Operación Puerto doping case explained

Operación Puerto (Operation Mountain Pass)^[1] is the code name of a still unfinished Spanish Police operation against the pro sports doping network of Doctor Eufemiano Fuentes. It started in May 2006, which resulted in a scandal that involved several of the world's most famous cyclists and teams at the time.

Media attention has focused on the small number of professional road cyclists named; however, sportspeople from other disciplines including football and tennis have also been connected with the scandal, although they were not officially indicted.^[2] Among the total number of athletes, fifteen had been acquitted by May 2007, while three had admitted doping or evidence of blood doping was found.

Timeline

Revelations by Jesús Manzano

In March 2004 in an interview with the Spanish newspaper Diario AS, Jesús Manzano exposed systematic doping in his former cycling team, Kelme. He detailed blood doping^[3] as well as the performance-enhancing drugs he used while on the team.^[4] The investigation and the allegations he made led to questioning of several members of the team in April 2004. These included Eufemiano Fuentes who was the Kelme team doctor, Walter Virú the doctor before Fuentes, and Alfredo Córdova who was working for but involved with Kelme in 2003.^[5] An investigation began into the practices of Fuentes in early 2006 by the anti-drug trafficking arm of the Spanish Guardia Civil.^[6]

Police action

On 23 May 2006, Guardia Civil arrested the directeur sportif of the team, Manolo Saiz, and four others including Fuentes, accused of doping practices with riders.^[7] Spanish police raided residences. In one, belonging to Fuentes, they found a thousand doses of anabolic steroids, 100 packets of blood products, and machines to manipulate and transfuse them.^[8] The Guardia Civil found a list naming other cyclists involved. Liberty Seguros withdrew their sponsorship, which left Würth as sole sponsor.^[9]

Suspensions

As more names leaked to the press, asked riders to sign a statement that they had never worked with Fuentes,^[10] while the team suspended Santiago Botero and José Enrique Gutiérrez, who had finished second in the 2006 Giro d'Italia.^[11] Tour de France organisers ASO considered withdrawing invitations to and Comunidad Valenciana.^[12] On 1 June, the director of Valenciana, José Ignacio Labarta, resigned.^[13]

Würth found a new sponsor, five Kazakh companies united under the name of the capital, Astana, and became Astana-Würth.^[14] ASO withdrew Comunitat Valenciana's invitation, moving riders to send blood samples to be analysed to prove their innocence.^[15] The Vuelta a España considered expelling the team.^[16]

After El País published details of Operación Puerto, Spanish riders boycotted the Spanish National Road Race Championships, which was cancelled after 500 metres.^[17] ASO wrote asking Astana-Würth not to take part in the Tour de France, which the team ignored. Jan Ullrich, linked to Fuentes by the newspaper, threatened to sue El País.

The Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) said Astana-Würth were to be accepted in the Tour. The Spanish authorities lifted the secret of summary two days before the start of the 2006 Tour, formally involving all 56 riders found in Fuentes' lists.

Because Ullrich and Óscar Sevilla were in the lists, T-Mobile suspended them.^[18] The example was followed by Ivan Basso's Team CSC and Francisco Mancebo's AG2R Prévoyance. ASO demanded all riders involved be withdrawn by their teams, even though Astana-Würth had received the support of the CAS.

The day before the Tour, Astana-Würth yielded to pressure. Five of their riders had been excluded by ASO for involvement in the scandal, leaving only four of the six riders required. Francisco Mancebo, fourth the previous year and involved in the case, ended his career, according to his directeur sportif Vincent Lavenu. As a result, none of the riders who finished in the top 5 of the 2005 Tour de France started in the 2006 edition.

On 3 July, Würth also withdrew sponsorship of the team. They had planned sponsorship only if it were not excluded from a race.

Six days later, T-Mobile fired Rudy Pevenage, directeur sportif, because he was also involved. On 21 July, the team suspended Ullrich and Sevilla, effectively sacking them. On the same day, Spanish cycling newspaper Meta2Mil listed codenames used by Fuentes which had not been deciphered by police.

Additional leaks

In November 2006, El Mundo claimed that an anti-doping laboratory in Barcelona which analyzed 99 bags of blood plasma seized in Operación Puerto found "high levels of erythropoietin (EPO)". This suggested athletes working with Fuentes had been boosting their performance in ways other than blood doping. El Mundo suggested those implicated had delegated their cheating to Fuentes, and would not have been able to control the level of EPO they were taking.

After studying the Barcelona lab's report, El Mundo described Fuentes's program as: riders would visit Fuentes a few weeks before a race and have blood removed. Fuentes would run the blood through a centrifuge, separating the blood plasma from the red blood cells. The cells would be re-injected shortly before competition, boosting resistance to fatigue. If haematocrit levels (volume of red blood cells) got dangerously high, they would re-inject plasma as well, enhanced with EPO, to dilute the red blood cells and avoid detection.

The Barcelona lab did not identify any athlete responsible for any of the 99 tested bags of blood.^[19]

Legal repercussions

On 26 July 2006, five Astana riders were cleared by Spanish courts. The five – Joseba Beloki, Isidro Nozal, Sérgio Paulinho, Allan Davis and Alberto Contador – received a document clearing them of links to Operación Puerto, the Spanish newspaper El Diario Vasco reported.^[20]

On 8 October, the Madrid court in charge of the case told the Spanish cycling federation, the Real Federación Española de Ciclismo (RFEC), that court documents could not be used in the federation's investigations.^[21]

On 13 October, Ivan Basso was cleared by Italian authorities due to lack of evidence. Ullrich was cleared by the Spanish courts on 25 October. The judge ruled that Ullrich and Basso were put under investigation without proof of involvement.^[22]

On 28 October, the RFEC closed disciplinary files against cyclists in the investigation. However, the RFEC will initiate disciplinary investigations on Manolo Sáiz.^[23] UCI president Pat McQuaid was reported to feel let down by authorities in Spain. He hoped teams would require cyclists to submit DNA samples to clear their names.^[24] The investigations into Spanish riders were suspended.^[25] On 7 March 2007, the case was dropped through lack of evidence of crime.^[26]

Admissions and evidence of doping

On 3 April 2007, the German news agency sid said nine bags of blood marked Jan, number 1 or Hijo Rudicio (Son of Rudy) matched Jan Ullrich's saliva DNA.^[27] On 7 May, Basso admitted involvement with the scandal to the Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI).^[28] On 9 May, Michele Scarponi admitted he was Zapatero in Fuentes' files. And on 30 June, Jörg Jaksche admitted he was Bella.^[29]

Trial

In January 2013, the Operacion Puerto trial went underway, and Eufemiano Fuentes offered to reveal the names of all the athletes who were his clients. Julia Santamaria, the judge presiding the trial, told Fuentes that he was not under obligations to name any athlete other than the cyclists implicated. Fuentes stated that he supplied athletes in other sports with drugs and said: "I could identify all the samples [of blood]. If you give me a list I could tell you who corresponds to each code on the [blood] packs."^[30]

On the 30 April 2013 Fuentes was found guilty and given a one-year suspended prison sentence. The judge also ruled on a request to hand over blood bags to the Spanish Anti-Doping Agency. The judge ordered the blood bags destroyed, but the anti-doping agency has appealed.^[31] Additional appeals were filed by the Union Cycliste Internationale, the Italian National Olympic Committee and the World Anti-Doping Agency, as well as by the prosecution.^[32] On 14 June 2016, the original verdict against Fuentes was overruled and he was cleared of all charges. However, 211 blood bags from his laboratory are set to be handed over to anti-doping authorities for investigation.^[33]

List of athletes named

According to the Guardia Civil,^{[18] [34] [35]} the following athletes have been named.

Cyclists

Teams

Astana–Würth

• Alberto Contador – removed from the case by Spanish courts (26 July 2006).^[20]

• Allan Davis – removed from the case by Spanish courts (26 July 2006),^[20] investigation closed by the Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority (14 December).^[36]

• Joseba Beloki – removed from the case by Spanish courts (26 July 2006).^[20]

• David Etxebarría

• Isidro Nozal – removed from the case by Spanish courts (26 July 2006).^[20]

• Unai Osa

• Sérgio Paulinho – removed from the case by Spanish courts (26 July 2006).^[20]

• Michele Scarponi – admitted he is Zapatero in Fuentes' files.^[37] Scarponi was suspended on 16 May 2007.^[38]

• Marcos Serrano

• Ángel Vicioso

Comunidad Valenciana

• Vicente Ballester – removed from the case by Spanish courts (28 July 2006).^[39]

• David Bernabeu – removed from the case by Spanish courts (28 July 2006).^[39]

• David Blanco – removed from the case by Spanish courts (28 July 2006).^[39]

• José Adrián Bonilla – removed from the case by Spanish courts (28 July 2006).^[39]

• Juan Gomis – removed from the case by Spanish courts (28 July 2006).^[39]

• Eladio Jiménez – removed from the case by Spanish courts (28 July 2006).^[39]

• David Latasa – removed from the case by Spanish courts (28 July 2006).^[39]

• Javier Pascual Rodríguez – removed from the case by Spanish courts (28 July 2006).^[39]

• Rubén Plaza – removed from the case by Spanish courts (28 July 2006).^[39]

Others in the cycling world

AG2R Prévoyance

• Francisco Mancebo – initially retired from cycling,^[40] but having severed ties with AG2R,^[41] joined Spanish professional continental team Relax–GAM.^[42] In 2009 he raced with USA-based Rock Racing.

Caisse d'Epargne-Illes Balears

• Constantino Zaballa

• Alejandro Valverde – the source of blood marked VALV.(PITI) (Piti being believed to be the name of Valverde's dog at the time).^[43] Valverde was suspended from racing in Italy from May 2009, and in May 2010 a two year suspension, backdated to 1 January 2010, was applied.

Team CSC

• Ivan Basso – Basso's contract with CSC was terminated by mutual agreement on 18 October 2006.^[44] On 27 October 2006 the case was dropped by the Federazione Ciclistica Italiana due to lack of evidence,^[45] and he was then employed in December 2006 by Discovery Channel.^[46] On 24 April 2007 Basso was suspended by Discovery Channel when the Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI) reopened his case. On 1 May 2007 Basso requested to be released from his Discovery Channel contract. This was granted.^[47] Basso attended a hearing on 2 May,^[48] and on 7 May 2007, admitted that he was Birillo.^[28] Basso was suspended on 16 May 2007.

• Fränk Schleck – Schleck admitted transferring nearly 7000 euros to a bank account held by Dr. Fuentes, but denied any doping or personal contact with Fuentes.^[49]

Phonak Hearing Systems

• José Ignacio Gutiérrez

• José Enrique Gutiérrez

• Santiago Botero – case dropped by disciplinary committee of the Federación Colombiana de Ciclismo (2 October 2006).^[50]

Rabobank

• Thomas Dekker – confirmed he was codename "Classicomano Luigi" (number 24). A reference to cycling coach Luigi Cecchini

Saunier Duval–Prodir

• Carlos Zárate

• Koldo Gil

T-Mobile Team

• Óscar Sevilla – codename Sevillano.

• Jan Ullrich – DNA tests confirmed that the 9 bags that were marked Jan, number 1 or Hijo Rudicio (Son of Rudy) all contained Jan Ullrich's blood.^[27] An alleged doping plan was published in the newspaper, Süddeutsche Zeitung, where Ullrich's suspected doping during the first week of the 2005 Tour de France was described.^[51] In 2013, Ullrich admitting to cooperate with Dr. Fuentes saying it was a mistake.^[52]

Tinkoff Credit Systems

• Tyler Hamilton – at the time of the initial investigation, Hamilton was suspended for a prior doping offence. Politiken, a Danish newspaper, published details of alleged doping diary of Hamilton during the 2003 season when he rode for Team CSC. It described intake of EPO, growth hormones, testosterone and insulin on 114 days during the 200-day season of 2003.^[53] According to allegations originally published in El País, Hamilton is to have paid over €43,000 to Fuentes and that in 2003 Hamilton took erythropoietin, blood transfusions, growth hormone, a hormone taken by menopausal women and anabolic steroids.^[54]

• Jörg Jaksche – at the time of the initial investigation, Jaksche rode for Astana-Würth. On 30 June 2007, Jaksche admitted to Der Spiegel that he used Fuentes' services. He said that he was Bella, or number 20. Jaksche had been under suspension by Tinkoff Credit Systems since May.

Unibet

• Carlos García Quesada

Already retired or suspended

• Michele Bartoli – on 25 May 2007 La Gazzetta dello Sport reported that Bartoli was connected to Fuentes with the code name Sansone. Bartoli has not commented on this accusation.^[55]
• Ángel Casero
• Roberto Heras
• Santiago Pérez
• Marco Pantani (deceased) Corriere della Sera reported that Pantani was connected to Fuentes with the code name PTNI in 2003.^[56]
• Mario Cipollini, Fuentes' codename "Maria", according to the Gazzetta dello Sport.^[57]

Other athletes

On 5 July 2006, Fuentes was indignant that only cyclists had been named and said he also worked with tennis and football players.^[2] On 27 July 2006, IAAF was assured by Spanish prosecutors that no track and field athletes were involved.^[58] On 23 September 2006, former cyclist Jesús Manzano told reporters from France 3 that he had seen "well-known footballers" from La Liga visit the offices of Dr Fuentes.^[59]

In May 2007 Sepp Blatter, president of FIFA, at a World Anti-Doping Agency meeting in Montreal, was reportedly interested in the contents "of the Puerto file".^[60] Le Monde had reported in December 2006 that they had possession of documents of Fuentes detailing "seasonal preparation plans" for Spanish football clubs FC Barcelona and Real Madrid. These plans did not specifically name any players.^[61] No other athletes had been named.

It had also been discovered that Fuentes received over €327,000 annually from Real Sociedad. The documentation of the doctor also contained the inscriptions "RSOC" a couple of times and "Cuentas [bills] Asti" which most probably stands for Astiazarán, president of the club from 2001 to 2005. In the 2002–03 La Liga season Real Sociedad finished second in the Spanish League, missing the championship by two points.^{[62] [63]}

Notes and References

1. http://service.spiegel.de/cache/international/spiegel/0,1518,425939,00.html Inside the Blood Doping Investigation
2. http://www.elpais.es/articulo/deportes/Fuentes/indigna/filtracion/selectiva/elppordep/20060705elpepidep_23/Tes/ Fuentes: "Me indigna la filtración selectiva"
3. News: It can kill, but blood doping is in vogue again. Guardian.co.uk. 2008-04-01 . London . William . Fotheringham . September 22, 2004.
4. Web site: More revelations from Manzano . Cyclingnews.com. 2008-03-28.
5. Web site: Manzano investigation widens. Cyclingnews.com. 2008-03-28.
6. Web site: Everyone clean. Cyclingnews.com. 2008-03-28.
7. Jeff Jones, Saiz arrested on doping charges, CyclingNews, 23 May 2006
8. Les Clarke, Spanish cycling speaks out over Saiz, CyclingNews, 24 May 2006
9. Anthony Tan, Hernan Alvarez, Liberty Seguros terminate contract, CyclingNews, 25 May 2006
10. Anthony Tan, Susan Westemeyer, All T-Mobile riders must deny involvement, CyclingNews, 31 May 2006
11. Jeff Jones, Phonak sidelines Botero and Gutierrez, CyclingNews, 2 June 2006
12. Jeff Jones, Astana-Würth out of Tour?, CyclingNews, 26 June 2006
13. Anthony Tan Comunidad Valenciana DS resigns, CyclingNews, 1 June 2006
14. Jeff Jones, Sáiz's team becomes Astana-Würth, CyclingNews, 3 June 2006
15. Antonio J. Salmerón, Comunidad Valenciana's Tour invite withdrawn, CyclingNews, 13 June 2006
16. Andrew Hood, Vuelta dis-invites Comunidad Valenciana, VeloNews, 27 July 2006
17. Hedwig Kröner, Antonio J. Salmerón, Spanish media uncover Operación Puerto investigation details, Spanish championships not ridden after rider protest, CyclingNews, 26 June 2006
18. Jeff Jones, Ullrich, Sevilla and Pevenage suspended, The list gets longer, CyclingNews, 30 June 2006
19. Associated Press, EPO found in bags of blood seized in doping investigation, International Herald Tribune, November 24, 2006
20. Andrew Hood, Astana 5' cleared by Spanish courts, VeloNews, 26 July 2006
21. Laura Weislo, Susan Westemeyer, Puerto court orders Spanish federation not to act, CyclingNews, 8 October 2006
22. Mark Kreidler, Ullrich may be free, but damage is done, ESPN.com, 27 October 2006
23. Laura Weislo, Spanish federation drops Operación Puerto cases, CyclingNews, 28 October 2006
24. Agence France-Presse, McQuaid frustrated by Puerto investigation, VeloNews, 28 October 2006
25. https://web.archive.org/web/20071027092426/http://www.lequipe.fr/Cyclisme/20061028_112949Dev.html Provisoirement classée
26. http://www.velonews.com/news/fea/11867.0.html Puerto inquiry dropped, Spanish papers report
27. http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news.php?id=news/2007/apr07/apr04news Puerto blood confirmed to be Ullrich's
28. Web site: Basso admits role in doping scandal . Ariel . David . AP News . 2007-05-08 . 2007-05-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070509113145/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070507/ap_on_sp_ot/cyc_basso_doping . 2007-05-09 . dead .
29. Nesha Starcevic, German rider Joerg Jaksche admits blood doping from Spanish doctor, International Herald Tribune, June 30, 2007
30. News: Spanish doctor Eufemiano Fuentes told he does not have reveal athletes he treated in doping inquiry. The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group Limited. 30 January 2013. 31 January 2013. Jacquelin Magnay.
31. News: Eufemiano Fuentes handed one-year prison sentence. https://archive.today/20130505121537/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/cycling/10027763/Eufemiano-Fuentes-handed-one-year-prison-sentence.html. dead. 5 May 2013. The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group Limited. 30 April 2013. 30 April 2013. Fiona Govan.
32. News: Operation Puerto: Wada to appeal against blood bags destruction. BBC. 17 May 2013. 23 May 2013.
33. Web site: Fotheringham. Alasdair. Operacion Puerto blood bags to be handed over to anti-doping authorities. cyclingsnews.com. 17 June 2016. 14 June 2016.
34. https://www.lequipe.fr/Cyclisme/20060630_104027Dev.html Dopage - La liste des coureurs cités
35. http://www.spiegel.de/sport/sonst/0,1518,424445,00.html Von Basso bis Ullrich
36. http://www.cycling.org.au/Content/NavigationMenu/News_and_Media/2006MediaReleases/061216_Davis_case_cl.htm Davis case closed
37. News: Joe. Lindsay . Boulder Report : Half Measures. Bicycling.com. Rodale . 2007-05-09. 2007-05-10 .
38. News: Basso and Scarponi suspended. CyclingNews.com . 2007-05-16. 2007-05-25 .
39. Antonio J. Salmerón, Comunidad Valenciana riders get all clear, CyclingNews, 30 July 2006
40. News: Mancebo ends career . Cyclingnews.com . 2007-01-25 . 2006-06-30.
41. News: Mancebo breaks with AG2R . 2006-12-05 . 2007-01-25 . Cyclingnews.com . Anthony . Tan.
42. News: Mancebo starts season . Cyclingnews.com . 2007-01-25 . 2007-01-23.
43. News: No EPO in Basso's blood bags but different for Valverde . Cyclingnews.com . 2007-01-25 . 2007-01-23.
44. http://www.team-csc.com/ny_news.asp?n_id=1116 Ivan Basso To Leave Team CSC
45. Tim Maloney, Gregor Brown, Basso officially cleared in Operación Puerto, CyclingNews, 27 October 2006
46. Gregor Brown, Ivan Basso back on the road - with Discovery Channel, CyclingNews, 3 December 2006
47. http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news.php?id=news/2007/may07/may01news Basso's request to leave Team Discovery Channel is granted
48. http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news.php?id=news/2007/apr07/apr24news3 Basso's Giro participation in doubt
49. http://www.bikeradar.com/news/article/frank-schleck-admits-fuentes-payment-18842 Frank Schleck admits Fuentes payment
50. Andrew Hood, Botero cleared, VeloNews, 2 October 2006
51. Web site: Ullrich's alleged doping plan. Cyclingnews.com. 2008-04-01.
52. News: Jan Ullrich gesteht erstmals Eigenblutdoping. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. 17 June 2016. de. 22 June 2013.
53. Web site: Hamilton's "doping diary" from 2003 published. Cyclingnews.com. 2008-04-01.
54. News: Vinokourov team expelled from Tour de France. Guardian.co.uk. 2008-04-03 . London . William . Fotheringham . 28 June 2006.
55. News: Italian paper reports Bartoli is 'Sansone' . Cyclingnews.com . 2007-05-25 . 2007-05-25.
56. Web site: Pantani, a Fuentes patient too . Cyclingnews.com . 2008-04-01.
57. News: Report: Cipollini used 25 blood bags before 2003 Giro d'Italia. CyclingNews. 10 February 2013. 10 February 2013.
58. http://www.marca.com/edicion/marca/atletismo/es/desarrollo/675296.html No hay atletas implicados en la 'Operación Puerto'
59. Antonio J. Salmerón, Manzano: "Well-known footballers" also clients of Fuentes also paul tiernan goes every day, CyclingNews, 24 September 2006
60. News: FIFA wants Puerto documents . 2007-05-15 . 2007-05-15 . Cyclingnews.com.
61. News: Spanish soccer clubs linked to Fuentes? . 2006-12-08 . 2007-05-15 . Cyclingnews.com . Hedwig . Kröner . Stokes, Shane.
62. Web site: English . Tom . 2013-02-07 . Spanish football clouded by doping claims . 2022-08-13 . www.scotsman.com .
63. Web site: 2013-02-04 . Los papeles de Eufemiano Fuentes demuestran que la Real Sociedad compró sustancias dopantes . 2022-08-13 . Republica.com . es.