, "Palestinians living in the West Bank overwhelmingly answered that they supported the attack to either an extreme or 'somewhat' extent (83.1%)."[307] [308] [309]
In Gaza, Palestinians exhibited lesser consensus, with only 63.6% "extremely" or "somewhat" supporting the attack. 14.4% answered they neither opposed or supported the attack, and 20.9% opposed the attack to some degree.
Only 10% of Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank said they believed Hamas committed war crimes during the attack on Israel, and a large majority of Palestinians said they had not seen any videos showing Hamas atrocities in Israel.
Israeli response
See main article: Israeli government response to the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel.
Israel said that Hamas "made a grave mistake" in launching its attack and pledged that "Israel will win". The IDF declared a "state of readiness for war", adding that reservists were to be deployed not only in Gaza but also in the West Bank and along the borders with Lebanon and Syria.[310] Residents in areas near Gaza were asked to stay inside, while civilians in southern and central Israel were "required to stay next to shelters". Roads around Gaza were closed by the IDF. Tel Aviv's streets were also locked down.
After the attack, Israel declared a heightened state of preparedness for potential conflict.[311] The IDF declared a state of readiness for war, and Netanyahu convened an emergency gathering of security authorities. Israeli Police Commissioner Kobi Shabtai announced that a "state of war" existed, following what he called "a massive attack from the Gaza Strip".[312] He also announced the closure of all of southern Israel to "civilian movement" and the Yamam counterterrorism unit's deployment to the area.[313] The IDF's chief spokesperson, Rear Admiral Daniel Hagari, said four divisions were deployed to the area, augmenting 31 preexisting battalions.
Israeli President Isaac Herzog said the country was facing "a very difficult moment", and offered strength and encouragement to the IDF, other security forces, rescue services, and residents who were under attack.
Ben Gurion Airport and Ramon Airport remained operational, but multiple airlines canceled flights to and from Israel.[314] Israel Railways suspended service in parts of the country and replaced some routes with temporary bus routes,[315] [316] and cruise ships removed the ports of Ashdod and Haifa from their itineraries.[317]
Capture and interrogation of militants
See main article: Interrogation of militants in the 2023 Israel-Hamas war.
Following the attack, more than 600 militants were captured in Israel. Israel has claimed that the interrogation of the suspects revealed significant insights into the group's strategies, ideologies, and operational methods that played a crucial role in its military response and in shaping the global understanding of the conflict.[318] [319] [320] Israel said it did not use physical coercion. Israel's aim was support its narrative and counter Hamas narratives.
However, a number of sources have questioned if Israel forced Palestinians to make confessions. Some of the militants in the videos appear to be bloodied and wincing in pain.[321] On 14 November, AP News analyzed that a confession video Israel released showed the captured militant was speaking "clearly under duress".[322] Palestinians detainees released after 7 October have reported that Israeli authorities order them to make statements, beat them severely, and sometimes ask them to make statements with a gun pointed to their face.[323] [324]
Arab Israelis
Arab Israeli politicians, including the United Arab List leader Mansour Abbas and Arab Knesset member Ayman Odeh, condemned the Hamas-led attack on Israel.[325] [326] Israel's Social Equality Minister Amichai Chikli said, "the Arab population has shown much solidarity and responsibility, and this is especially true for the Bedouin population in the Negev."
International
See also: International reactions to the Israel–Hamas war.
At least 44 nations denounced Hamas and explicitly condemned its conduct as terrorism, including a joint statement by the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Germany. In contrast, Arab and Muslim countries including Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Syria, Iran and Iraq blamed Israel's policy of occupying the Palestinians for the attack. The UAE, Bahrain, and China have amended their initial declarations to expressly denounce the killing and abduction of Israeli civilians.[34] [35] [36] According to a poll conducted by The Washington Institute for Near East Policy between 14 November and 6 December 2023, 95% of Saudis did not believe that Hamas had killed civilians in its attack on Israel.[327]
Over 680 legal experts and 128 human rights experts from Israel and around the world have signed an appeal for the immediate release of all hostages kidnapped by Hamas, and for the end of the "vicious and inhumane capture, violence, torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment of women and girls, children and infants." According to the appeal, "the abductees are defined according to international law as victims of enforced disappearance... [which makes these acts] blatant violations of international human rights law and humanitarian law, amounting to war crimes and crimes against humanity."[328]
The United Nations, particularly the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), faced criticism for failing to condemn Hamas's actions against women and failing to voice disapproval of reports of sexual and gender-based violence against Israeli women and girls.[329] [330] [331]
In response Sarah Hendrik, an official from UN Women, one of the UN agencies subject to these criticisms, stated that "within the UN family, these investigations are led by the Office of the High Commission for Human Rights', and that her agency didn’t have the legal competence to determine culpability: ‘The Independent International Commission of Inquiry has the mandate to investigate all alleged violations."[332] Azadeh Moaveni reported that claims of double standards or lack of condemnation by UN Women were incorrect, as "UN Women has not inveighed against conflict-related sexual violence in Yemen, Afghanistan, Somalia, Libya, Colombia or Mali, and its condemnations of rape in the DRC, Central African Republic, Syria and Iraq came years after the events themselves. Where it has responded more swiftly (and then only within months), it has done so in places where the UN had teams on the ground investigating and documenting abuses, or as a result of UN-wide appeals. UN Women has never named a specific group or perpetrator. According to its own protocols, it has been vociferous in responding to 7 October – as many as eight times in the first two months – through statements, social media posts and session remarks."[333] Moaveni also notes that what was demanded of UN Women was to go beyond its mandate and name in an unprecedented way before a proper investigation by the mandated UN bodies had been carried out, and that if it had done so it would have significantly damaged its relationships with grassroots women’s groups. A UN official told her that "[t]he call to condemn Hamas ‘was a trap, like the one laid out for the university presidents."[334]
The US House of Representatives overwhelmingly passed a bill to amend the US immigration code and ban people associated with Hamas, PIJ, and other perpetrators of the 7 October attacks from seeking immigration-related relief or protections in the United States.[335] [336]
After the attacks, the Shoah Foundation said it had gathered over 100 video testimonies of those who experienced the attacks to add them to the collection of "Holocaust survivor and witness testimony."[337] Shoah Foundation founder Steven Spielberg said of the attacks, "I never imagined I would see such unspeakable barbarity against Jews in my lifetime" and that the Shoah Foundation project would ensure "that their stories would be recorded and shared in the effort to preserve history and to work toward a world without antisemitism or hate of any kind."[338]
Reported atrocities
See also: Bearing Witness (2023 film), Allegations of genocide in the 2023 Hamas attack on Israel and War crimes in the Israel–Hamas war.
Sexual violence
See main article: Sexual violence in the 7 October attack on Israel. Israeli women and girls were reportedly raped, assaulted, and mutilated by Hamas militants during the incursion, an allegation Hamas denies.[339] [340] [341] [342] In the months following the attacks, The Wall Street Journal reported on 21 December, there was "mounting evidence of sexual violence, based on survivor accounts, first responders and witnesses."[343] These acts were denounced as gender-based violence, war crimes, and crimes against humanity, aligning with the International Criminal Court's recognition of sexual violence as such.[344] [345] [346]
Witnesses described the perpetrators using shovels,[347] beheading victims, engaged in rapes, and even playing with severed body parts. The BBC reported that "Videos of naked and bloodied women filmed by Hamas on the day of the attack, and photographs of bodies taken at the sites afterwards, suggest that women were sexually targeted by their attackers."[348] Testimonies from those at the Shura Base where the victims bodies were brought, such as IDF Captain (Res.) Maayan, who is also a dentist, and Shari Mendes, a volunteer, claimed that there were signs of sexual abuse, including mutilations, broken limbs, and broken pelvises.[349] [350] However, Haaretz reported in April 2024 that "According to a source knowledgeable about the details, there were no signs on any of those bodies [at the Shura base] attesting to sexual relations having taken place or of mutilation of genitalia."[351] This evidence has prompted scholars and legal experts to conduct investigations, amassing substantial evidence pointing to crimes against humanity and war crimes.[352] [353] [354] Hamas was accused of employing rape as a weapon of war.[355] [356] Some of the released hostages also shared testimonies of sexual violence during their time in Gaza. Israel accused international women's rights and human rights groups of downplaying the assaults.[357]
Some witness testimony was subsequently discredited, including the alleged stabbing of a pregnant woman and her fetus and one alleged rape.[358] [359] [360] [361]
A two-month New York Times investigation by Jeffrey Gettleman, Anat Schwartz, and Adam Sella, Screams Without Words, released in late December 2023, reported finding at least seven locations where sexual assaults and mutilations of Israeli women and girls were carried out. It concluded that these were not isolated events but part of a broader pattern of gender-based violence during the 7 October massacres. The probe was said to have been based on video footage, photographs, GPS data from mobile phones, and interviews with more than 150 people.[362] According to reporting by The Intercept, the New York Times investigation has been criticized, both externally and internally by other employees, for apparent discrepancies in witness accounts and lax evidentiary standards.[363] On 30 December, The Daily Telegraph wrote: "First responders to massacre saw raped and abused bodies, but the rapidity of events—and cultural taboos—may leave the truth uncovered".[364] Al-Jazeera concluded that the "allegations of widespread and systematic rape", allegations it said "were used repeatedly by politicians in Israel and the West to justify the ferocity of the subsequent bombardment of the Gaza Strip", were false. On 25 March 2024, The New York Times reported that new video had surfaced, contradicting the account of an Israeli military paramedic previously interviewed by the Times that two teenagers murdered in Be'eri had also been sexually assaulted.[365]
Pramila Patten, the UN's special envoy on sexual violence in conflict, reported in March 2024 that there were "reasonable grounds" to believe sexual assaults including rape and gang rape took place in multiple locations during the 7 October attacks. Patten also reported receiving "clear and convincing information" that some of the hostages held by Hamas had suffered rape and sexualized torture and that there were "reasonable grounds" to believe such abuses were "ongoing".[366] The report stemmed from an unprecedented "fact-finding mission" to "verify information", and was not a full and legal investigation as Patten's office lacks such a mandate. It was thus unable to establish anything beyond a reasonable doubt.[367] As American journalist Azadeh Moaveni reported: "Her office didn’t have a mandate to investigate sexual crimes on the ground and had never undertaken such a mission before. I was told by multiple sources at the UN that her trip was a matter of fierce controversy within the organisation."[368] Patten's report also did not determine that the sexual violence was systematic in nature, did not attribute it to Hamas or other factions, did not find evidence of it being planned, and remained agnostic on its scope. Patten was also unable to find some evidence that Israeli politicians insisted existed, including video and photographic evidence of rape.[369] [370]
On 12 April 2024, the European Union sanctioned military and special forces wings of Hamas and the armed wing of Palestinian Islamic Jihad due to their responsibility for the alleged sexual violence on 7 October. An asset freeze and travel ban were imposed on the Qassam and Al-Quds Brigades and the Nukhba Force.[371] The EU said the groups' fighters "committed widespread sexual and gender-based violence in a systematic manner, using it as a weapon of war."[372] [373]
In June 2024 The Times published a detailed investigative report concluding that Israel's claims about the scale and the formally sanctioned, systematic nature of sexual assaults did not stand up to scrutiny.[374]
Torture and mutilation
U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken described photos that Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and the Israeli government privately showed him: "a baby, an infant, riddled with bullets. Soldiers beheaded. Young people burned alive. I could go on, but it's simply depravity in the worst imaginable way."[375] Israeli forces in Kfar Aza and Be'eri[376] reported that they found bodies of victims mutilated. One IDF commander falsely told an I24NEWS reporter that 40 babies had been killed, out of what one estimate described as at least 100 civilian victims;[377] [249] [378] [379] [380] [381] In fact, only two babies are known to have died as a result of the attack, one from a bullet, and one in a hospital shortly after birth.[382]
ZAKA volunteers acting as first responders spread other false reports of this type.[383] In one, a ZAKA volunteer said groups of children were found tied up and burned alive. Other reported atrocities included sexual assaults, rapes, and mutilations; some victims were reportedly bound, and some victims' bodies desecrated. Graeme Wood reported that the video footage retrieved from body cameras the attackers wore showed several victims who "in the beginning of the footage... are alive, [and] by the end they're dead. Sometimes, in fact frequently, after their death their bodies are still being desecrated."[384] Other videos show attackers shooting at children, executing men in civilian clothing, throwing grenades into civilian shelters, and an attempted decapitation.[385] [386] [387]
First response personnel recovering the bodies reported being extremely distressed by the atrocities they witnessed, and said they placed the bodies of Hamas militants in body bags marked with an "X" and removed them with a bulldozer.[388]
Israeli security agencies released videos that the Times of Israel described as apparent interrogations of Hamas attackers, in which the subjects said they were ordered to kill, behead, cut off limbs and rape.[389] Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International and Physicians for Human Rights Israel stated that these alleged confessions were likely extracted under torture, should not be accepted as credible evidence, and called on the Israeli government to cease their production and publication.[390] [391]
A former chief rabbi of the Israeli army, part of the team identifying bodies, said there were many instances of rape and torture, and an Israeli reserve warrant officer said that forensic exams had discovered multiple cases of rape, though neither provided forensic evidence to support the claims.[392] Haaretz reported in April 2024 that no such forensic evidence exists. CNN has interviewed several Israelis who witnessed the aftermath of the attack, who reported visible signs of rape and excessive violence on the bodies of women and girls from several sites.[393] The Intercept called into question the credibility of some of these testimonies, also cited in other reports such as the New York Times' Screams Without Words.
A Haaretz investigation into the claims of mutilation and torture found that "Members of Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad, as well as other Gazans who entered Israel, committed war crimes and crimes against humanity." Regarding "testimonies about Hamas' atrocities on October 7", Haaretz found that "Most are supported by extensive evidence, but a few have been proved untrue, providing ammunition to deniers of the historic massacre." Haaretz found several cases where Israeli search and rescue units, the army, and politicians disseminated inaccurate information. An Israeli army officer claimed that babies had been hung on clotheslines; later investigations showed that exactly one infant was killed, alongside her father, and that the reports of groups of children being slaughtered and mutilated were false. A total of five children under age six were killed, and another 14 between ages 12 and 15 were killed in rocket attacks from Gaza. Most of the children were killed alongside family members. Haaretz reported that "Hamas terrorists did desecrate corpses during the massacre, especially the bodies of soldiers. There were also beheadings and cases of dismemberment" but that "there is no evidence that children from several families were murdered together, rendering inaccurate Netanyahu's remark to U.S. President Joe Biden that Hamas terrorists 'took dozens of children, tied them up, burned them and executed them.'"[394] ZAKA volunteers shared stories of atrocities, with one repeatedly describing 20 children having been bound and burned at a kibbutz; the same volunteer said a pregnant woman had her unborn baby cut from her womb and that he had found the woman next to a murdered child aged six or seven. But the list of dead does not correspond to the claims, and no children of that age were killed in the kibbutz; the kibbutz has denied that the story is related to the kibbutz. Sara Netanyahu, the Israeli prime minister's wife, sent U.S. first lady Jill Biden a letter claiming that a heavily pregnant woman was taken hostage to Gaza; the woman was identified as a Thai worker who had been taken hostage and later released. She was not pregnant and had not given birth.
U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken also repeated some of the evidence given by the same ZAKA volunteer, describing a scene the volunteer said he found in Be'eri: "a young boy and girl, 6 and 8 years old, and their parents around the breakfast table. The father's eye gouged out in front of his kids. The mother's breast cut off, the girl's foot amputated, the boy's fingers cut off before they were executed."[395] [396] Haaretz reported in December 2023 that "no children 6 or 7 or near those ages were killed on Be'eri". The Intercept similarly said no one killed in Be'eri matched this account and expressed mystification that U.S. media kept citing ZAKA, even though their testimony was debunked in Israeli media.[397]
On 20 October, a forensic analysis was presented to the media at Israel's National Center of Forensic Medicine that claimed to show evidence of victims burned alive with bound hands. The analysis suggested that one CT scan of charred remains showed an adult bound to a child at the time of death.[398] [399] Many victims were described as having soot in their trachea, indicating that they burned to death.[400]
Two or three decapitations of adults or military-age teenagers have been confirmed, one or two IDF soldiers (beheaded after death in combat) and a foreign worker. Corproal Adir Tahar, age 19, from the Golani Brigade, was killed in combat by multiple grenades on 7 October. After his death, his head was removed and taken to the Gaza Strip.[401] His body was identified by DNA and buried incomplete.[401] The IDF tried to hide from his family that there was only an incomplete body to bury.[402] His head was found later in the Gaza Strip, inspiring speculation about why it had been taken there.[403]
Unsubstantiated reports of beheaded children
In the aftermath of the initial Hamas assault, witnesses from the Israeli soldiers, the Israeli Department Forces, and the first responder Israeli organization ZAKA said on French Israeli TV channel i24news that they had seen the bodies of beheaded infants at the site of the Kfar Aza massacre.[404] [405] [406] During Antony Blinken's visit to Israel, he said he was shown photos of the massacre by Hamas of Israeli civilians and soldiers, and specifically that he saw beheaded IDF soldiers.[407] U.S. President Biden later falsely claimed that he had seen photographic evidence of militants beheading children; the White House subsequently clarified that Biden was alluding to news reports of beheadings, which have not contained or referred to photographic evidence. NBC News called reports of "40 beheaded babies" unverified allegations,[408] adding that they appeared "to have originated from Israeli soldiers and people affiliated with the Israel Defense Force" and that "an Israeli official told CNN the government had not confirmed claims of the beheadings". The allegation mainly "stemmed from a viral Israeli news broadcast clip" and the main X / Twitter accounts propagating the claims were i24NEWS and Israel's official account, even though Israeli Defense spokesperson Doron Spielman told NBC News that he could not confirm i24NEWS's report. As of 12 October, CNN had extensively reviewed online media content to verify Hamas-related atrocities but found no evidence to support claims of decapitated children.[409]
An Israeli ZAKA volunteer reported on 14 October seeing children's bodies with severe injuries and burns; the volunteer said that some of the bodies appeared to have been decapitated, but the exact circumstances were not clear.[410]
According to The Jerusalem Post, which reprinted an article from the Israeli website Themedialine.org (whose founder, Felice Friedson, was praised by The Jerusalem Post and is a contributor to it[411]), approximately 200 forensic pathologists and other experts—from Israel, Switzerland, New Zealand, the U.S. and elsewhere—reviewed evidence of the attack at the National Center of Forensic Medicine (Abu Kabir) in Tel Aviv.[412] Chen Kugel, head of the center, said that many bodies, including those of babies, were without heads. When asked whether the bodies had been decapitated, Kugel answered yes.[413] He added that it was difficult to determine whether the dead were decapitated before or after death, or whether their heads had been "cut off by knife or blown off by RPG".[412]
On 24 October, Israeli authorities screened bodycam footage of Hamas atrocities for journalists, including "an attempt to decapitate someone who appeared to be still alive using a garden hoe",[414] as well as a still image of a decapitated IDF soldier.[415]
On 4 December, Haaretz reported that "unverified stories [had been] disseminated by Israeli search and rescue groups, army officers and even Sara Netanyahu".[416] [417] Haaretz journalists Nir Hasson and Liza Rozovsky related the chronology of the news items about "beheaded babies" and "hung babies" and concluded, "this story is false". They quoted Ishay Coen, a journalist for the ultra-Orthodox website Kikar Hashabbat, who admitted he made a mistake by unquestioningly accepting the IDF's claims. "Why would an army officer invent such a horrifying story?", Hashabbat asked, adding, "I was wrong." Haaretz also reported that some testimony came from reservist officers. Haaretz further reported that "according to sources including Israel's National Insurance Institute, kibbutz leaders and the police", one baby was killed on 7 October, who was killed with her father in Kibbutz Be'eri. Al-Jazeera reported that the claims of babies being beheaded and killed en masse were false.[418]
Use of hostages as human shields
During the 7 October assault, Human Rights Watch reported two instances where Palestinian militants used Israeli civilians as human shields. In Be'eri, fighters held civilians in a home and threatened to kill them if Israeli forces attacked. When the Israelis did fire, it led to the deaths of militants and hostages. In Nahal Oz, a fighter used 17-year-old Tomer Arava Eliaz to move between homes and potentially block attacks, and Tomer was later found dead. A purported "hostage detention plan" suggested using hostages as human shields, but its authenticity could not be verified by Human Rights Watch.[419]
Allegations of genocide
See main article: article and Allegations of genocide in the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel.
According to several international law and genocide studies experts, Hamas' assault amounted to genocide.[420] [421] [422] Legal and genocide experts have condemned the attack,[423] [424] saying it represents a serious violation of international law. They argue that Hamas carried out these actions with the intent to destroy the Israeli national group.[425] Some commentators point to Hamas's founding charter, which advocates for the destruction of Israel, contains antisemitic language, and, according to certain researchers, implies a call for the genocide of Jews. This has led to suggestions that the 7 October attacks were an effort to fulfill this agenda.[426]
See also
External links
Notes and References
- News: Morris . Loveday . Suliman . Adela . 11 July 2024 . Israeli military says it failed to protect Gaza border town on Oct. 7 . 16 July 2024 . Washington Post . en-US . 0190-8286.
- Web site: Palestinian Al Quds Brigades claim responsibility for attack at Lebanon-Israel border. 14 October 2023. 9 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231009170610/https://english.alarabiya.net/amp/News/middle-east/2023/10/09/At-least-two-infiltrators-from-Lebanon-killed-in-border-clash-Israel-channel-13-TV. live.
- Web site: Hamide Rencüs: İsrail ilk defa Gazze sınırındaki kontrolü kaybetmiş durumda. tr . Hamide Rencüs: Israel has lost control over the Gaza border for the first time . bianet.org. 8 October 2023. 9 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231009000610/https://bianet.org/haber/hamide-rencus-israil-ilk-defa-gazze-sinirindaki-kontrolu-kaybetmis-durumda-285983. live.
- Web site: Overwhelmed: The IDF's first hours fighting the terror waves on Oct 7. Frantzman. Seth J.. 26 December 2023. 17 October 2023. The Jerusalem Post. Golani soldiers from the 51st and 13th battalions fought along 30km of the border at numerous points and took heavy casualties between October 7 and 9.. 24 December 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231224112100/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/defense-news/article-768702. live.
- Web site: New footage shows harbor security unit foiling Hamas naval infiltration on October 7 . . 14 October 2023 . 20 October 2023 . 14 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231014161508/https://www.timesofisrael.com/new-footage-shows-harbor-security-unit-foiling-hamas-naval-infiltration-on-october-7/ . live .
- Web site: Heroes of Israel: Armed members of several kibbutzim managed to fight off terrorists. Israel. Duro. VOZ. 11 October 2023 . 11 October 2023. 13 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231013032145/https://voz.us/heroes-of-israel-armed-members-of-several-kibbutzim-managed-to-fight-off-terrorists/?lang=en. live.
- Web site: Young dad of 6 absorbed blast to protect family in attack on Kerem Shalom. Enee. Ghert-Zand. The Times of Israel. 18 October 2023. 18 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231018140318/https://www.timesofisrael.com/young-dad-of-6-absorbed-blast-to-protect-family-in-attack-on-kibbutz-kerem-shalom/. live.
- Web site: הבקשה של פיקוד הדרום בלילה שלפני הטבח - והסירוב פרסום ראשון . 26 February 2024 . 27 February 2024 . 27 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240227065128/https://www.mako.co.il/news-military/2024_q1/Article-bb644614196ed81026.htm . live .
- News: Israel's Dead: The Names of Those Killed in Hamas Attacks, Massacres and the Israel-Hamas War . 4 August 2024 . . 25 July 2024 . https://archive.today/20240803235317/https://www.haaretz.com/haaretz-explains/2023-10-19/ty-article-magazine/israels-dead-the-names-of-those-killed-in-hamas-massacres-and-the-israel-hamas-war/0000018b-325c-d450-a3af-7b5cf0210000 . 3 August 2024 . Approximately 1,200 Israelis, civilians and soldiers were killed in their homes, communities and in confronting Hamas terrorists. Here are the officially confirmed names of Israel's dead in the atrocities of October 7 and the subsequent Israel-Hamas war … This list of 1618 names will be continuously updated with names that have been cleared for publication..
- News: 2 November 2023 . IDF says it has notified families of 242 hostages being held in Gaza . Fabian . Emanuel . . 2 November 2023 . 2 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231102100112/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-it-has-notified-families-of-242-hostages-being-held-in-gaza/ . live .
- From the United Nations:
- News: Waghorn . Dominic . This is a dangerous moment in Israel-Hamas war – and the rest of the world is holding its breath . 27 October 2023 . Sky News . 23 October 2023 . 23 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231023201652/https://news.sky.com/story/this-is-a-dangerous-moment-in-israel-hamas-war-and-the-rest-of-the-world-is-holding-its-breath-12983870 . live .
- News: Herzl . Tova . אל תשתמשו במילה "שואה" בקשר לטבח . 27 October 2023 . . 20 October 2023 . Hebrew . 27 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231027051136/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/b1h48wc11t . live .
- Web site: Biden Energy Adviser to Discuss Lebanon Border Issues on Israel Trip . Asharq Al-Awsat . 20 November 2023 . "In the months before the Oct. 7 attack on Israel by Palestinian Hamas militants who run the Gaza Strip, Hochstein said the United States was exploring the possibility of resolving the longstanding border dispute between Lebanon and Israel." . 20 November 2023 . 28 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231128102703/https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/4680031-biden-energy-adviser-discuss-lebanon-border-issues-israel-trip . live .
- Web site: Hamas fighter says he is 'proud' of the October 7 attack on Israel and vows to keep fighting . Sky News . 10 November 2023 . 20 November 2023 . 9 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231209044919/https://news.sky.com/video/hamas-fighter-says-he-is-proud-of-the-october-7-attack-on-israel-and-vows-to-keep-fighting-13004550 . live .
- Web site: A deadly cascade: how secret Hamas attack orders were passed down at last minute . The Guardian . 9 November 2023 . Jason Burke . "Analysts said other objectives of the 7 October attacks probably included halting efforts to normalise relations between Israel and Saudi Arabia, further undermining the Palestinian Authority, distracting from Hamas's failure to deliver services or break the blockade of Gaza, and provoking a violent reaction from Israel that would mobilise its own supporters in Gaza, the West Bank and elsewhere." . 20 November 2023 . 17 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231217072449/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/07/secret-hamas-attack-orders-israel-gaza-7-october . live .
- Web site: Kubovich . Yaniv . The First Hours of the Israel-Hamas War: What Actually Took Place? . Haaretz . 17 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231017151619/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-17/ty-article-magazine/.premium/the-first-hours-of-the-israel-hamas-war-what-actually-took-place/0000018b-38bc-d0ac-a39f-b9be58df0000 . 17 October 2023 . 17 October 2023 . live.
- News: Around 1,000 dead in Israel-Hamas war, as Lebanon's Hezbollah also launches strikes. South China Morning Post. 8 October 2023. 9 October 2023 . 8 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008185151/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3237210/hundreds-dead-israel-hamas-war-lebanons-hezbollah-launches-attacks . live.
- News: 3 March 2024 . 38 children were killed, 20 orphaned on Oct. 7: 'The state did not pass the test of protecting them' . 14 May 2024 . The Times of Israel.
- News: Israel social security data reveals true picture of Oct 7 deaths . 15 December 2023 . . 18 December 2023 . 17 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231217222630/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231215-israel-social-security-data-reveals-true-picture-of-oct-7-deaths . live .
- News: 11 November 2023 . Israel revises death toll from Oct. 7 Hamas assault, dropping it from 1,400 to 1,200 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231111061709/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-revises-death-toll-from-oct-7-hamas-assault-dropping-it-from-1400-to-1200/ . 11 November 2023 . Times of Israel.
- News: 10 November 2023 . Israel revises Hamas attack death toll to 'around 1,200' . https://web.archive.org/web/20231111012813/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-revises-death-toll-oct-7-hamas-attack-around-1200-2023-11-10/ . 11 November 2023 . Reuters.
- News: Fabian . Emanuel . Pacchiani . Gianluca . 1 November 2023 . IDF estimates 3,000 Hamas terrorists invaded Israel in Oct. 7 onslaught . 14 May 2024 . The Times of Israel.
- News: Hamas says it has enough Israeli captives to free all Palestinian prisoners . Al-Jazeera . 7 October 2023 . 12 October 2023 . 7 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007163709/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/hamas-says-it-has-enough-israeli-captives-to-free-all-palestinian-prisoners . live .
- News: Yonah. Jeremy. 19 October 2023 . IDF working on rescue ops for over 200 Israeli hostages in Gaza . live. https://web.archive.org/web/20231020172403/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-769274 . 20 October 2023 . 20 October 2023 . Jerusalem Post.
- News: McKernan . Bethan . 7 October 2023 . Hamas launches surprise attack on Israel as Palestinian gunmen reported in south . live. https://web.archive.org/web/20231007101214/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-surprise-attack-on-israel-as-palestinian-gunmen-reported-in-south . 7 October 2023 . 7 October 2023 . The Guardian.
- News: 7 October 2023 . Video appears to show Hamas taking Israeli civilian hostage . . 12 October 2023 . 12 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231012034843/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FVUxvp6Ah0 . live.
- Web site: Evidence points to systematic use of rape and sexual violence by Hamas in 7 October attacks Israel-Gaza war The Guardian . 4 February 2024 . amp.theguardian.com . By cross-referencing testimonies given to police, published interviews with witnesses, and photo and video footage taken by survivors and first responders, the Guardian is aware of at least six sexual assaults for which multiple corroborating pieces of evidence exist. Two of those victims, who were murdered, were aged under 18.
At least seven women who were killed were also raped in the attack, according to Prof Ruth Halperin-Kaddari, a legal scholar and international women's rights advocate, from her examination of evidence so far. The New York Times and NBC have both identified more than 30 killed women and girls whose bodies bear signs of abuse, such as bloodied genitals and missing clothes, and according to the Israeli welfare ministry, five women and one man have come forward seeking help for sexual abuse over the past few months. . 4 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240204125220/https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/18/evidence-points-to-systematic-use-of-rape-by-hamas-in-7-october-attacks . live .
- Web site: 5 December 2023 . New signs emerge of 'widespread' sexual crimes by Hamas, as Netanyahu alleges global indifference . 4 February 2024 . AP News . Such accounts given to The Associated Press, along with first assessments by an Israeli rights group, show that sexual assault was part of an atrocities-filled rampage by Hamas and other Gaza militants who killed about 1,200 people, most of them civilians, and took more than 240 hostages that day. . 12 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231212015158/https://apnews.com/article/sexual-assault-hamas-oct-7-attack-rape-bb06b950bb6794affb8d468cd283bc51 . live .
- Chotiner . Isaac . 10 December 2023 . How Hamas Used Sexual Violence on October 7th . 5 February 2024 . The New Yorker . 0028-792X . What I can say with a really high degree of certainty is that it wasn't a few cases. It wasn't here and there, or only on one occasion. There were many cases of different gender-based and sexual violence, and they were in the kibbutzim and in the Nova music festival: the most extreme gang rapes, mutilation of body parts, putting objects into women's bodies, and having women paraded like trophies when they were taken into Gaza. . 24 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240124084226/https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/how-hamas-used-sexual-violence-on-october-7th . live .
- News: 7 October 2023 . Fears of a ground invasion of Gaza grow as Israel vows 'mighty vengeance' . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008024318/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/world-is-watching-fears-grow-of-a-massive-gaza-invasion-by-israel . 8 October 2023 . 8 October 2023 . Al Jazeera.
- News: McKernan . Bethan . Michaelson . Ruth . Graham-Harrison . Emma . Kierszenbaum . Quique . Balousha . Hazem . Taha . Sufian . Sherwood . Harriet . Beaumont . Peter . 14 October 2023 . Seven days of terror that shook the world and changed the Middle East . Anadolu Agency . . 1 November 2023 . 20 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231020003656/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/14/seven-days-of-terror-that-shook-the-world-and-changed-the-middle-east . live .
- News: Pacchiani . Luca . 7 October 2023 . Hamas deputy chief anticipates hostages will be swapped for Palestinian prisoners . . 25 October 2023 . 25 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231025222136/https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-deputy-chief-anticipates-hostages-will-be-swapped-for-palestinian-prisoners/ . live .
- Web site: Waldo . Cleary . Gabriel . Epstein . Sydney . Hilbush . 11 October 2023 . International Reactions to the Hamas Attack on Israel . . 13 October 2023 . PolicyWatch 3793 . 16 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231016215412/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/international-reactions-hamas-attack-israel . live .
- News: Michaelson . Ruth . 7 October 2023 . Condemnation and calls for restraint after Hamas attack on Israel . . live . 7 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007155544/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/07/condemnation-and-calls-for-restraint-after-hamas-attack-on-israel . 7 October 2023 . 0261-3077 . International leaders condemned an unprecedented incursion by Palestinian militants into southern Israel, while governments across the Middle East called for restraint after an attack that shook the Israeli security establishment. [...] The US defence secretary, Lloyd Austin, said his organisation would send support to Israel. 'Over the coming days the Department of Defense will work to ensure that Israel has what it needs to defend itself and protect civilians from indiscriminate violence and terrorism,' he said..
- News: World reaction to surprise attack by Palestinian Hamas on Israel . 8 October 2023 . Al Jazeera. 7 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007201341/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/we-are-at-war-reactions-to-palestinian-hamas-surprise-attack-in-israel . live.
- News: 12 October 2023 . Hamas's attack was the bloodiest in Israel's history . . live . subscription . 15 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231014231955/https://www.economist.com/briefing/2023/10/12/hamass-attack-was-the-bloodiest-in-israels-history . 14 October 2023 . 0013-0613 . The most searing historical comparison predates Israel's founding. Not all of Hamas's victims were Israeli, and not all of the Israeli dead were Jewish. But under reasonable assumptions about the ethnic make-up of those killed in this and previous attacks, the last time before October 7th that this many Jews were murdered on a single day was during the Holocaust..
- News: 12 October 2023. Hamas attack 'deadliest day for Jews since the Holocaust', says Biden, as Israeli jets pound Gaza. The Guardian. 12 October 2023. 0261-3077. 12 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231012060934/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/12/israel-hamas-war-biden-jews-holocaust-palestine-iran-warning. live.
- Web site: 14 November 2023 . Israel-Hamas War of 2023 Explanation, Summary, Casualties, & Map. 15 November 2023 . Britannica.
- News: Original sin: on the attack on Israel and the occupation of Palestine . . 10 October 2023 . 10 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231010081312/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/original-sin-on-the-attack-on-israel-and-the-occupation-of-palestine/article67400015.ece . live .
- Web site: Arab Perspectives on the Middle East Crisis . . 7 November 2023 . 16 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231116150803/https://carnegieendowment.org/2023/10/13/arab-perspectives-on-middle-east-crisis-pub-90774 . live .
- Theocratic extremist Islamists, affiliates and sympathizers of ISIS and Al Qaeda, have condemned Hamas for their nationalism and their participation in electoral politics: News: Why Differences between Globalist and Nationalist Armed Islamist Groups Matter . MES Insights, vol. 14, no. 6 . 21 August 2024 . December 2023.
- Book: Kushner, Harvey W. . Encyclopedia of terrorism . 2003 . SAGE publications . 978-0-7619-2408-1 . Thousand Oaks (Calif.) London . xxiv.
- Dolnik . A. . Bhattacharjee . A. . 2002 . Hamas: Suicide Bombings, Rockets, or WMD? . live . Terrorism and Political Violence . 14 . 3 . 109–128 . 10.1080/714005624 . 0954-6553 . 143776419 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240206101232/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/714005624 . 6 February 2024 . 1 February 2024 . Hamas' initial involvement in the violent exchange dates to 1989, when the group conducted a stabbing campaign against individual Israelis. ... when Hamas launched a series of suicide bombings accompanied by several kidnappings of Israeli soldiers. Suicide operations remain the most dominant Hamas tactic to date, along with occasional shooting, grenade and time bomb attacks..
- Litvak . Meir . 15 July 2010 . "Martyrdom is Life": Jihad and Martyrdom in the Ideology of Hamas . live . Studies in Conflict & Terrorism . 33 . 8 . 716–734 . 10.1080/1057610X.2010.494170 . 1057-610X . 144566931 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231212103657/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1057610X.2010.494170 . 12 December 2023 . 1 February 2024 . In the course of time, Hamas has become the most effective Palestinian organization fighting Israel, carrying out a series of suicide attacks, against mostly civilian Israeli targets, in the years 1994–1996 and 2001–2007, which caused the death of over 1,000 Israeli civilians..
- Web site: 12 August 2021 . Rights group says Hamas rockets at Israel a clear war crime . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231204154541/https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-business-israel-race-and-ethnicity-racial-injustice-1032a5117375ba8c0cdffbdd62ce02ad . 4 December 2023 . 7 December 2023 . AP News.
- Book: Seurat, Leila . The Foreign Policy of Hamas . . 2019 . 978-1-83860-744-9 . 17.
- Book: Qossay Hamed . Hamas in Power: The Question of Transformation . IGI Global . 2023 . 161.
- Book: Timea Spitka . National and International Civilian Protection Strategies in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict . . 2023 . 88–89.
- News: 6 May 2017 . Khaled Meshaal: Struggle is against Israel, not Jews . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231119044505/https://www.aljazeera.com/program/talk-to-al-jazeera/2017/5/6/khaled-meshaal-struggle-is-against-israel-not-jews . 19 November 2023 . 19 November 2023 . Al-Jazeera.
- Sources that believe that Hamas has accepted the 1967 borders:
- Book: Bjorn Brenner . Gaza Under Hamas . . 206.
- Book: . The Many Faces of Political Islam, Second Edition . . 133.
- Book: Maria Koinova . Diaspora Entrepreneurs and Contested States . . 150.
- News: Zartman . Jonathan . 2021 . Conflict in the Modern Middle East:An Encyclopedia of Civil War, Revolutions, and Regime Change . . 230.
- Book: Routledge Companion to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict . Asaf Siniver.
- Book: Seurat, Leila . The Foreign Policy of Hamas . . 2019 . 978-1-83860-744-9 . 61–62.
- Sources that say Hamas has called for Israel's destruction: News: May . Tiffany . 8 October 2023 . A Quick Look at Hamas . subscription . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231014102435/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/08/world/middleeast/hamas-military-gaza-explained.html . 14 October 2023 . 9 October 2023 . .
Web site: 16 November 2023 . Have war crimes been committed in Israel and Gaza and what laws govern the conflict? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231116210611/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/16/middleeast/israel-hamas-gaza-war-crimes-international-law-explainer-intl/index.html . 16 November 2023 . 18 November 2023 . CNN.
- News: Wong . Edward . Nereim . Vivian . 7 October 2023 . The war could upend Biden's diplomacy on Saudi-Israel normalization. . . 8 October 2023 . 8 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008012102/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/07/world/middleeast/saudi-israel-gaza-war.html . live . limited.
- News: The lesson from the Hamas attack: The U.S. should recognize a Palestinian state . The Washington Post. Daoud. Kuttab. 9 October 2023 . 10 October 2023 . 9 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231009215129/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/10/09/gaza-war-israel-palestinians-recognition/ . live . Opinion . limited.
- News: 7 October 2023 . Israel declares war, goes after Hamas fighters and bombards Gaza . . 7 October 2023 . 8 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008051308/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-ca7903976387cfc1e1011ce9ea805a71 . live .
- News: What's behind the violence in Israel and Gaza? Here's what to know. . Brian . Murphy . Adam . Taylor . Sammy . Westfall . Bryan . Pietsch . Steve . Hendrix . . 9 October 2023 . 18 October 2023 . limited . 8 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008184041/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/07/israel-gaza-violence-conflict-faq/ . live.
- News: Israel says it found 16 tons of rocket-making substance headed from Turkey to Gaza . 14 September 2023 . Reuters . 14 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231027205725/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-says-it-found-16-tons-rocket-making-substance-headed-turkey-gaza-2023-09-14/. 27 October 2023.
- News: 7 October 2023 . Civilians and soldiers held hostage in Gaza, says Israel . 14 . . 10 October 2023 . 10 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231010211556/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-attack-on-israel-with-5000-rockets-live?filterKeyEvents=false&page=with%3Ablock-6520f64b8f08584119dd1adf#liveblog-navigation . live .
- News: Israel Expands Number of Work Permits for Gazans. Haaretz. 7 November 2023. 17 November 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221117104147/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-09-22/ty-article/.premium/defense-ministry-expands-number-of-israeli-work-permits-for-gazans/00000183-6548-db87-a18f-67fc94e40000. live.
- News: Egypt intelligence official says Israel ignored repeated warnings of 'something big' . 9 October 2023 . . . 9 October 2023 . 9 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231009113011/https://www.timesofisrael.com/egypt-intelligence-official-says-israel-ignored-repeated-warnings-of-something-big/ . live .
- News: 'Utterly Fake': Israel's National Security Adviser Denies Receiving Egyptian Warning of Hamas Attack . Jonathan . Lis . . subscription. 13 October 2023 . 18 October 2023 . 13 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231013215956/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-13/ty-article/.premium/israels-national-security-adviser-denies-receiving-egyptian-warning-of-hamas-attack/0000018b-28c9-d1bc-a58b-69ef2ed70000 . live.
- News: Senior US lawmaker says Egypt warned Israel 3 days before onslaught . 11 October 2023 . . . 11 October 2023 . 11 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231011163145/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/senior-us-lawmaker-says-egypt-warned-israel-3-days-before-onslaught/ . live .
- News: Hamas operatives used phone lines installed in tunnels under Gaza to plan Israel attack over 2 years, sources familiar with intelligence say. CNN. Pamela. Brown. Zachary. Cohen. 25 October 2023. 31 October 2023. 26 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231026051800/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/24/politics/intelligence-hamas-israel-attack-tunnels-phone-lines/index.html. live.
- Web site: Hamas militants trained for its deadly attack in plain sight and less than a mile from Israel's heavily fortified border . Paul P. . Murphy . Tara . John . Brent . Swails . Oren . Liebermann . 13 October 2023. 13 October 2023 . CNN . 13 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231013024259/https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/12/middleeast/hamas-training-site-gaza-israel-intl/index.html . live.
- Web site: Hamas practised in plain sight, posting video of mock attack weeks before border breach. 12 October 2023. CTVNews. 17 November 2023. 17 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231117064305/https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/hamas-practised-in-plain-sight-posting-video-of-mock-attack-weeks-before-border-breach-1.6599556. live.
- News: Documents found on fighters reveal Hamas capabilities, bloody plans . Washington Post . 30 October 2023 . 23 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231023110256/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/21/hamas-documents-plans-israel-attack/ . live .
- News: Said . Summer . Faucon . Benoit . Stephen . Kalin . 8 October 2023 . Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks . Wall Street Journal . 10 December 2023 . 8 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 . live .
- News: 500 Hamas, PIJ terrorists trained for October 7 attack in Iran last month – report . 27 October 2023 . . 25 October 2023 . 26 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231026232038/https://www.timesofisrael.com/500-hamas-pij-terrorists-trained-for-october-7-attack-in-iran-last-month-report/ . live .
- News: Iran's UN mission says Tehran not involved in Hamas attacks. 9 October 2023. Reuters. 17 November 2023. 9 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231009033748/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-un-mission-says-tehran-not-involved-hamas-attacks-2023-10-09/. live.
- News: Hamas supplies suggest strategy for long-term occupation in Israel. IANS. IANS English; New Delhi. 16 October 2023.
- News: Zitun. Yoav. Captured weapons shed light on stunning extent of Hamas's battle blueprint. Ynetnews. 16 October 2023. 6 November 2023. 7 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231107121128/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/ry4wgk9116. live.
- Web site: Hamas planned to push October 7 massacre to the West Bank border – report . Jerusalem Post . 12 November 2023 . 14 November 2023 . 14 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231114055918/https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/gaza-news/article-772934 . live .
- Web site: Struck . Julia . Wagner Trained Hamas Militants for Attack on Israel, Ukrainian Partisans Claim . . 26 July 2024 . 9 October 2023.
- News: Bergman . Ronen . Goldman . Adam . Israel Knew Hamas's Attack Plan Over a Year Ago . . 1 December 2023 . 1 December 2023 . 6 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231206180618/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/30/world/middleeast/israel-hamas-attack-intelligence.html?campaign_id=307&emc=edit_igwb_20231201&instance_id=109019&nl=israel-hamas-war-briefing®i_id=64680187&segment_id=151409&te=1&user_id=1e9c9142246ac5796beabc2f49486341 . live .
- News: Kubovich . Yaniv . Despite Israeli Intelligence Warnings About a Hamas Attack, the Army Didn't Evacuate the Nova Festival . Haaretz . 5 December 2023 . 10 December 2023 . 5 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231205200355/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-12-05/ty-article/.premium/despite-intel-warnings-about-a-hamas-attack-the-army-didnt-evacuate-the-nova-festival/0000018c-3993-dc03-a9ec-3dfb2cda0000 . live .
- News: Grylls . George . 6 December 2023 . Nova festival: Israel 'withheld warnings' about Hamas massacre . The Times . London . 10 December 2023 . 9 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231209004200/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/israel-nova-music-festival-shin-bet-hamas-massacre-wv7qs3cww . live .
- Web site: Cuddy . Alice . 15 January 2024 . They were Israel's 'eyes on the border' - but their Hamas warnings went unheard . . 15 January 2024 . 15 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115002359/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-67958260 . live .
- News: Kubovich . Yaniv . Disdain, denial, neglect: The deep roots of Israel's devastating intelligence failure on Hamas and October 7 . 11 May 2024 . Haaretz . 9 May 2024.
- News: Israel retaliation kills 230 Palestinians after Hamas operation . 7 October 2023 . . 18 October 2023 . 7 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007053106/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/sirens-warn-of-rockets-launched-towards-israel-from-gaza-news-reports . live.
- News: Hamas leader Haniyeh: Battle 'will spread to West Bank, Jerusalem' . 8 October 2023 . . "The leader of Hamas' military wing, Mohammed Deif, said Saturday's assault was in response to the 16-year blockade of Gaza, Israeli raids inside West Bank cities over the past year, violence at Al-Aqsa and increasing attacks by settlers on Palestinians, and growth of settlements." . https://web.archive.org/web/20231018143356/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2387276/middle-east . 18 October 2023.
- News: Hundreds dead as war erupts after surprise Hamas attack catches Israel off guard . 7 October 2023 . . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240110155357/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/gaza-israel-rockets-attack-hamas-1.6990209 . 10 January 2024.
- Web site: "أبو خالد" الناطق العسكري لكتائب المقاومة الوطنية (قوات الشهيد عمر القاسم) الجناح العسكري للجبهة الديمقراطية لتحرير فلسطين . [statement from] "Abu Khalid", the military spokesperson for the National Resistance Brigades (the military wing of the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine). . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008113130/https://alhourriah.org/article/125236 . 8 October 2023 . 8 October 2023 . مجلة التقدميين العرب على الانترنت . ar.
- Web site: خلال بيان لها قبل قليل.. كتائب المقاومة الوطنية (قوات الشهيد عمر القاسم) الجناح العسكري للجبهة الديمقراطية . In a statement released just a short while ago... The National Resistance Brigades (the Martyr Omar Al-Qassem Forces), the military wing of the Democratic Front . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008112533/https://alhourriah.org/article/125237 . 8 October 2023 . 8 October 2023 . مجلة التقدميين العرب على الانترنت . ar.
- Web site: 7 October 2023 . صادر عن كتائب الشهيد أبو علي مصطفى الجناح العسكري للجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين . Issued by the Martyr Abu Ali Mustafa Brigades, the military wing of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008000112/https://pflp.ps/post/23726/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AD-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9- . 8 October 2023 . 7 October 2023 . الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين . ar.
- News: U.N. fires Gaza staff, citing possible involvement in attack on Israel . Karen DeYoung . August 5, 2024 . The Washington Post.
- News: Israel-Palestine escalation live news: Hamas starts Operation Al-Aqsa Flood. 7 October 2023. . 7 October 2023 . 7 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007062723/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/7/israel-palestine-escalation-live-news-barrage-of-rockets-fired-from-gaza . live.
- News: 7 October 2023. Netanyahu: 'We are at war'. Ynetnews. live . 7 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007052803/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rysg8i0l6 . 7 October 2023.
- News: Strikes on Gaza after Palestinian militants enter Israel. 7 October 2023. BBC News. David. Gritten. 7 October 2023 . 7 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007045410/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67036625 . live.
- Web site: 7 October 2023 . Israeli army declares 'state of readiness' for war . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007094111/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/israeli-army-declares-state-of-readiness-for-war/3009882 . 7 October 2023 . 7 October 2023 . Anadolu Ajansi.
- News: Barrages of rockets fired from Gaza as Hamas launches unprecedented operation against Israel. 7 October 2023. France 24 . 7 October 2023 . 7 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007094105/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231007-sirens-heard-as-dozens-of-rockets-fired-from-gaza-towards-israel . live.
- News: Militants enter Israel from Gaza after woman killed in rocket barrage. 7 October 2023. . 7 October 2023 . 7 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007094105/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/07/middleeast/sirens-israel-rocket-attack-gaza-intl-hnk/index.html . live.
- News: Dov . Yehuda . Huge Arsenal Of Weapons Indicate: Hamas Planned To Invade Ashkelon, Kiryat Gat . 16 October 2023 . VINnews . 17 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231017020444/https://vinnews.com/2023/10/16/huge-arsenal-of-weapons-indicate-hamas-planned-to-invade-ashkelon-kiryat-gat/ . live.
- News: Federman . Josef . Adwan . Issam . 7 October 2023 . Hamas militant group has started a war that 'Israel will win,' defense minister says . . live . 7 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007073124/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-11fb98655c256d54ecb5329284fc37d2 . 7 October 2023.
- News: 7 October 2023 . Gaza and Israel in 'War Mode' After Militants Launch Surprise Assaults . . live . 7 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007075901/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/07/world/israel-gaza-attack . 7 October 2023.
- News: Margulies . Joanie . 8 October 2023 . IDF regains control over Sderot police station . Jerusalem Post . 12 October 2023 . 7 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007170438/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gunmen-homes-captives-abducted-gaza-leave-israelis-shock-2023-10-07/ . live .
- News: Darnley-Stuart . Adam . West . Levi . MWI Podcast: Understanding Hamas—from Tactics to Strategy . 5 January 2024 . Modern War Institute . Modern War Institute at West Point . 14 November 2023 . 6 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240106001052/https://mwi.westpoint.edu/mwi-podcast-understanding-hamas-from-tactics-to-strategy/ . live .
- News: Darnley-Stuart . Adam . West . Levi . Modern War Institute: Understanding Hamas: From Tactics to Strategy on Apple Podcasts . 5 January 2024 . Modern War Institute Podcast . Modern War Institute at West Point . Apple Podcasts . 6 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240106001050/https://podcasts.apple.com/au/podcast/understanding-hamas-from-tactics-to-strategy/id1079958510?i=1000634767004 . live .
- News: West . Levi . Darnley-Stuart . Adam . Irregular Warfare Podcast: Taking the Long View on Hamas on Apple Podcasts . 6 January 2024 . Irregular Warfare Podcast . Modern War Institute at West Point . iTunes . 6 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240106015516/https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/taking-the-long-view-on-hamas/id1514636385?i=1000634764141 . live .
- News: 7 October 2023 . In pictures: Scenes of war and chaos after Hamas launch surprise attack on Israel . . live . 7 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007163706/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231007-in-pictures-hamas-israel-palestine-gaza-attack-netanyahu . 7 October 2023.
- News: Federman. Josef. Adwan. Issam. 7 October 2023. Hamas militant group launches unprecedented operation against Israel with rockets and infiltration. live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007073124/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-11fb98655c256d54ecb5329284fc37d2 . 7 October 2023 . 10 October 2023. AP News.
- Web site: Robinson . Adele . Taylor . Jack . Elms . Victoria . 13 October 2023 . 'Top secret' documents seen by Sky News suggest Hamas attack may have been planned for a year . 14 October 2023 . Sky News . 13 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231013231802/https://news.sky.com/story/hamas-may-have-planned-israel-attack-for-more-than-a-year-documents-shared-with-sky-news-suggest-12984107 . live.
- Web site: Schecter . Anna . 14 October 2023 . 'Top secret' Hamas documents show that terrorists intentionally targeted elementary schools and a youth center . 14 October 2023 . NBC News . 14 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231014000228/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/top-secret-hamas-documents-show-terrorists-intentionally-targeted-elem-rcna120310 . live.
- Web site: Lieber . Dov . Cloud . David S. . 14 October 2023 . Hamas Fighters' Orders: 'Kill as Many People as Possible' . 15 October 2023 . WSJ . 15 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231015203706/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/hamas-fighters-orders-kill-as-many-people-as-possible-2a6abff8 . live.
- News: מגידו . גור . שיזף . הגר . 27 October 2023 . לחמאס הייתה תוכנית קרב מסודרת לפוגרום בניר עוז. כך היא נראתה . he . הארץ . 27 October 2023 . 27 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231027080451/https://www.haaretz.co.il/tmr/weekend/2023-10-27/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/0000018b-65c2-d230-a1bf-6df316350000 . live .
- Web site: Tolan . Casey . Ash . Audrey . Chapman . Isabelle . Merrill . Curt . 26 October 2023 . Slain Hamas militants' body camera videos show the preparation and tactics behind their terror attack on Israel . 28 October 2023 . CNN . 28 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231028185030/https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2023/middleeast/hamas-attack-body-cam-videos-invs-dg/ . live .
- Web site: Moskowitz, Mills Lead Legislation Calling on U.S. Government to Ramp up Efforts to Dismantle Illicit Drug Used by Hamas and Other Terrorist Organizations. Jared Moskowitz. 3 July 2024.
- News: Makin . Shira . 21 November 2023 . High on Captagon and Antisemitism: Everything About 'The ISIS Drug' Used by Hamas . Haaretz . 22 November 2023 . 22 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231122122810/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-21/ty-article-magazine/.premium/high-on-captagon-and-antisemitism-everything-about-the-isis-drug-used-by-hamas/0000018b-f230-d558-a3eb-f73face80000 . live .
- News: Weinreb . Gali . 12 December 2023 . The drug that stimulates, and finances, terrorists . Globes . 22 November 2023 . 22 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231122110059/https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-the-drug-that-stimulates-and-finances-terrorists-1001462238 . live .
- Web site: Solomon . Jay . 1 November 2023 . Some Hamas killers were high on amphetamine, officials say . 22 November 2023 . Semafor . 22 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231122110059/https://www.semafor.com/article/10/31/2023/hamas-killers-were-high-on-amphetamine-officials-say . live .
- News: Bayer . Lili . Ho . Vivian . Fulton . Adam . Yang . Maya . 7 October 2023 . Israel declares state of war after Hamas fires thousands of rockets and 'militants cross border' – live . . 7 October 2023 . 7 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007071116/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-attack-on-israel-with-5000-rockets-live . live.
- News: Goldman . Adam . Bergman . Ronen . Mazzetti . Mark . Odenheimer . Natan . Cardia . Alexander . Tiefenthäler . Ainara . Frenkel . Sheera . Where Was the Israeli Military? . . 30 December 2023 . 30 December 2023 . 30 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231230223314/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/30/world/middleeast/israeli-military-hamas-failures.html . live .
- Web site: 12 October 2023 . Témoignage d'un survivant du festival Supernova où 270 personnes ont été tuées par le Hamas . Testimony of a survivor of the Supernova festival where 270 people were killed by Hamas . 16 October 2023 . euronews . fr . 14 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231014010611/http://fr.euronews.com/2023/10/12/temoignage-dun-survivant-du-festival-supernova-ou-270-personnes-ont-ete-tuees-par-le-hamas . live.
- News: Estrin . Daniel . 7 October 2023 . NPR. In surprise deadly attacks, Israel says Palestinian militants infiltrated from Gaza . 7 October 2023 . 7 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007090901/https://www.npr.org/2023/10/07/1204436940/palestinian-militants-launch-rockets-into-israel . live.
- News: 8 October 2023. Israeli music festival: 260 bodies recovered from site where people fled in hail of bullets. BBC News. 12 October 2023. 8 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231008143208/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67047034. live.
- News: חסון . ניר . מילרוד . מוטי . 20 October 2023 . בניר עוז כמעט ולא היה קרב. תושבי הקיבוץ הסמוך לגבול נטבחו בשיטתיות . he . הארץ . 20 October 2023 . 20 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231020120608/https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/politics/2023-10-20/ty-article-magazine/.premium/0000018b-492c-d5d2-afef-cdfde9e70000 . live.
- News: Militants infiltrate Israel from Gaza as Hamas claims major rocket attack. 7 October 2023. . 7 October 2023 . 7 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007075445/https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/al-aqsa-storm-militants-infiltrate-israel-after-gaza-rockets-10-07-intl-hnk/index.html . live.
- News: חסון . ניר . 20 October 2023 . בקיבוצי העוטף מנסים להסתכל קדימה: "המטרה מול עיניי — לחזור הביתה" . he . הארץ . 20 October 2023 . 20 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231020160628/https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/politics/2023-10-20/ty-article-magazine/.premium/0000018b-499a-dc3c-a5df-ddbaab290000 . live.
- News: 7 October 2023. Border town identifies at least 15 of its residents killed in Hamas attack. The Times of Israel . 9 October 2023 . 7 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007234157/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/border-town-identifies-at-least-15-of-its-residents-killed-in-hamas-attack/ . live.
- News: 10 Percent of Kibbutz Population Found Dead After Hamas Massacre in Southern Israel. Haaretz. 12 October 2023. 11 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231011170120/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-10/ty-article/.premium/10-percent-of-kibbutz-population-found-dead-after-hamas-massacre-in-southern-israel/0000018b-191c-df31-a99f-7ddf54fa0000. live.
- Web site: כיתת כוננות מול עשרות מחבלים: הקרב שהציל את קיבוץ עלומים . 13 October 2023 . 2 November 2023 . www.makorrishon.co.il . Hebrew . 14 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231014141250/https://www.makorrishon.co.il/news/yoman/679665/ . live .
- Web site: Thai laborers, the 'working hands' of Israeli farming, pay with blood . 19 October 2023 . 2 November 2023 . timesofisrael.com . 31 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231031135239/https://www.timesofisrael.com/thai-laborers-the-working-hands-of-israeli-farming-pay-with-blood/ . live .
- News: O'Connor . Tom . 7 October 2023 . What's happening in Israel right now as it battles full-scale Hamas assault . 9 October 2023 . . 8 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008210405/https://www.newsweek.com/whats-happening-israel-right-now-it-battles-full-scale-hamas-assault-1832883 . live.
- Web site: 9 October 2023 . This is How Al-Qassam's Navel Units Stormed Zakim's Fortified Military Base – VIDEO. 9 October 2023. Palestine Chronicle . 9 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231009212918/https://www.palestinechronicle.com/this-is-how-al-qassams-navel-units-stormed-zakims-fortified-military-base-video/ . live.
- Web site: בוחבוט . אמיר . 6 November 2023 . חמ"ל התצפיתניות של נחל עוז נפתח מחדש: "נמשיך להילחם – לזכר חברותינו" . 13 December 2023 . וואלה! חדשות . he . 13 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231213111410/https://news.walla.co.il/item/3620800 . live .
- Web site: אברהם . ירון . 12 December 2023 . תחקיר המתקפה על חמ"ל התצפיתניות חושף: החיילות נחנקו למוות מרימון גז רעיל שהושלך לחדר . 13 December 2023 . N12 . 13 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231213111410/https://www.mako.co.il/news-military/6361323ddea5a810/Article-b520e558c2f5c81026.htm . live .
- Web site: Death count from Re'im music festival massacre reportedly updated to 364 — a third of Oct. 7 fatalities. The Times of Israel. 17 November 2023. 20 November 2023. 17 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231117222212/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/death-count-from-massacre-at-reim-music-festival-reportedly-updated-to-364-a-third-of-oct-7-deaths/. live.
- Web site: New footage shows British-Israeli soldier toss grenades back at Hamas. Sky News. 15 November 2023. 20 November 2023. 21 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231121154502/https://news.sky.com/story/new-footage-shows-british-israeli-soldier-toss-grenades-back-at-hamas-13008579. live.
- Web site: Cpl. Liel Vainshtein, 19: Former child star slain at music festival. The Times of Israel. 30 October 2023. 20 November 2023. 16 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231116021039/https://www.timesofisrael.com/cpl-liel-vainshtein-19-former-child-star-slain-at-music-festival/. live.
- News: Gillett . Francesca . 8 October 2023 . How an Israel music festival turned into a nightmare after Hamas attack . . live . 8 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008143208/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67047034 . 8 October 2023.
- News: Tabachnick . Cara . 8 October 2023 . Israelis search for loved ones with posts and pleas on social media . . live . 8 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008061931/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israelis-search-loved-ones-posts-pleas-social-media-hamas-attack/ . 8 October 2023.
- News: 10 October 2023 . Hamas Leaves Trail of Terror in Israel . The New York Times . live . 11 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231011163643/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/10/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-war-hamas-deaths-killings.html . 11 October 2023 . 0362-4331.
- Web site: 8 October 2023 . Hamas gunmen open fire on hundreds at music festival in southern Israel . CBS News . 29 October 2023 . 8 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008062414/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hamas-gunmen-open-fire-hundreds-music-festival-southern-israel-kibbutz-reim/ . live .
- Web site: DeBre . Isabel . Biesecker . Michael . 9 October 2023 . Israeli survivors recount terror at music festival, where Hamas militants killed at least 260 . 11 October 2023 . Associated Press . 11 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231011145548/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-music-festival-6a55aae2375944f10ecc4c52d05f2ffe . live.
- Web site: 10 October 2023 . What to know about the deadly Hamas attack on an Israeli music festival . 11 October 2023 . . 11 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231011170907/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/10/what-to-know-about-deadly-hamas-attack-on-the-israeli-music-festival . live.
- News: 7 October 2023 . Thousands flee rocket and gunfire at all-night desert 'Nature Party'; dozens missing . . live . 8 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007231525/https://www.timesofisrael.com/thousands-flee-rocket-and-gunfire-at-all-night-desert-nature-party-dozens-missing/ . 7 October 2023.
- Web site: Debre . Isabel . 9 October 2023 . Israeli survivors recount terror at music festival, where Hamas militants killed at least 260 . 11 October 2023 . ABC News . 11 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231011202607/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/hamas-attack-music-festival-led-chaos-frantic-attempts-103824517 . live.
- https://www.economist.com/podcasts/2023/10/09/israel-has-suffered-the-biggest-terror-attack-in-its-history-how-will-it-respond Israel has suffered the biggest terror attack in its history. How will it respond?
- Browne . David . Dillon . Nancy . Grow . Kory . 'They Wanted to Dance in Peace. And They Got Slaughtered'. Israel's Supernova festival celebrated music and unity. It turned into the deadliest concert attack in history . 15 October 2023 . . 18 October 2023 . 18 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231018015038/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/hamas-israel-nova-music-festival-massacre-1234854306/ . live .
- News: Matan. Tzuri. A quarter of the residents of Nir Oz are either dead or missing. Ynet. 15 October 2023. 10 December 2023. 26 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231026222138/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/s1isvvtba. live.
- News: Spencer . Richard . 13 October 2023 . They came at dawn: inside the Kfar Aza kibbutz massacre . The Times. 14 October 2023 . 14 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231014095537/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/kibbutz-israel-kfar-aza-israel-hamas-war-k8h77bskq . live .
- News: Kierszenbaum . Quique . 11 October 2023 . 'It was a pogrom': Be'eri survivors on the horrific attack by Hamas terrorists . The Guardian . 11 October 2023 . 0261-3077 . 11 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231011200820/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/11/it-was-a-pogrom-beeri-survivors-horrific-attack-hamas-terrorists . live.
- Web site: Amanda . Macias . Sam . Meredith . Ruxandra . Iordache . Israel-Hamas war live updates: 22 U.S. citizens confirmed dead; Israel to form emergency government . 12 October 2023 . . 11 October 2023 . 11 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231011194235/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/10/11/live-updates-latest-news-on-gaza-and-israel-hamas-conflict.html . live .
- News: 13 November 2023 . Canadian Israeli peace activist Vivian Silver, feared to be held hostage, confirmed killed in Hamas attacks . CBC News . 13 November 2023 . 13 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231113233658/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/israel-gaza-vivian-silver-1.7027333 . live .
- Web site: עדויות תושבי העוטף ממתקפת הפתע על ישראל: "טובחים כאן בתינוקות" . 10 October 2023. . 7 October 2023 . 9 October 2023. he . https://web.archive.org/web/20231009173239/https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/local/article/14679668 . live .
- News: 'After a minute, my friend was murdered in front of me' . Matan . Tzuri . Roni . Green Shaulov . Adam . Kutub . 9 October 2023 . . 12 October 2023 . 10 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231010062239/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/sktjpy11wt. live.
- Web site: Hutchinson . Bill . 13 October 2023 . Israel's 'Ground Zero:' The Be'eri Kibbutz was among the bloodiest scenes of the Hamas attack . 7 November 2023 . ABC News . 15 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231015025342/https://abcnews.go.com/International/israels-ground-zero-beeri-kibbutz-bloodiest-scenes-hamas/story?id=103936668 . live .
- Web site: 2 November 2023 . Hundreds of soldiers waited outside Be'eri with terrorists still inside, survivor says . 7 November 2023 . The Times of Israel . 7 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231107215753/https://www.timesofisrael.com/hundreds-of-soldiers-stood-outside-beeri-as-massacre-took-place-survivor-says/ . live .
- Web site: Verbatim report of proceedings – The despicable terrorist attacks by Hamas against Israel, Israel's right to defend itself in line with humanitarian and international law and the humanitarian situation in Gaza (debate) – Wednesday, 18 October 2023 . 17 November 2023 . europarl.europa.eu . 17 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231117103858/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/CRE-9-2023-10-18-INT-3-010-0000_EN.html . live .
- News: 9 October 2023 . 'Isis-level savagery' by Hamas killed 11 Americans, says US. BBC News . 17 November 2023 . 17 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231117103859/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-67056761 . live .
- Web site: Federman . Josef . Adwan . Issam . Hamas says it is holding dozens of Israeli soldiers captured in surprise incursion . . 7 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007163600/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-11fb98655c256d54ecb5329284fc37d2 . 7 October 2023 . Jerusalem. 7 October 2023 . Hagari said militants were holding hostages in standoffs in two towns, Beeri and Ofakim, which is 15 miles (24 kilometers) from the Gaza border. . live.
- Web site: CCTV Shows Hamas Militants' Attack on Kibbutz Be'eri . wsj.com . 16 October 2023 . 16 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231016065135/https://www.wsj.com/video/cctv-shows-hamas-militants-attack-on-kibbutz-beeri/BD0AE9E0-36E8-43A1-88F9-30794FC02977.html . live .
- Web site: 7 October 2023 . Terrorists seize house in Ofakim, negotiations underway for hostages . 8 October 2023 . . 8 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008002502/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/defense-news/article-762112 . live .
- News: Limone . Noa . 13 December 2023 . If Israel Used a Controversial Procedure Against Its Citizens, We Need to Talk About It Now . . 15 December 2023 . https://archive.today/20231214060525/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2023-12-13/ty-article-opinion/.premium/if-israel-used-a-procedure-against-its-citizens-we-need-to-talk-about-it-now/0000018c-6383-de43-affd-f783212e0000 . 14 December 2023.
- News: מגיעים בטנדר, פורקים – וטובחים: תיעודים מהזוועות במתקפת חמאס . 10 October 2023 . 6 November 2023 . . Hebrew . צורי . מתן . 11 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231011114214/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/bypjr5gbt . live .
- Web site: CCTV footage shows fighting near kibbutz in Yachini . 11 October 2023 . 6 November 2023 . . 7 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231107024459/https://www.reuters.com/video/watch/idRW900811102023RP1 . live .
- Web site: הקרב על יכיני: "רואים שיירות מחבלים, הבנו שזה משהו אחר". Kan 13. Yossi Eli. 13 October 2023. 6 November 2023. he. 26 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231126104451/https://13tv.co.il/item/news/politics/security/ny6f0-903750047/. live.
- Web site: Israeli casualties of October 7th, 2023 . 23 October 2023 . 6 November 2023 . . 1 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231201105907/https://zakaworld.org/israeli-casualties-of-october-7th-2023/ . live .
- News: 'I will find the time to mourn my son, but now we have to fight,' IDF Lt. Col. says . 18 October 2023 . 6 November 2023 . . Keren . Yoav . 6 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231106124642/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/b1g4ty2za . live .
- Web site: אני אהיה ראשונה, תחפה עליי ואני אחפה עליך": לוחמת מג"ב רווית אסייג נפלה בקרב במושב יכיני" . 12 October 2023 . 6 November 2023 . . Hebrew . 14 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231014184939/https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/local/article/14702311 . live .
- Web site: There are human beings who are suffering on both sides of the war. 18 October 2023 . 6 November 2023 . Miami Herald.
- News: מעטים מול רבים: הצל"שניק שלקח פיקוד על הפלגה, והקצין שהציל תצפיתניות . 11 October 2023 . 6 November 2023 . . Hebrew . זיתון . יואב . 23 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231123154805/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/hj00nme4b6 . live .
- News: Zomer . Navit . Rediscovering normality: Kibbutzim in southern Israel are bouncing back . 31 May 2024 . . 15 May 2024.
- Web site: Rosenberg . Michelle . What happened on my kibbutz was apocalyptic . www.jewishnews.co.uk . 8 October 2023 . 13 October 2023 . 13 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231013080324/https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/what-happened-on-my-kibbutz-was-apocalyptic/ . live .
- News: Murió una argentina en el ataque terrorista a Israel: tenía 80 años y vivía en un kibutz . Kolesnicov . Patricia . 8 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231015210211/https://www.infobae.com/america/mundo/2023/10/08/murio-una-argentina-en-el-ataque-terrorista-a-israel-tenia-80-anos-y-vivia-en-un-kibutz/ . 15 October 2023 . . es . An Argentine woman died in the terrorist attack in Israel: she was 80 years old and lived in a kibbutz.
- News: Tzuri . Matan . 12 October 2023 . Untrained, lacking proper arms, local security teams defended their Gaza border homes . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231014221936/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/h1yx3zhwt . 14 October 2023.
- News: יגורוב . איליה . 8 October 2023 . בתה של מרסל טליה ז"ל סיפרה בעצב: "אימא שלי נרצחה יממה בלבד לאחר שילדתי" . he . Marcelle Talia's daughter sadly said: My mother was murdered just a day after I gave birth . . live . 16 October 2023 . 17 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231017204916/https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/local/article/14686235 .
- Web site: Hija de chilena murió en Israel tras ataque de Hamas: habría recibido 8 disparos . 11 November 2023 . www.24horas.cl . es-CL . 8 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008033837/https://www.24horas.cl/internacional/noticias/hija-de-chilena-murio-en-israel-tras-ataque-de-hamas-habria-recibido-8-disparos . live .
- Web site: Fabian . Emanuel . 30 missing people found safe in Gaza border kibbutz after hiding out for 3 days. . 13 October 2023 . 13 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231013002449/https://www.timesofisrael.com/30-missing-people-found-safe-in-gaza-border-kibbutz-after-hiding-out-for-3-days/ . live .
- News: Friedson . Yael . 10 October 2023 . Thirty Missing Who Hid From Terrorists at Israeli Kibbutz Near Gaza Border Rescued . Haaretz . 13 October 2023 . 14 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231014012856/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-10/ty-article/.premium/thirty-missing-who-hid-from-terrorists-at-israeli-kibbutz-are-rescued/0000018b-1aae-d2fc-a59f-dbbfc0290000 . live .
- News: שמעוני . מור . 1 December 2023 . "כשעלה הבוקר התחיל מטח, כל אחד רץ למקום אחר" הטבח במסיבה המחתרתית . he . When morning came, a barrage of rockets started and everyone scattered The massacre at the underground party . Ynet . 18 December 2023 . 18 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231218202448/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/hkdnxour6 . live .
- News: 7 October 2023 . At least 7 Nepali injured, 17 held captive by Hamas in Israel: Nepal's envoy . ANI . live . 7 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007163708/https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/at-least-7-nepali-injured-17-held-captive-by-hamas-in-israel-nepals-envoy20231007181710/ . 7 October 2023.
- Web site: Williams . Dan . 7 October 2023 . How the Hamas attack on Israel unfolded . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007150408/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-hamas-attack-israel-unfolded-2023-10-07/ . 7 October 2023 . 7 October 2023 . Reuters.
- Web site: Israel says it regains control of Re'im army base . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007204208/https://defence-blog.com/israel-says-it-regains-control-of-reim-army-base/ . 7 October 2023 . 7 October 2023 . Defense Blog.
- News: Fabian . Emanuel . 7 October 2023 . IDF regains control of Re'im military base from Hamas terrorists in southern Israel . . live . 7 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007204043/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-regains-control-of-reim-military-base-from-hamas-terrorists-in-southern-israel/ . 7 October 2023.
- News: Daniella . Cheslow . 10 October 2023 . Israel and the West reckon with a high-tech failure . Politico . 16 October 2023 . 17 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231017005803/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/10/10/israel-hamas-technology-failure-00120667 . live.
- News: Israeli woman hailed as a hero for killing terrorists . . 13 October 2023 . 12 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231012034906/https://www.news.com.au/world/middle-east/israeli-woman-hailed-as-a-hero-for-killing-terrorists/news-story/aebb533af17feddc4ebe761c7ba38ae5 . live.
- News: In Ofakim, one woman's graceful bravery offers precious solace to a grieving nation . . 13 October 2023 . 11 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231011143848/https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-ofakim-one-womans-graceful-bravery-offers-precious-solace-to-a-grieving-nation/ . live.
- News: Israeli Woman Who Helped Save a Kibbutz: 'I'm Not a Hero, I Wasn't There by Myself' . . Ran . Shimoni . 11 October 2023 . 13 October 2023 . 13 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231013003223/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-11/ty-article/.premium/israeli-woman-who-helped-save-a-kibbutz-im-not-a-hero-i-wasnt-there-by-myself/0000018b-1e4f-d47b-a7fb-bfdf2e560000 . live.
- News: DIARY: Under siege by Hamas militants, a hometown and the lives within it are scarred forever . 7 July 2024 . AP News . 20 October 2023 . en .
- News: Dahman . Ibrahim . Gold . Hadas . Iszo . Lauren . Tal . Amir . Salman . Abeer . Khadder . Kareem . Greene . Richard Allen . Alam . Hande Atay . 7 October 2023 . Netanyahu says Israel is 'at war' after Hamas launches surprise attack, takes hostages . 8 July 2024 . CNN . en . Another IDF spokesman, Brigadier General Daniel Hagari, said there were hostage situations in two locations – Ofakim and Beeri..
- News: The Israeli Town of Ofakim Has Been Cleared of Terrorists but the Blood and Shock Remain . 7 July 2024 . . 8 October 2023 .
- Web site: 2 Gaza terrorists found in Rahat a month after October 7 assault . Times of Israel.
- Web site: Hamas envisioned deeper attacks, aiming to provoke an Israeli war . The Washington Post . 12 November 2023 . Shira Rubin and Joby Warrick . 21 February 2024 . 13 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231113024604/http://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/11/12/hamas-planning-terror-gaza-israel/ . live .
- Web site: Hamas' failed attempt to target Ashkelon Prison foiled due to navigation error . The Times of India . 20 February 2024 . 21 February 2024 . 21 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240221094615/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/international/hamas-failed-attempt-to-target-ashkelon-prison-foiled-due-to-navigation-error/videoshow/107851666.cms . live .
- News: Hamas says it has enough Israeli captives to free all Palestinian prisoners. 7 October 2023. 12 October 2023. 7 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231007163709/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/hamas-says-it-has-enough-israeli-captives-to-free-all-palestinian-prisoners. live.
- Web site: Israel vows 'mighty vengeance' after deadliest day in 50 years following surprise Hamas attack. 7 October 2023. CNBC. 19 December 2023. 19 December 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231219030130/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/10/07/israel-declares-state-of-war-alert-after-surprise-hamas-attack.html. live.
- News: Davies . Alys . 8 October 2023 . What we know about Israeli hostages taken by Hamas . . live . 8 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008025612/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67044255 . 8 October 2023.
- News: לשם . איתן . 14 October 2023 . "הם היו בבית 3–4 ימים, חלקם בלי אוכל, חלקם לבד, לא מעט מהם הגיעו אלינו רועדים": הזוועה לא פסחה על חיות המחמד . he . They were in their houses for 3–4 days, some of them without food, some of them alone, quite a few of them came to us trembling: The horror did not spare the pets . הארץ . 14 October 2023 . 20 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231020003819/https://www.haaretz.co.il/travel/2023-10-14/ty-article/.premium/0000018b-22e4-dd34-afdf-f7e79ac30000 . live.
- News: Sherwood . Harriet . 17 October 2023 . Hamas says 250 people held hostage in Gaza . The Guardian . 17 October 2023 . 0261-3077 . 16 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231016235352/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/16/israeli-hostages-hamas-gaza . live.
- News: Hamas says it has enough Israeli captives to free all Palestinian prisoners . . live . 7 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007163709/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/hamas-says-it-has-enough-israeli-captives-to-free-all-palestinian-prisoners . 7 October 2023.
- News: 25 October 2023 . More than half of Hamas' hostages have foreign nationality – Israel . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231106003621/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/more-than-half-hamas-hostages-have-foreign-nationality-israel-2023-10-25/ . 6 November 2023 . 6 November 2023 . Reuters.
- Web site: 17 October 2023 . Israel's Negev Bedouins, forgotten victims of the Hamas attack, rally to provide aid . 25 April 2024 . France 24.
- מררי . אריאל . ליאור קודנר . פרופ' אריאל מררי: אין לי ספק – חמאס חטף תינוקות כדי להתגונן ממתקפה ישראלית . 12 November 2023 . 13 November 2023 . 12 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231112174140/https://www.haaretz.co.il/digital/podcast/weekly/2023-11-12/ty-article-podcast/0000018b-c36d-dc2b-a3fb-e7fd61560000 . live .
- Web site: 9 October 2023 . Videos show new details on how Hamas launched surprise assault on Israel . 9 November 2023 . CNN . 10 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231010233528/https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/08/middleeast/hamas-videos-visual-timeline/index.html . live .
- News: Hamas practiced in plain sight, posting video of mock attack weeks before border breach . 30 January 2024 . AP News . 13 October 2023 . 29 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240129052347/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinian-war-hamas-attack-border-wall-aa0b0f5f3613b6c6882cf37168e8e8ed . live .
- News: Many Israelis accuse government's of inept, chaotic response to October 7 massacre . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231113074458/https://www.timesofisrael.com/many-israelis-accuse-governments-of-inept-chaotic-response-to-october-7-massacre/ . 13 November 2023 . 13 November 2023 . Times of Israel.
- News: הטעיה של חמאס למסוקי צה"ל והכוונת טייסים בוואטסאפ . Hamas deception of IDF helicopters . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231113050601/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/b111niukzt . 13 November 2023 . 13 November 2023 . YNET . he.
- Web site: Cook . Jonathan . 15 December 2023 . Why is western media ignoring evidence of Israel's own actions on 7 October? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231215161307/https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/israel-palestine-war-media-ignoring-evidence-actions-7-october . 15 December 2023 . 15 December 2023 . Middle East Eye.
- Web site: 12 January 2024 . Israel ordered 'Hannibal Procedure' on Oct. 7: Report . 12 July 2024 . Anadolu Agency.
- News: Bergman . Ronen . Ronen Bergman . Zitun . Yoav . 10 January 2024 . ההוראה: למנוע ממחבלים לחזור לעזה 'בכל מחיר', גם אם יש איתם חטופים . The instructions: prevent terrorists from returning to Gaza "at all costs" even if there are hostages with them . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240224193530/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/yokra13754368 . 24 February 2024 . 12 January 2024 . . he.
- News: Bergman . Ronen . Ronen Bergman . Zitun . Yoav . 12 January 2024 . השעות הראשונות של השבת השחורה . The first hours of Black Saturday . https://web.archive.org/web/20240118162157/https://w.ynet.co.il/yediot/7-days/time-of-darkness . 18 January 2024 . 19 January 2024 . . he.
- Web site: Kubovich . Yaniv . 7 July 2024 . IDF Ordered Hannibal Directive on October 7 to Prevent Hamas Taking Soldiers Captive . Haaretz . the message conveyed at 11:22 A.M. across the Gaza Division network was understood by everyone. 'Not a single vehicle can return to Gaza' was the order. At this point, the IDF was not aware of the extent of kidnapping along the Gaza border, but it did know that many people were involved. Thus, it was entirely clear what that message meant, and what the fate of some of the kidnapped people would be..
- News: Breiner . Josh . 18 November 2023 . Israeli Security Establishment: Hamas Likely Didn't Have Advance Knowledge of Nova Festival . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231118160048/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-18/ty-article/.premium/israeli-security-establishment-hamas-likely-didnt-have-prior-knowledge-of-nova-festival/0000018b-e2ee-d168-a3ef-f7fe8ca20000 . 18 November 2023 . 19 November 2023 . . According to a police source, the investigation also indicates that an IDF combat helicopter that arrived to the scene and fired at terrorists there apparently also hit some festival participants..
- Web site: 19 November 2023 . Israel Police slams 'Haaretz' claim IDF helicopter may have harmed civilians on Oct. 7 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231119164605/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israel-police-slams-haaretz-claim-idf-helicopter-may-have-harmed-civilians-on-oct-7/ . 19 November 2023 . 19 November 2023 . The Times of Israel.
- Web site: 22 November 2023 . This is why Israel plans to bury hundreds of cars, with ashes and blood stains . 9 July 2024 . The Jerusalem Post JPost.com . en.
- Web site: Winstanley . Asa . 12 December 2023 . Israel admits to 'immense' amount of 'friendly fire' on 7 October . 9 July 2024 . The Electronic Intifada . en.
- News: Fabian . Emanuel . Pacchiani . Gianluca . IDF estimates 3,000 Hamas terrorists invaded Israel in Oct. 7 onslaught . 1 November 2023 . The Times of Israel . 1 November 2023 . 1 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231101214815/https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-estimates-3000-hamas-terrorists-invaded-israel-in-oct-7-onslaught/ . live .
- News: Why the Palestinian group Hamas launched an attack on Israel? All to know . 5 July 2024 . 7 October 2023 .
- Web site: Hundreds of Palestinians head to Erez Crossing: Roya correspondent . 7 October 2023 . en.royanews.tv.
- >News: Israel shows major damage to Erez Crossing with Gaza following Hamas assault . 27 January 2024 . . 17 October 2023 .
- News: Israel reopens Erez crossing for Gaza aid trucks 7 months after it was destroyed by Hamas . 20 June 2024 . . 1 May 2024 .
- News: Shaulov . Roni Green . 17 October 2023 . Hamas war crimes: An elderly group gunned down at a bus stop . Ynetnews . 12 November 2023 . 18 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231018141514/https://www.ynetnews.com/magazine/article/b1f2eqo11p . live .
- News: Hayun . Dedi . Abandoned cars underline panic at Israeli music festival where Hamas gunmen killed hundreds. Reuters . 15 October 2023 . 10 October 2023 . 15 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231015084325/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/abandoned-cars-underline-panic-israeli-music-festival-where-hamas-gunmen-killed-2023-10-09/ . live .
- 7 November 2023 . he:מתוך זמן אמת המסיבה ששינתה הכול . From real time The party that changed everything . . 18:29 . he . https://kan.org.il/content/kan/kan-11/p-12043/s7/599530/?kalturaStartTime=1109 . 20 January 2024 . 8 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231108181648/https://kan.org.il/content/kan/kan-11/p-12043/s7/599530/?kalturaStartTime=1109 . live .
- Web site: TV: Police probe of Re'im massacre shows terrorists didn't know about party in advance. The Times of Israel. 17 November 2023. 26 November 2023. 29 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231129145235/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/tv-police-probe-of-reim-massacre-shows-terrorists-didnt-know-about-party-in-advance/. live.
- News: Swords of Iron: Here is what happened on days 3, 4 and 5 . 2 February 2024 . The Jerusalem Post . 2 February 2024 .
- News: How Israel's high-tech 'Iron Wall' crumbled under Hamas's Oct. 7 attack Visual Forensics . 10 July 2024 . . 17 November 2023.
- News: Israel's 'Ground Zero:' The Be'eri Kibbutz was among the bloodiest scenes of the Hamas attack . ABC News . 15 October 2023 . 15 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231015025342/https://abcnews.go.com/International/israels-ground-zero-beeri-kibbutz-bloodiest-scenes-hamas/story?id=103936668 . live .
- News: Lecker . Maya . On October 7, Sexism in Israel's Military Turned Lethal . Haaretz . 29 November 2023 . 28 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231128154139/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/haaretz-today/2023-11-20/ty-article/.highlight/on-october-7-sexism-in-israels-military-turned-lethal/0000018b-ee5b-ddc3-afdb-fe5b25be0000 . live .
- (100+ killed in total in the base and Kibbutz) News: Cohen . Ido David . he:צלם "ישראל היום", יניב זוהר, נרצח עם אשתו ושתי בנותיהם . Israel Today photographer, Yaniv Zohar, was murdered along with his wife and their two daughters . https://www.haaretz.co.il/gallery/media/2023-10-11/ty-article/.premium/0000018b-1de9-df31-a99f-7deb4b5a0000. 15 October 2023 . הארץ . 11 October 2023 . he . 19 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231019161147/https://www.haaretz.co.il/gallery/media/2023-10-11/ty-article/.premium/0000018b-1de9-df31-a99f-7deb4b5a0000 . live .
- News: 52 murdered, 7 kidnapped: Full scale of Kfar Aza massacre revealed. . 15 October 2023 . 15 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231015142304/https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/378509 . live .
- News: 10 October 2023 . More than 100 civilians were massacred at Kfar Aza kibbutz in Hamas attacks, Israeli soldiers say . 17 October 2023 . France 24 . 12 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231012193700/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231010-smell-of-death-fills-israeli-kibbutz-where-civilians-were-slain . live .
- Web site: What happened in Israel? A breakdown of how Hamas attack unfolded . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231010223957/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/what-happened-in-israel-a-breakdown-of-how-the-hamas-attack-unfolded . 10 October 2023 . 11 October 2023 . Al Jazeera Media Network.
- News: קומץ מפקדים הצילו בגופם 90 טירונים. סיפורו של הקרב ההירואי בזיקים . he . הארץ . 14 November 2023.
- News: 25 October 2023 . https://kan.org.il/content/kan/kan-actual/p-11894/news-item/582507/ . he:הדיג האחרון: אריה ובנו אליהו יצאו לבלות יחד - ולא שבו . Final fishing trip: Arya and his son Eliyahu went out to spend time together - and did not return . . he . 27 October 2023 . 11 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231211124636/https://kan.org.il/content/kan/kan-actual/p-11894/news-item/582507/ . live .
- News: קוריאל . אילנה . 4 November 2023 . אלינה בילתה עם חבריה, אריה ואלי יצאו לדוג: 19 נרצחו בחוף זיקים במתקפת הפתע . he . Ynet . 27 November 2023 . 2 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231202233530/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/sjrbo1eq6 . live .
- News: 14 October 2023 . IDF: Dozens of rockets fired from Lebanon, at least nine crossed into Israeli territory. 15 October 2023 . Ynetnews . 14 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231014182346/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/4kemkv3z2 . live .
- News: Marev Saber . 12 October 2023 . he:קצין המשטרה שהציל את קיבוץ נירים - ונשאר להגן על הבית . he . The police officer who saved Kibbutz Nirim - and stayed to protect the house . https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/local/article/14701742 . 18 October 2023 . . 18 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231018052228/https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/local/article/14701742 . live .
- News: Israel Says Hamas Militant Behind Kibbutz Massacre Killed . 19 October 2023 . . 19 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231019161124/https://www.barrons.com/news/israel-says-hamas-militant-behind-kibbutz-massacre-killed-19d90166 . live .
- News: Sharon . Jeremy . 'There was no air force, no soldiers, we were alone,' says Hamas massacre survivor . The Times of Israel. 15 October 2023 . 14 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231014172443/https://www.timesofisrael.com/there-was-no-air-force-no-soldiers-we-were-alone-says-hamas-massacre-survivor/ . live .
- News: Tal Ariel . 12 October 2023 . he:ליל הבדולח של נתיב העשרה: הגבורה העילאית של אנשי המושב צמוד הגדר - שנתקלו ראשונים . The Kristallnacht of Netiv Ha'Thara: the supreme heroism of the people of the moshav near the fence — who were the first to encounter it . https://www.israelhayom.co.il/magazine/shishabat/article/14702377 . 18 October 2023 . . 18 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231018093824/https://www.israelhayom.co.il/magazine/shishabat/article/14702377 . live .
- News: Michael Tuchfeld . he:כיתת כוננות מול עשרות מחבלים: הקרב שהציל את קיבוץ עלומים . A standby squad against dozens of terrorists: the battle that saved Kibbutz Alumim . https://www.makorrishon.co.il/news/yoman/679665/ . 13 October 2023 . 2 November 2023 . Makor Rishon . he . 14 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231014141250/https://www.makorrishon.co.il/news/yoman/679665/ . live .
- News: Thai laborers, the 'working hands' of Israeli farming, pay with blood . 19 October 2023 . 2 November 2023 . The Times of Israel . 31 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231031135239/https://www.timesofisrael.com/thai-laborers-the-working-hands-of-israeli-farming-pay-with-blood/ . live .
- News: Tzuri . Matan . Horrors unraveling: Hamas terrorists cold-bloodedly execute 90-year-old Israeli woman. Ynetnews . 15 October 2023 . 12 October 2023 . 15 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231015000553/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/h1qk7wb11p . live .
- News: Matan Tzuri . Sa'ar Hess . Yoav Zeyton . Ilana Kuriel . Hadar Gil-Ed . Eitan Glickman . Meir Turgeman . 17 October 2023 . he:יישוב אחרי יישוב: הנרצחים בטבח חמאס, העדויות המצמררות וסיפורי הגבורה . he . Settlement after settlement: the murdered in the Hamas massacre, the chilling testimonies and the stories of heroism . Ynet . https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1f11fsjw6 . 12 November 2023 . 14 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240114030916/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1f11fsjw6 . live .
- News: צורי . מתן . פורסמו שמותיהם של נרצחי קיבוץ חולית. Ynet . 15 October 2023 . he . 8 October 2023. 15 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231015002344/https://www.ynet.co.il/blogs/war2dayevening/article/bj6jwugbt . live .
- News: he:מלחמה בישראל: כל שמות ההרוגים וקורבנות הטבח שפורסמו . https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/2023-10-12/ty-article-magazine/0000018b-1367-dcc2-a99b-17779a0a0000 . War in Israel: all the names of the dead and victims of the massacre published . הארץ . 12 October 2023 . 15 October 2023 . he . 13 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231013205658/https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/2023-10-12/ty-article-magazine/0000018b-1367-dcc2-a99b-17779a0a0000 . live .
- Nir Am
- Web site: Westlake . Tamsin . An analysis of the 7th of October 2023 casualties in Israel . AOAV . 20 December 2023 . 10 April 2024 . 18 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240418233254/https://aoav.org.uk/2023/an-analysis-of-the-7th-of-october-2023-casualties-in-israel-as-a-result-of-the-hamas-attack/ . live .
- Web site: Israel Revises Down October 7 Hamas Attack Death Toll To 1,200: Foreign Ministry . 10 November 2023 . 10 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231110195126/https://www.barrons.com/news/israel-revises-down-october-7-hamas-attack-death-toll-to-1-200-foreign-ministry-07097f94 . live .
- News: 8 October 2023. Was Hamas' attack the bloodiest day for Jews since the Holocaust?. JTA. 9 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231009071329/https://www.jta.org/2023/10/08/israel/was-hamas-attack-the-bloodiest-day-for-jews-since-the-holocaust . live.
- News: Israeli death toll from Hamas attack surpasses 1,000, top military officer says . 10 October 2023 . . 10 October 2023 . 11 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231011133836/https://thehill.com/policy/4247805-israeli-death-toll-from-hamas-attack-surpasses-1000-top-military-officer-says/ . live.
- News: Israel Believes Some of Those Missing After Hamas' Attack Will Not Be Found. Haaretz. Yaniv. Kubovich. 19 October 2023. 20 October 2023. 20 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231020001636/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-19/ty-article/.premium/israel-believes-some-of-those-missing-after-hamas-attack-will-not-be-found/0000018b-4942-d5d2-afef-cdff5b7f0000. live.
- Web site: Johnston. Holly. 12 October 2023. Palestinian paramedic missing after Hamas attack at Israel music festival. 12 October 2023. The National. 12 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231012180504/https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/2023/10/12/paramedic-missing-hamas-attack-israel-music-festival/. live.
- News: Bedouin Leader in Israel Says Community Lost Lives in Attack. 11 October 2023. WSJ. Anat. Peled. 11 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231011073732/https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-hamas-war-gaza/card/bedouin-leader-criticizes-israeli-response-qnYiTMMNVllFq1upZmES. live.
- Web site: Sharon. Jeremy. Bachner. Michael. Ben Gvir widely panned for warning of renewed Jewish-Arab intercommunal riots. 11 October 2023. The Times of Israel. 11 October 2023. 11 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231011190503/https://www.timesofisrael.com/ben-gvir-widely-panned-for-warning-of-renewed-jewish-arab-intercommunal-riots/. live.
- News: At least six Arab Israelis missing since Hamas attack, likely kidnapped. Haaretz. 11 October 2023. Jack. Khoury. Nir. Hasson. 10 October 2023. 11 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231011013109/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-10/ty-article-live/900-israelis-killed-2-400-wounded-in-war-with-hamas/0000018b-17bd-d465-abbb-17bf23000000. live.
- Web site: Israel - Complex Emergency . IFRC . 21 January 2024.
- Web site: Corpses and kid's bikes, burned homes and death in kibbutz where Hamas butchered 100. 11 October 2023. The Times of Israel. 12 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231012092912/https://www.timesofisrael.com/corpses-and-kids-bikes-burned-homes-and-death-in-kibbutz-where-hamas-butchered-100/. live.
- News: 'Nobody could help us' – Shock and anger in Israel's Ashkelon. 9 October 2023. BBC News. 8 October 2023 . 9 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231009000452/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67048672 . live.
- News: Sella. Adam. 8 October 2023. Tel Aviv's residents start venturing out. Al Jazeera. live . 10 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008221205/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/8/tel-avivs-resident-start-venturing-out . 8 October 2023.
- News: 14 kids under 10, 25 people over 80: Up-to-date breakdown of Oct 7 victims we know about . The Times of Israel . 4 December 2023 . 15 December 2023 . 4 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231204235558/https://www.timesofisrael.com/14-kids-under-10-25-people-over-80-up-to-date-breakdown-of-oct-7-victims-we-know-about/ . live .
- News: 8 October 2023. Ex-soccer star Lior Asulin among those killed at nature party. The Times of Israel. 8 October 2023 . 8 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008144950/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/ex-soccer-star-lior-asulin-among-those-killed-at-nature-party/ . live.
- News: Fabian. Emanuel. 7 October 2023. The Times of Israel. Head of Sha'ar Hanegev council Ofir Liebstein killed in gunfight with Hamas terrorists. 7 October 2023 . 7 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007094609/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/head-of-shaar-hanegev-council-ofir-liebstein-killed-in-gunfight-with-hamas-terrorists/ . live.
- News: 8 October 2023. The Chief of the Rahat police, Sen. Giyar Davidov, was killed today. 7 October 2023. Cedar News. ar . 7 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007231427/https://cedarnews.net/task/breakingnews/news-task/640691/the-chief-of-the-rahat-police-sen-giyar-davidov-was-killed-today/ . live.
- News: Palestinians rush to buy food and struggle under strikes as Israel readies possible ground operation. 12 October 2023. Associated Press. 12 October 2023. 12 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231012055133/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-airstrikes-cabinet-beb1fa2b9e4ede6cf4568dd6c86ff11a. live.
- News: Fabian. Emanuel. 8 October 2023. IDF says commander of elite 'Ghost' unit among those killed in battles. . 8 October 2023 . 9 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231009001617/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-commander-of-elite-ghost-unit-among-those-killed-in-battles/ . live.
- News: Commander of IDF's Nahal Brigade killed in clashes with Hamas on Gaza border. The Times of Israel. 7 October 2023 . 7 October 2023 . 7 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007231424/https://www.timesofisrael.com/commander-of-idfs-nahal-brigade-killed-in-clashes-with-hamas-on-gaza-border/. live.
- News: Israel at war: IDF discloses names of personnel killed in line of duty. i24. 9 October 2023 . 9 October 2023 . 9 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231009170234/https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/society/1696834023-israel-at-war-idf-discloses-names-of-its-personnel-that-were-killed-in-line-of-duty . live.
- News: Fabian. Emanuel. Officer, 2 soldiers killed in clash with terrorists on Lebanon border; mortars fired. The Times of Israel. 9 October 2023. 11 October 2023. 9 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231009170223/https://www.timesofisrael.com/mortars-fired-from-lebanon-infiltrators-killed-as-6-israelis-hurt-in-gunfight/. live.
- Web site: Gavrielov . Nadav . Vivian Silver, Canadian-Israeli Activist, Confirmed Killed in Hamas Attack . The New York Times . 14 November 2023 . 3 January 2024 . 3 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240103160222/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/14/world/middleeast/vivian-silver-canada-hamas-israel.html#:~:text=Peace%20Activist%20Thought%20to%20Be,that%20day%2C%20her%20son%20said.&text=A%20Canadian%20Israeli%20peace%20activist,taken%20to%20Gaza%20on%20Oct. . live .
- News: 14 November 2023. New York Times. Peace Activist Thought to Be a Hostage in Gaza Is Confirmed Dead. Nadav Gavrielov. 19 November 2023. 19 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231119194226/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/14/world/middleeast/vivian-silver-canada-hamas-israel.html. live.
- News: 15 October 2023 . Yaniv, Yasmin, Keshet and Tehelet Zohar: News photographer, wife, daughters murdered . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231207191540/https://www.timesofisrael.com/yaniv-zohar-54-news-photographer-and-family-murdered-son-escaped/ . 7 December 2023 . 18 January 2024 . The Times of Israel.
- News: לשם . איתן . 8 November 2023 . צה"ל משתמש במשדרים המוצמדים לעופות דורסים כדי לאתר גופות נסתרות בשטח . he . הארץ . 9 November 2023.
- News: Gritten . David . 7 November 2023 . Israeli archaeologists help find remains of Hamas attack victims. BBC News . 12 November 2023 . 12 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231112111142/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67343928 . live .
- News: Lubell . Maayan . Hayun . Dedi . 8 November 2023 . Israeli archaeologists help find remains of Hamas attack victims . Reuters . 12 November 2023 . 12 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231112111142/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-archaeologists-help-find-remains-hamas-attack-victims-2023-11-08/ . live .
- News: Pacchiani. Gianluca. Islamic Jihad leader claims terror group is holding over 30 Israeli hostages. 8 October 2023. . 8 October 2023 . 8 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008184608/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/islamic-jihad-leader-claims-terror-group-is-holding-over-30-israeli-hostages/ . live.
- News: Goldenberg . Tia . Shurafa . Wafaa . 8 October 2023 . Hamas fighters storm Israeli towns in surprise attack; Israel responds with deadly strikes on Gaza . . live . 8 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008051308/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-ca7903976387cfc1e1011ce9ea805a71 . 8 October 2023.
- News: Civilian hostages in Hamas custody killed in Be'eri near Gaza border, CNN verified videos show . 9 October 2023 . . 9 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231009082701/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/09/middleeast/israel-gaza-hamas-beeri-hostages-killed-intl-hnk/index.html . live.
- News: Israeli Strikes On Gaza Kill Four 'Prisoners': Hamas. 9 October 2023. . 9 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231009130842/https://www.barrons.com/news/israeli-strikes-on-gaza-kill-four-prisoners-hamas-76bea3c9?refsec=topics_afp-news . live.
- News: Ynet Photographer missing with daughter, wife murdered . Matan . Tzuri . Lior . El-Hai . 9 October 2023 . . 12 October 2023 . 12 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231012210310/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/sjsninbzp. live.
- Web site: צלם ynet רועי עידן נרצח בכפר עזה עם אשתו, הבת הקטנה נעדרת, "חבר טוב ואדם מיוחד ויקר" . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231019214559/https://www.inn.co.il/news/617228 . 19 October 2023 . 19 October 2023 . inn.co.il . he.
- News: Hamas video appears to show release of woman, two children . 11 October 2023 . . 12 October 2023 . 12 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231012192501/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/11/hamas-video-appears-to-show-release-of-woman-two-children . live.
- News: Zitun . Yoav . 12 December 2023 . One-fifth of troop fatalities in Gaza due to friendly fire or accidents, IDF reports . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231214212217/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rkjqoobip . 14 December 2023 . 15 December 2023 . . Casualties fell as a result of friendly fire on October 7, but the IDF believes that beyond the operational investigations of the events, it would not be morally sound to investigate these incidents due to the immense and complex quantity of them that took place in the kibbutzim and southern Israeli communities due to the challenging situations the soldiers were in at the time..
- News: ראובני . נוב . 24 October 2023 . חשבו שהם ראו כבר הכל: אנשי המכון לרפואה משפטית מדברים על הזוועות . כאן 11 . 27 October 2023 . 26 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231026235158/https://www.kan.org.il/content/kan/kan-actual/p-11894/news-item/581538/ . live .
- News: The biblical archaeologist finding the victims Hamas burned. The Economist. Wendell. Steavenson. 5 November 2023. 6 November 2023. 7 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231107105307/https://www.economist.com/1843/2023/11/05/the-biblical-archaeologist-finding-the-victims-hamas-burned. live.
- News: 'That was a mistake': Mehdi challenges Israeli adviser Mark Regev on false Israeli claims . 13 February 2024 . MSNBC . 16 October 2023 . 6'45":...1400...revised that down to 1200...there were bodies that were so badly burnt, we thought they were ours, in the end, apparently they were Hamas terrorists . 13 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240213212657/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HD-yRuTasHU . live .
- News: 10 November 2023 . Israel revises down toll from October 7 attack to 'around 1,200' . Al Jazeera . https://web.archive.org/web/20231111000449/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/10/israel-revises-death-toll-from-october-7-hamas-attack-to-1200-people . 11 November 2023.
- News: 14 November 2023 . Police say they've identified 859 civilian victims from 7 October massacre, up 16 . The Times of Israel . 16 November 2023 . 20 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231120074925/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/police-say-theyve-identified-859-civilian-victims-from-october-7-massacre-up-16/ . live .
- News: 12 November 2023 . What We Know About the Death Toll in Israel From the Hamas-Led Attacks . The New York Times . https://web.archive.org/web/20231114005923/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/12/world/middleeast/israel-death-toll-hamas-attack.html . 14 November 2023. At least 278 soldiers were killed in the battles inside Israel, according to the Israeli military's website..
- https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/three-soldiers-abducted-by-hamas-declared-dead-by-army/ Three soldiers abducted by Hamas declared dead by army
- News: Authorities name 682 soldiers, 63 police officers killed in Gaza war . Emanuel . Fabian . . 21 October 2023 . 17 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231017234834/https://www.timesofisrael.com/authorities-name-44-soldiers-30-police-officers-killed-in-hamas-attack/ . live.
- Web site: Israel social security data reveals true picture of Oct 7 deaths . France 24 . 18 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231217222630/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231215-israel-social-security-data-reveals-true-picture-of-oct-7-deaths . 17 December 2023 . 15 December 2023 .
New Tally Puts October 7 Attack Dead In Israel At 1,163
New Tally Puts Oct 7 Attack Death Toll In Israel At 1,189
- https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-pleads-ignorance-in-meeting-with-families-of-slain-surveillance-soldiers/ Netanyahu pleads ignorance in meeting with families of slain surveillance soldiers
- https://www.timesofisrael.com/final-unaccounted-for-october-7-victim-died-in-onslaught-idf-confirms/
- Web site: Hamas-Israel War – Real Time Updates . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231013102344/https://www.idf.il/en/mini-sites/hamas-israel-war-october-2023/real-time-updates-hamas-israel-war/ . 13 October 2023 . idf.il.
- News: 8 October 2023 . Two Israeli tourists and local guide shot dead in Egypt, Israel says . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008120503/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67046394 . 8 October 2023 . 8 October 2023 . BBC News.
- 1710622311760413115 . netanyahu . 7 October 2023 . 7 October 2023 . he . he:דבריי בפתח ישיבת הקבינט . My words at the beginning of the cabinet meeting:.
- News: 7 October 2023 . Security cabinet says Israel will destroy military, governmental abilities of Hamas, Islamic Jihad . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008000150/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/security-cabinet-says-israel-will-destroy-military-governmental-abilities-of-hamas-islamic-jihad/ . 8 October 2023 . 7 October 2023 . The Times of Israel.
- Web site: 20 October 2023 . Hamas official says group 'well aware' of consequences of attack on Israel, Palestinian liberation comes with 'sacrifices' . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231102073534/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2394966/middle-east . 2 November 2023 . 2 November 2023 . Arab News.
- News: Hubbard . Ben . Abi-Habib . Maria . 8 November 2023 . Behind Hamas's Bloody Gambit to Create a 'Permanent' State of War . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231111105142/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/08/world/middleeast/hamas-israel-gaza-war.html . 11 November 2023 . 10 November 2023 . The New York Times. 0362-4331.
- Web site: Jerusalem Post Staff . 1 November 2023 . 'We will repeat October 7 again and again' – Hamas official . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231112091745/https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/article-771199 . 12 November 2023 . 11 November 2023 . Jerusalem Post.
- News: Pacchiani . Gianluca . Bachner . Michael . Hamas official says group aims to repeat Oct. 7 onslaught many times to destroy Israel . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231107182541/https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-official-says-group-aims-to-repeat-oct-7-onslaught-many-times-to-destroy-israel/#:~:text=A%20senior%20member%20of%20Hamas,future%20until%20Israel%20is%20exterminated. . 7 November 2023 . 7 November 2023 . www.timesofisrael.com.
- Web site: Hamas denies it killed children in fight with Israel . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231104205316/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/hamas-denies-it-killed-children-in-fight-with-israel/3015680 . 4 November 2023 . 4 November 2023.
- News: 11 October 2023 . A Hamas leader refuses to admit his group planned to kill civilians . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231107124816/https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/10/11/a-hamas-leader-refuses-to-admit-his-group-planned-to-kill-civilians . 7 November 2023 . 11 November 2023 . The Economist . 0013-0613.
- Web site: Hamas says October 7 attack was a 'necessary step', admits to 'some faults' . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240204194616/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/21/hamas-says-october-7-attack-was-a-necessary-step-admits-to-some-faults . 4 February 2024 . 22 January 2024 . aljazeera..
- News: Hamas says October 7 attack on Israel was a 'necessary step' . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240204194616/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/21/hamas-says-october-7-attack-was-a-necessary-step-admits-to-some-faults . 4 February 2024 . 22 January 2024 . Al Jazeera.
- News: 7 October 2023 . Abbas: Palestinian people have the right to defend themselves . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231104204042/https://www.reuters.com/article/israel-palestinians-abbas-idAFS8N3AU0AU . 4 November 2023 . 4 November 2023 . Reuters.
- Web site: President Abbas orders immediate dispatch of aid to Gaza amidst Israeli aggression.
- Web site: Abbas says Hamas actions 'don't represent Palestinians,' then seems to backtrack . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240101210102/https://www.timesofisrael.com/abbas-says-hamas-actions-dont-represent-palestinians-then-seems-to-backtrack/ . 1 January 2024 . 1 January 2024 . The Times of Israel.
- Web site: President Abbas says Hamas' actions do not represent Palestinians . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240101210102/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/10/16/President-Abbas-says-Hamas-actions-do-not-represent-Palestinians . 1 January 2024 . 1 January 2024.
- Web site: Tovah Lazaroff . 18 November 2023 . Israel did not enter Gaza to hand it over to the Palestinian Authority . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240205085916/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-773964 . 5 February 2024 . 23 November 2023 . The Jerusalem Post.
- News: Gilani . Iftikhar . 'This was an act of resistance against the occupation army': Hanan Ashrawi . Frontline . 30 October 2023.
- News: 17 May 2024 . PA's Abbas accuses Hamas of giving Israel 'pretexts' for Gaza war with Oct. 7 attack . Times of Israel.
- News: 21 November 2023 . Israel's Assault on Gaza Is Making Hamas More Popular and Destroying Hope for a Future Peace . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231208201526/https://www.thedailybeast.com/israels-assault-on-gaza-is-making-hamas-more-popular . 8 December 2023 . 10 December 2023 . The Daily Beast.
- https://www.devex.com/organizations/arab-world-for-research-and-development-awrad-50515 AWRAD profile
- Web site: 17 November 2023 . Palestinians in Gaza, West Bank strongly support Hamas, October 7 attack . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231117235748/https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/article-773791 . 17 November 2023 . 18 November 2023 . The Jerusalem Post.
- Web site: Koningsveld . Akiva Van . 17 November 2023 . Three in four Palestinians support Hamas's massacre . 18 November 2023 . JNS.org.
- Web site: 16 November 2023 . Survey finds majority in the West Bank support the Oct 7 massacre . 18 November 2023 . I24news.
- News: Army says it is fighting Gaza militants who entered Israel by land, sea and air. 7 October 2023. . 7 October 2023 . 7 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007112343/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/10/07/Army-says-it-is-fighting-Gaza-militants-who-entered-Israel-by-land-sea-and-air- . live.
- News: Netanyahu says 'we are at war' after major Hamas attack. 7 October 2023. . 7 October 2023 . 8 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008000139/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/07/israel-gaza-rocket-attack-hamas/ . live.
- News: 7 October 2023. Missiles strike southern & central Israel; police declare state of war. 7 October 2023. JordanNews . 7 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007094646/https://www.jordannews.jo/Section-20/Middle-East/Missiles-strike-southern-central-Israel-police-declare-state-of-war-31321 . live.
- News: 7 October 2023. Missiles strike southern & central Israel; police declare state of war. Jordan News. 7 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231007094646/https://www.jordannews.jo/Section-20/Middle-East/Missiles-strike-southern-central-Israel-police-declare-state-of-war-31321 . live.
- News: Ben Gurion airport stays open as foreign airlines cancel flights . 11 October 2023 . Globes . 10 August 2023. 8 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230802/https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-ben-gurion-airport-stays-open-as-foreign-airlines-cancel-flights-1001459661 . live.
- Web site: Page Capture. Updates and changes in train traffic until further notice . he:עדכונים ושינויים בתנועת הרכבות, עד להודעה חדשה . he . רַכֶּבֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל . Israel Railways . 11 October 2023 . 12 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231012021622/https://rail.co.il/?page=special-update-081023 . live.
- Web site: War with Gaza cuts train services in Israel . International Railway Journal . Jeremaya . Goldberg . 10 October 2023 . 11 October 2023 . subscription . 11 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231011093427/https://www.railjournal.com/regions/middle-east/war-with-gaza-cuts-train-services-in-israel/ . live.
- Web site: Cruise Lines Change, Cancel Itineraries Following Israel Attack . . Aaron . Saunders . 10 October 2023 . 11 October 2023 . 10 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231010190604/https://www.cruisecritic.com/news/cruise-lines-change-cancel-itineraries-following-israel-attack . live.
- News: Ilnai. Itay. Detained terrorists: 'Hamas has become akin to animals; they've become ISIS'. 8 December 2023. Ynetnews. 5 November 2023. 22 December 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231222194840/https://www.ynetnews.com/magazine/article/hjnc0ysx6. live.
- News: Zitun. Yoav. An apartment and $10K promised for each Israeli captive, captured terrorist says. 8 December 2023. Ynetnews. 23 October 2023. 23:06 IST.
- News: Sanchez. Raf. Inside Shin Bet's interrogation of 50 Hamas fighters. 8 December 2023. NBC News. 19 November 2023. 9 December 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231209101801/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/shin-bet-interrogation-hamas-rcna125748. live.
- News: UN's António Guterres calls for immediate ceasefire to end 'epic suffering' in Gaza. The Guardian.
- Web site: Is Hamas hiding in Gaza's main hospital? Israel's claim is now a focal point in a dayslong stalemate. 13 November 2023. AP News.
- News: The Palestinian teenagers suddenly freed from jail in Hamas hostage deal. Mehul Srivastava.
- Web site: 8 November 2023 . Israel/OPT: Horrifying cases of torture and degrading treatment of Palestinian detainees amid spike in arbitrary arrests . 9 November 2023 . Amnesty International.
- News: The Arab Israeli community stands in solidarity against Hamas – opinion . The Jerusalem Post . 24 October 2023 . 10 December 2023 . 24 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231024064722/https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-769843 . live .
- News: Arab Israeli Lawmaker Abbas Denounces Hamas Attack, Says the Massacre Does Not 'Represent Our Arab Society' . Haaretz . 7 November 2023 . 10 December 2023 . 15 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231215144224/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-07/ty-article/.premium/arab-list-mk-abbas-denounces-hamas-attack-says-massacre-doesnt-represent-arab-society/0000018b-aa11-d5aa-a19f-affb1b4b0000 . live .
- News: Saudis Overwhelmingly Oppose Ties With Israel, Poll Finds . The New York Times . 22 December 2023.
- Web site: 11 October 2023 . Law Professors and Human Rights Experts: Holding Hostages in Gaza is a Crime Against Humanity . 8 November 2023 . The Israeli Law Professors' Forum for Democracy . he . 8 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231108002045/https://www.lawprofsforum.org/post/an-urgent-appeal-from-human-rights-law-professors-oct-9-2023 . live.
- Web site: 19 November 2023 . United Nations slammed for silence over Hamas rapes, mutilation and murder of Israeli women, critics say . 29 November 2023 . Yahoo News . 27 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231127024452/https://news.yahoo.com/united-nations-slammed-silence-over-174157036.html . live.
- News: BOTBOL . AMELIE . 23 November 2023 . Global women's rights groups silent as Israeli women testify about rapes by Hamas . . 29 November 2023 . 29 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231129161152/https://www.timesofisrael.com/global-womens-rights-groups-silent-as-israeli-women-testify-about-rapes-by-hamas/ . live.
- News: Moaveni . Azadeh . 2024-05-09 . What They Did to Our Women . 2024-08-11 . London Review of Books . en . 46 . 09 . 0260-9592.
- News: Moaveni . Azadeh . 2024-05-09 . What They Did to Our Women . 2024-08-11 . London Review of Books . en . 46 . 09 . 0260-9592.
- News: Moaveni . Azadeh . 2024-05-09 . What They Did to Our Women . 2024-08-11 . London Review of Books . en . 46 . 09 . 0260-9592.
- News: Moaveni . Azadeh . 2024-05-09 . What They Did to Our Women . 2024-08-11 . London Review of Books . en . 46 . 09 . 0260-9592.
- Web site: 1 February 2024 . US House passes bill to ban Hamas, other perpetrators of OCtober 7 . 3 February 2024 . I24news.
- Web site: 1 February 2024 . US Reps Bush, Tlaib vote no on 'redundant' bill to ban Oct. 7 terrorists . 3 February 2024 . The Jerusalem Post.
- Web site: Shoah Foundation launches project to document 'unspeakable barbarity' of October 7 . .
- Web site: Rosenbloom . Alli . 6 December 2023 . Steven Spielberg comments on 'unspeakable barbarity against Jews' in Oct. 7 attacks . 15 December 2023 . CNN.
- News: 6 December 2023 . Biden calls reports of Hamas raping Israeli hostages 'appalling,' says world can't look away . .
- News: Rubin . Shira . 25 November 2023 . Israel investigates an elusive, horrific enemy: Rape as a weapon of war. . live . 29 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231128081253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/25/israel-hamas-rape-sexual-violence/ . 28 November 2023.
- News: Sexual Violence Evidence Against Hamas Is Mounting, but the Road to Court Is Still Long . . live . 29 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231123215829/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-22/ty-article-magazine/.premium/sexual-assault-evidence-against-hamas-is-mounting-but-the-road-to-court-is-still-long/0000018b-f6bb-dafe-a18f-f7fb0a570000 . 23 November 2023.
- News: The Scope of Hamas' Campaign of Rape Against Israeli Women Is Revealed, Testimony After Testimony . https://archive.today/20240107114704/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-30/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/hamas-campaign-of-rape-against-israeli-women-is-revealed-testimony-after-testimony/0000018c-2144-da36-a1de-6767dac90000 . 7 January 2024 . 5 February 2024 . Haaretz.
- News: Stancati . Margherita . Ayyoub . Abeer . 21 December 2023 . Gazans Are Starting to Blame Hamas for Wartime Suffering . subscription . live . https://archive.today/20231221041400/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/gazans-are-starting-to-blame-hamas-for-wartime-suffering-066256b0 . 21 December 2023 . 21 December 2023 . The Wall Street Journal.
- Web site: 2023 . Women in War Under International Law . 29 November 2023 . en.idi.org.il.
- News: Lawless . Jill . . 5 November 2023 . How international law applies to war, and why Hamas and Israel are both alleged to have broken it . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231128175241/https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-11-05/how-international-law-applies-to-war-and-why-hamas-and-israel-are-both-alleged-to-have-broken-it . 28 November 2023 . 29 November 2023 . Los Angeles Times.
- News: 5 December 2023 . Israel Gaza: Hamas raped and mutilated women on 7 October, BBC hears . . 7 December 2023.
- News: Lamb . Christina . 3 December 2023 . First Hamas fighters raped her. Then they shot her in the head . . 3 December 2023 . 0140-0460.
- News: Williamson . Lucy . 5 December 2023 . Israel Gaza: Hamas raped and mutilated women on 7 October, BBC hears . . 18 December 2023.
- News: Hinsliff . Gaby . Gaby Hinsliff . 1 December 2023 . Whatever your view of the Israel-Hamas war, rape is rape. To trivialise it is to diminish ourselves . 14 December 2023 . . 0261-3077.
- News: Carrie . Keller-Lynn . 9 November 2023 . Amid war and urgent need to ID bodies, evidence of Hamas's October 7 rapes slips away . . live . 29 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231111231211/https://www.timesofisrael.com/amid-war-and-urgent-need-to-id-bodies-evidence-of-hamass-october-7-rapes-slips-away/ . 11 November 2023.
- News: Rozovsky . Liza . 18 April 2024 . 15 Witnesses, Three Confessions, a Pattern of Naked Dead Bodies. All the Evidence of Hamas Rape on October 7 . https://archive.today/20240418162906/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-04-18/ty-article-magazine/.premium/witnesses-confessions-naked-dead-bodies-all-the-evidence-of-hamas-rape-on-oct-7/0000018e-f114-d92e-abfe-f77f7e3f0000 . 18 April 2024 . Haaretz.
- News: 2 December 2023 . Israel-Gaza war: activists decry silence over evidence of sexual violence in Hamas attacks . 14 December 2023 . South China Morning Post.
- Web site: 12 October 2023 . Risch: Hamas Has Committed Atrocities and War Crimes Against Israel . 5 December 2023 . United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations.
- News: Eichner . Itamar . 4 December 2023 . Israel reveals disturbing testimonies of Hamas rape on October 7 at UN . . 5 December 2023.
- News: Rape as a Weapon of War: Jewish Women Call on UN to Confront Hamas' Sexual Violence . . 5 December 2023.
- News: 5 December 2023 . Hamas accused of using rape as weapon of war in Israel in October 7 attack . .
- News: Mednick . Sam . New signs emerge of 'widespread' sexual crimes by Hamas, as Netanyahu alleges global indifference . . 5 December 2023.
- Web site: Grim . Ryan . Boguslaw . Daniel . Scahill . Jeremy . 29 February 2024 . Between the Hammer and the Anvil: The Story Behind the New York Times October 7 Exposé . 1 April 2024 . .
- News: Rabinowitz . Aaron . Death and Donations: Did the Israeli Volunteer Group Handling the Dead of October 7 Exploit Its Role? . 1 April 2024 . Haaretz . 31 January 2024 .
- Web site: Gupta . Arun . American Media Keep Citing Zaka — Though Its October 7 Atrocity Stories are Discredited in Israel . 1 April 2024 . theintercept.com . 27 February 2024 . The Intercept.
- Web site: 2024-05-22 . How 2 debunked accounts of sexual violence on Oct. 7 fueled a global dispute over Israel-Hamas war . 2024-08-11 . AP News . en.
- News: . . Sella, Adam . Shaar-Yashuv, Avishag . 28 December 2023 . 'Screams Without Words': How Hamas Weaponized Sexual Violence on Oct. 7 . 28 December 2023 . The New York Times . A two-month investigation by The Times uncovered painful new details, establishing that the attacks against women were not isolated events but part of a broader pattern of gender-based violence on Oct. 7..
- Web site: Grim . Ryan . Boguslaw . Daniel . New York Times Puts "Daily" Episode On Ice Amid Internal Firestorm Over Hamas Sexual Violence Article . theintercept.com . 29 January 2024 . The Intercept . 14 February 2024.
- News: Vasilyeva . Nataliya . Kierszenbaum . Quique . 30 December 2023 . Why the full extent of Hamas's sex crimes may never be known . 8 January 2024 . The Telegraph . 0307-1235.
- Web site: Rasgon . Adam . Odenheimer . Natan . 25 March 2024 . Israeli Soldier's Video Undercuts Medic's Account of Sexual Assault . The New York Times.
- News: Borger . Julian . 4 March 2024 . UN finds 'convincing information' that Hamas raped and tortured Israeli hostages . 30 March 2024 . The Guardian . 0261-3077.
- Web site: Weiniger . Catherine Philp and Gabrielle . 2024-08-11 . Israel says Hamas weaponised rape. Does the evidence add up? . 2024-08-11 . www.thetimes.com . en.
- News: Moaveni . Azadeh . 2024-05-09 . What They Did to Our Women . 2024-08-11 . London Review of Books . en . 46 . 09 . 0260-9592.
- Web site: Philp . Catherine . Weiniger . Gabrielle . Israel says Hamas weaponised rape. Does the evidence add up? . thetimes.com . The Times . 8 June 2024.
- News: 23 April 2024 . Israel fumes as UN secretary-general leaves Hamas off sexual violence blacklist . Times of Israel.
- News: EU sanctions Hamas wings over sexual violence on Oct. 7 . 12 April 2024 . Reuters . 12 April 2024.
- News: 12 April 2024 . EU sanctions Hamas wings over sexual violence on Oct. 7 . 14 April 2024 . Al Arabiya.
- Web site: 7 October 2023 terrorist attacks in Israel: Council sanctions three entities over widespread sexual and gender-based violence . 14 April 2024 . Council of the European Union.
- Web site: Weiniger . Catherine Philp and Gabrielle . 2024-08-11 . Israel says Hamas weaponised rape. Does the evidence add up? . 2024-08-11 . www.thetimes.com . en.
- Web site: Blinken describes images of Hamas attack victims, pledges US support on trip to Israel . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231114182231/https://abcnews.go.com/International/blinken-meets-hamas-attack-survivors-pledges-us-support/story?id=103925374 . 14 November 2023 . 15 November 2023 . ABC News.
- Web site: Medics describe atrocities committed by Hamas on Oct 7 . CNN . 1 November 2023 . Jake . Tapper . 1 November 2023 . 1 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231101153242/https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2023/10/31/the-lead-jake-tapper-hamas-atrocities-live.cnn . live .
- Web site: 10 October 2023. Inside the Israeli border village where Hamas 'atrocities' have shocked IDF soldiers. 10 October 2023. The Independent. 10 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231010184508/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/kfar-aza-israel-village-hamas-attack-b2427446.html. live.
- News: Berman. Lazar. 'At least 40 babies killed': Foreign reporters taken to massacre site in Kfar Aza. 10 October 2023. The Times of Israel. 12 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231012193700/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-takes-foreign-journalists-to-see-massacre-site-in-kfar-aza/. live.
- News: Joshua. Zitser. Rebecca. Cohen. IDF says Hamas fighters killed and decapitated babies at one kibbutz near the Gaza border. Business Insider. 10 October 2023. 11 October 2023. 11 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231011000739/https://www.businessinsider.com/idf-says-hamas-decapitated-babies-in-israel-2023-10. live.
- News: 'It smells of death here': Surveying the scenes of atrocities in Kfar Aza. 11 October 2023. I24news. 10 October 2023. 10 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231010181638/https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel-at-war/1696938010-it-smells-of-death-here-surveying-the-scenes-of-atrocities-in-kfar-aza. live.
- Web site: 12 October 2023 . Unverified reports of '40 babies beheaded' in Israel-Hamas war inflame social media . 19 October 2023 . NBC News . 12 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231012182948/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/internet/unverified-allegations-beheaded-babies-israel-hamas-war-inflame-social-rcna119902 . live.
- News: Kessler . Glenn . 2023-12-07 . Analysis Biden yet again says Hamas beheaded babies. Has new evidence emerged? . 2024-08-11 . Washington Post . en-US . 0190-8286.
- Web site: Rabinowitz . Aaron . 31 January 2024. Death and Donations: Did the Israeli Volunteer Group Handling the Dead of October 7 Exploit Its Role? . 26 January 2024 . Haaretz . 9 February 2024 . https://archive.today/20240209154317/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-01-31/ty-article-magazine/.premium/death-and-donations-did-the-volunteer-group-handling-the-october-7-dead-exploit-its-role/0000018d-5a73-d997-adff-df7bdb670000 . live . Tales of imagination
This horrific incident, which the Zaka volunteer alleged occurred in Be'eri, simply didn't happen.
- Web site: 25 October 2023 . Journalist describes footage of Hamas atrocities compiled by the IDF . CBC News . 26 October 2023 . 26 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231026041233/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EW0Atcdy38g&feature=youtu.be . live .
- News: Carroll . Rory . 23 October 2023 . Israel shows footage of Hamas killings 'to counter denial of atrocities' . The Guardian . 28 October 2023 . 0261-3077 . 28 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231028212742/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/23/israel-shows-footage-of-hamas-killings-to-counter-denial-of-atrocities . live .
- News: Estrin . Daniel . Bashir . Abu Bakr . Balaban . Samantha . Harbage . Claire . 27 October 2023 . New details emerge about the Hamas-led attackers who massacred Israelis . . 28 October 2023 . 28 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231028190716/https://www.npr.org/2023/10/27/1208836319/israel-hamas-islamic-jihad-militants-videos-details . live .
- Web site: 18 October 2023 . Israel/Palestine: Videos of Hamas-Led Attacks Verified . Human Rights Watch . 28 October 2023 . 28 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231028190716/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/18/israel/palestine-videos-hamas-led-attacks-verified . live .
- Web site: Ramsay . Stuart . 16 October 2023 . Israel-Hamas war: Recovered bodies show 'bloodthirsty' gunmen 'took time over torture' – and that Hamas has changed . 19 October 2023 . Sky News . 15 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231015215425/https://news.sky.com/story/israel-gaza-war-recovered-bodies-show-bloodthirsty-gunmen-took-time-over-torture-and-that-hamas-has-changed-12985212 . live.
- Web site: ToI Staff . Kill, behead, rape: Interrogated Hamas members detail atrocities against civilians . 29 October 2023 . timesofisrael.com . 29 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231029160226/https://www.timesofisrael.com/kill-behead-rape-interrogated-hamas-members-detail-atrocities-against-civilians/ . live .
- Web site: Israel likely tortured Palestinian to record rape confession, say rights groups . 2024-08-11 . Middle East Eye . en.
- Web site: 2023-11-26 . Gender-Based Violence as a Weapon of War during the October 7 Hamas Attacks Position Paper . 2024-08-11 . Physicians for Human Rights Israel . en-US.
- News: 15 October 2023 . Israeli forensic teams describe signs of torture, abuse . Reuters . 29 October 2023 . 28 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231028215804/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-forensic-teams-describe-signs-torture-abuse-2023-10-15/ . live .
- News: Tapper . Jake . 17 November 2023 . Video: Witness describes sexual assault of Israeli women by Hamas militants on Oct. 7 . CNN . 17 November 2023.
- News: Hasson . Nir . Hamas Committed Documented Atrocities. But a Few False Stories Feed the Deniers . . 4 December 2023 . https://archive.today/20231220010209/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-12-04/ty-article-magazine/.premium/hamas-committed-documented-atrocities-but-a-few-false-stories-feed-the-deniers/0000018c-34f3-da74-afce-b5fbe24f0000 . 20 December 2023. 5 December 2023.
- Web site: Shoaib . Alia . Hamas militants ate family's meal after they tortured and mutilated parents and 2 young children, Blinken says . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231104020341/https://www.businessinsider.com/israel-hamas-gaza-militants-ate-lunch-tortured-mutilated-young-family-2023-10 . 4 November 2023 . 15 November 2023 . Business Insider.
- Web site: Scahill . Jeremy . 7 February 2024 . Israel's Ruthless Propaganda Campaign to Dehumanize Palestinians . 30 March 2024 . The Intercept.
- Web site: Gupta . Arun . 27 February 2024 . American Media Keep Citing Zaka — Though Its October 7 Atrocity Stories Are Discredited in Israel . 30 March 2024 . The Intercept.
- Web site: Forensic teams still working to identify bodies 10 days after Hamas massacres Israel-Gaza war. 18 December 2023 . The Guardian.
- Web site: 16 November 2023 . Inside the Israeli lab 'reassembling and reconnecting' the mangled bodies of the dead . 18 December 2023 . Los Angeles Times.
- News: Poris . Aaron . 19 October 2023 . Evidence on Display at Israel's Forensic Pathology Center Confirms Hamas' Atrocities . The Media Line . 22 October 2023.
- News: Father of fallen soldier: Terrorist decapitated my son, tried to sell head for $10,000 . 9 June 2024 . 18 January 2024.
- News: Father of fallen soldier: Terrorist decapitated my son, tried to sell head for $10,000 . 9 June 2024 . 18 January 2024. David (Adir Tahar's father) discovered the mutilation minutes before Adir was due to be buried. The soldier's remains were brought for interment at the Mount Herzl military cemetery in Jerusalem. David said he insisted he wanted to see his son's body though IDF officials warned him it would be better if he didn't look. "A father needs to know everything about his children," he explained to Channel 14. Half an hour before the burial ceremony, when just he and his nephew were alone with the coffin, David opened it to look at his son. "I understood exactly what I was burying," David said. "I knew I was burying a boy without the essential part." David said that for two months he tried everything he could to find out where his son's head was..
- News: Gazans tried to sell fallen IDF soldier's head for $10,000, says soldier's father . 9 June 2024 . The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com . 18 January 2024.
- News: Nicole . Zedeck . 'It smells of death here': Surveying the scenes of atrocities in Kfar Aza . 11 October 2023 . I24news . 10 October 2023.
- News: Tuquero . Loreben . 13 October 2023 . Reports of 260 Israeli music fest deaths aren't unsubstantiated . . 19 October 2023.
- News: Williams . Holly . Holly Williams (journalist) . Lyall . Erin . 11 October 2023 . Israel kibbutz the scene of a Hamas "massacre", first responders say: "The depravity of it is haunting" . . 11 October 2023.
- Web site: Norman . Greg . 12 October 2023 . Israeli PM's office releases graphic photos purporting to show Hamas 'murdered and burned' babies . 19 October 2023 . Fox News.
- News: Tenbarge. Kat. Chan. Melissa . 12 October 2023 . Unverified reports of '40 babies beheaded' in Israel-Hamas war inflame social media . NBC News. live . 12 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231012182948/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/internet/unverified-allegations-beheaded-babies-israel-hamas-war-inflame-social-rcna119902 . 12 October 2023.
- News: Chance . Matthew . Greene . Richard Allen . Berlinger . Joshua . 12 October 2023 . Israeli official says government cannot confirm babies were beheaded in Hamas attack . 12 October 2023 . CNN.
- News: Joel . Gunter . 14 October 2023 . Zaka: The volunteers giving dignity to Israel's dead . . 22 October 2023.
- Web site: Felice Friedson . Jerusalem Post. 16 December 2023 .
- Web site: Aaron . Poris . Hamas torture confirmed as Israeli forensics institute identifies victims . . 20 October 2023 . 16 December 2023 .
- Web site: Aaron . Poris . Evidence on Display at Israel's Forensic Pathology Center Confirms Hamas' Atrocities . 19 October 2023 . 4 December 2023 . 30 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231130055222/https://themedialine.org/top-stories/evidence-on-display-at-israels-forensic-pathology-center-confirms-hamas-atrocities/ . live .
- News: Joel . Gunter . 23 October 2023 . Israel shows Hamas bodycam attack footage to journalists . . 26 October 2023.
- News: Carroll . Rory . 23 October 2023 . Israel shows footage of Hamas killings 'to counter denial of atrocities' . 26 October 2023 . The Guardian.
- News: 4 December 2023 . Hamas Committed Documented Atrocities. But a Few False Stories Feed the Deniers . Haaretz . 4 December 2023.
- Web site: Israeli personnel gave false information about 7 October attack crimes – report . 8 December 2023 . Middle East Eye.
- Web site: Unit . Al Jazeera Investigative . October 7: Forensic analysis shows Hamas abuses, many false Israeli claims . Al Jazeera . 21 March 2024 . 21 March 2024.
- Wille . Belkis . 17 July 2024 . "I Can't Erase All the Blood from My Mind" . Human Rights Watch . en.
- Web site: . 19 October 2023 . Genocide Emergency Alert: Israel and Gaza . 7 December 2023.
- News: WINER . STUART . 15 October 2023 . Hamas actions are war crimes, could constitute genocide – international law experts . .
- News: Deadly Hamas Rampage Constitutes 'International Crime of Genocide,' Hundreds of Legal Experts Say . Haaretz . 7 December 2023.
- News: . . Sella, Adam . 4 December 2023 . What We Know About Sexual Violence During the Oct. 7 Attacks on Israel . The New York Times . 7 December 2023 . 0362-4331.
- News: 25 November 2023 . Israel investigates an elusive, horrific enemy: Rape as a weapon of war . 7 December 2023 . Washington Post.
- Web site: Watch . Genocide . 18 October 2023 . Legal Experts: Hamas committed War Crimes, Genocide . 7 December 2023 . genocidewatch.
- News: How the term "genocide" is misused in the Israel-Hamas war . The Economist . 7 December 2023 . 0013-0613.
Israel