Opera (web browser) explained

Opera
Developer:Opera
Released:[1]
Programming Language:C++[2]
Operating System:Windows 10 or later,[3] macOS, Linux, (Formerly FreeBSD, Nintendo Wii, Nintendo DS, and Nintendo DS Lite)
Engines:Blink (formerly Presto), V8
Language Count:42
Genre:Web browser
License:Freeware
Website:Opera.com

Opera is a multi-platform web browser developed by its namesake company Opera.[4] [5] [6] The current edition of the browser is based on Chromium. Opera is available on Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, and iOS (Safari WebKit engine).[7] [8] Two mobile versions are still active, called Opera Mobile[9] and Opera Mini.[10] [11] Opera also has a news aggregator app called Opera News with an AI search-engine.[12]

Opera was initially released on 10 April 1995, making it one of the oldest desktop web browsers to ever exist. It was commercial software for its first ten years and had its own proprietary layout engine, Presto. In 2013, it switched from the Presto engine to Chromium. In 2016, Opera, developed in Norway, became a subsidiary of an investment group led by a Chinese consortium.[13] In 2018, Opera Software went public on the NASDAQ stock exchange. By the end of 2022, the consortium sold all of its shares, and Opera in turn committed to repurchase all of its American Depository Shares to reestablish its corporate autonomy.[14] [15] As of the end of 2023, Opera Software was 72.4% owned by Kunlun, a Chinese public company, making it a subsidiary of that company. Opera CEO James Yahui Zhou is a controlling shareholder in Kunlun.[16]

In 2019, Opera introduced Opera GX, a browser marketed towards gamers, claiming to have better performance and a built-in tracker and ad blocker and also has a CPU and RAM usage limiter.[17]

History

See main article: History of the Opera web browser.

In 1994, Jon Stephenson von Tetzchner and Geir Ivarsøy started developing the Opera web browser while working at Telenor, a Norwegian telecommunications company.[18] [19]

In 1995, they founded Opera Software AS.[20] Opera was initially released on 10 April 1995, and then it was released publicly in 1996 with version 2.10,[21] which ran on Microsoft Windows 95.[22] Development for mobile device platforms started in 1998.[23]

Opera 4.0, released in 2000,[21] included a new cross-platform core that facilitated the creation of editions of Opera for multiple operating systems and platforms.[24]

To this point, Opera was trialware and had to be purchased after the trial period. With version 5.0, released in 2000, Opera became ad-sponsored, displaying ads to users who had not paid for it.[25] Subsequent versions have given users the choice of seeing banner ads or targeted text ads from Google.

With version 8.5, released in 2005, the ads were completely removed, and the browser's primary financial support came through revenue from Google (by contract, Opera's default search engine).[26]

Among new features introduced in version 9.1, released in 2006, was fraud protection using technology from GeoTrust, a digital certificate provider, and PhishTank, an organization that tracks known phishing web sites.[27] This feature was further expanded in version 9.5, when GeoTrust was replaced with Netcraft, and malware protection from Haute Secure was added.[28]

In 2006, Opera Software ASA was released as well as Nintendo DS Browser and Internet Channel for Nintendo's DS and Wii gaming systems, respectively, which were Opera-based browsers.[29] [30] [31] [32]

A new JavaScript engine, called Carakan (after the Javanese alphabet), was introduced with version 10.50.[33] According to Opera Software, it made Opera 10.50 more than seven times faster in SunSpider than Opera 10.10.[34] [35] [36]

On 16 December 2010, Opera 11 was released, featuring extensions,[37] tab stacking (where dragging one tab over another allowed creating a group of tabs), visual mouse gestures and changes to the address bar.[38] Opera 12 was released on 14 June 2012.[39]

On 12 February 2013, Opera Software announced that it would drop its own Presto layout engine in favor of WebKit as implemented by Google's Chrome browser, using code from the Chromium project. Opera Software planned as well to contribute code to WebKit.[40] On 3 April 2013, Google announced it would fork components from WebKit to form a new layout engine, Blink. That day, Opera Software confirmed it would follow Google in implementing Blink.[41]

On 28 May 2013, a beta release of Opera 15 was made available,[42] the first version based on the Chromium project.[43] [44] Many distinctive Opera features of the previous versions were dropped, and Opera Mail was separated into a standalone application derived from Opera 12.[45]

In 2016, Opera was acquired by an investment group led by a Chinese consortium, the consortium included several Chinese companies such as Kunlun Tech and Qihoo 360. On July 27, 2018, Opera Software went public on the NASDAQ stock exchange, raising $115 million in its initial public offering.[46] Opera began repurchasing its shares in 2022 following the closure of 360 Security Technology Inc. that year.[47] [48]

In January 2017, the source code of Opera 12.15, one of the last few versions still based on the Presto layout engine, was leaked.[49]

To demonstrate how radically different a browser could look, Opera Neon, dubbed a "concept browser", was released in January 2017. PC World compared it to demo models that automakers and hardware vendors release to show their visions of the future. Instead of a Speed Dial Browsing feature it displays the frequently accessed websites in resemblance to a desktop with computer icons scattered over it in an artistic formation.[50] [51]

On 10 May 2017, Opera 45 was released. Notably this was the last version of the browser compatible with 32-bit Linux distributions, with later versions requiring a 64-bit Linux distribution. This version, inspired by the previous Opera Neon design, was called "Opera Reborn" and which redoes parts of the user interface, such as adding light and dark modes, and integrates the messenger applications Facebook Messenger, WhatsApp, and Telegram. Additionally, new ad-blocking settings were added along with security changes.[52]

On 4 January, 2018, Opera 50 was released. This version updated the browser to utilize the built-in ad blocker to provide cryptocurrency mining protection that stops sites from running scripts that attempt to use the CPU to mine cryptocurrency. Additionally the browser added Chromecast support, VR support enhancements, saving pages as PDFs, and improved VPN performance with region-based locations rather than country-based.[53]

On 9 April 2019, Opera 60 was released. This version, codenamed Reborn 3, focused on moving the browser towards a more minimal design, further improving the free VPN service, and was marketed as being the "World's first Web3 ready browser", as it included out of the box integrations with blockchain and cryptocurrency applications.[54]

On 21 May 2019, Opera GX is announced and opened for early-access. The only information available in this announcement is that the browser would be a special version of the browser aimed at those who play games. The early-access program was opened on 11 June 2019.[55] [56]

On 24 June 2021, Opera 77, codenamed Opera R5 was released. As one of the larger updates to the browser, it added more music streaming services in the sidebar, integrating native support for Apple Music, Spotify, YouTube Music, Tidal, SoundCloud, and Gaana. The "Pinboards" feature was also added, letting users create a shareable collection of websites, images, links, and notes in a visual form. A video popout feature was also added for video conferencing, which happens automatically when switching tabs, popping out of the window when navigating away and popping back in when navigating back.[57] Later, in Opera 83 released on 19 January 2022, this feature would be implemented for all video players, not just video conferencing platforms.[58]

On 31 Jan 2023, Opera announced that given the discontinuation of support for Windows 7 and 8.1 by Microsoft, Chromium based browsers are also ending support, so Opera will no longer get updates on those versions, but older versions will continue to function on those versions of Windows.[59]

On 22 March 2023, Opera and Opera GX incorporated features with AI-powered tools. These features include AI Prompts that are suggested to the user, and sidebar access to ChatGPT and ChatSonic. The prompts show up on sites that contain content like articles, offering to shorten the text or summarize them.[60]

On 20 June 2023, Opera launched Opera 100, codenamed Opera One, a version of the browser built from the ground up around AI which was unveiled on 25 April 2023. This browser includes a native AI called Aria, a GPT-based AI engine that was developed collaboratively with OpenAI that sifts through web information, generates text and code, and much more in the browser. Tab islands were also introduced, allowing browser tabs to be grouped together, bookmarked, collapsed, and more. Major UI changes were made, and a Multithreaded Compositor was introduced, allowing the browser to function and render in animations much smoother than it was previously capable.[61] [62] [63]

Features

See main article: Features of the Opera web browser.

Opera has originated features later adopted by other web browsers, including: Speed Dial, pop-up blocking, reopening recently closed pages, private browsing, and tabbed browsing.[64] [65] Additional features include a built-in screenshot tool, Snapshot, which also includes an image-markup tool;[66] built-in ad blockers, and tracking blockers.[67]

Usability and accessibility

Opera includes a bookmarks bar and a download manager. It also has "Speed Dial" which allows the user to add an unlimited number of pages shown in thumbnail form in a page displayed when a new tab is opened.[68]

Opera was one of the first browsers to support Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) in 1998.[69]

Opera Turbo, a feature that compresses requested web pages (except HTTPS pages) before sending them to the users,[70] is no longer available on the desktop browser. Opera Turbo is available in Opera Mini, the mobile browser.[71]

Privacy and security

See also: Browser security.

One security feature is the option to delete private data, such as HTTP cookies, browsing history, items in cache and passwords with the click of a button.[72]

When visiting a site, Opera displays a security badge in the address bar which shows details about the website, including security certificates.[73] Opera's fraud and malware protection warns the user about suspicious web pages and is enabled by default. It checks the requested page against several databases of known phishing and malware websites, called blacklists.[73]

In 2016, a free virtual private network (VPN) service was implemented in the browser.[74] Opera said that this would allow encrypted access to websites otherwise blocked, and provide security on public WiFi networks.[75] [76] It was later determined that the browser VPN operated as a web proxy rather than a VPN, meaning that it only secured connections made by the browser and not by any other apps on the computer.[77]

Crypto-wallet support

In 2018, a built-in cryptocurrency wallet to the Opera Web Browser was released,[78] announcing that they would be the first browser with a built-in Crypto Wallet.[79] On 13 December 2018, Opera released a video showing many decentralized applications like Cryptokitties running on the Android version of the Opera Web Browser.[80]

In March 2020, Opera updated its Android browser to access .crypto domains (IPFS), making it the first browser to be able to support a domain name system (DNS) which is not part of the traditional DNS directly without the need of a plugin or add-on.[81] This was through a collaboration with a San Francisco based startup, Unstoppable Domains.[82] [83] In 2021 iOS and desktop versions have support of IPFS.[84]

In January 2022, Opera introduced Opera Crypto Browser into public beta, combining a non-custodial wallet with a dedicated browser for blockchain-enabled services and Web3 technologies.[85] On 14 April 2022, Opera launched its Crypto Browser available on iOS devices.[86] As of 2023, Opera Crypto Browser has been discontinued, with the browser's features being integrated into Opera and Opera GX.

AI chatbot

In 2023, Opera added an AI chatbot which it calls Aria, into the browser. This is powered by Opera's Composer AI engine and connects to OpenAI's GPT model.

Other versions

Opera GX

Opera GX
Screenshot Size:300px
Ver Layout:stacked
Operating System:Windows 10 or later
macOS 10.13 or later
Android 9.0 or later
iOS 15.5 or later
Developer:Opera Software Poland
Genre:Web browser
License:Freeware
Engines:Blink, V8

Opera GX is a gaming-oriented alternative to Opera. The browser was announced on 21 May 2019 and released in early access for Windows on 11 June 2019, during E3 2019. The macOS version was released in December of the same year.[87] [88] [89]

Opera GX adds features geared toward gamers and other audiences, with the regular Opera browser features included. The limiter allows users to limit network, CPU, and memory usage to preserve system resources. GX Cleaner is a tool that is said to allow users to clear cache, cookies, and other unwanted files etc. The browser also adds integrations with other websites such as Twitch, Discord, Twitter, and Instagram. The browser also has a built-in page called the GX Corner, which combines gaming-related releases, deals, and news articles.[90] [91] [92]

On 5 September 2019, Opera won a Red Dot award in the Interface and User Experience Design category for Opera GX. Around the same time, Opera GX also marked its first one million downloads.[93]

On 20 May 2021, a mobile version of Opera GX was released on iOS and Android.[94]

On 12 November of the same year, Opera GX Mobile was awarded another Red Dot award in both the Apps category and the Interface and User Experience Design: Mobile UIs category.[95]

On August 19, 2023, Opera GX introduced a VTuber named GX Aura for their social media accounts; she later became the mascot for the browser.[96]

On November 28 of the same year, Opera GX launched a new advertising campaign titled "Bury Boring", featuring actor and comedian Eric André smashing and burying computers not using Opera GX.[97] The advertising campaign also included a splash screen whenever the browser is launched during the campaign with slashing sounds and André yelling out the browser's name. While well received by many of its user base, many criticized Opera GX's actions. In the browser's subreddit, many users complained about the loud volume of the splash screen and that the splash screen could not be bypassed unless the execution file was deleted.[98] [99] [100] [101]

Development stages

Opera Software uses a release cycle consisting of three "streams", corresponding to phases of development, that can be downloaded and installed independently of each other: "developer", "beta", and "stable". New features are first introduced in the developer build, then, depending on user feedback, may progress to the beta version and eventually be released.[102]

The developer stream allows early testing of new features, mainly targeting developers, extension creators, and early adopters. Opera developer is not intended for everyday browsing as it is unstable and is prone to failure or crashing, but it enables advanced users to try out new features that are still under development, without affecting their normal installation of the browser. New versions of the browser are released frequently, usually a few times a week.[103]

The beta stream, formerly known as "Opera Next", is a feature complete package, allowing stability and quality to mature before the final release. A new version is released every couple of weeks.[104] Both streams can be installed alongside the official release without interference. Each has a different icon to help the user distinguish between the variants.[105]

Market adoption

Integrations

In 2005, Adobe Systems integrated Opera's rendering engine, Presto, into its Adobe Creative Suite applications. Opera technology was employed in Adobe GoLive, Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Dreamweaver, and other components of the Adobe Creative Suite.[106] [107] Opera's layout engine is also found in Virtual Mechanics SiteSpinner Pro.[108] The Internet Channel is a version of the Opera 9 web browser for use on the Nintendo Wii created by Opera Software and Nintendo.[109] Opera Software is also implemented in the Nintendo DS Browser and Nintendo DSi Browser for Nintendo's handheld systems.

Opera is the fifth most popular web-browser.[110] As of April 2021, Opera's offerings had over 320 million active users.[111]

Reception

The Opera browser has been listed as a "tried and tested direct alternative to Chrome".[112] It scores close to Chrome on the HTML5test, which scores browsers' compatibility with different web standards.[113]

Versions with the Presto layout engine have been positively reviewed,[114] [115] [116] although they have been criticized for website compatibility issues.[117] [118] Because of this issue, Opera 8.01 and higher had included workarounds to help certain popular but problematic web sites display properly.[119] [120]

Versions with the Blink layout engine have been criticized by some users for missing features such as UI customization, and for abandoning Opera Software's own Presto layout engine.[121] [122] [123] [124] Despite that, versions with the Blink layout engine have been noted for being fast and stable, for handling the latest web standards and for having a better website compatibility and a modern-style user interface.[125] [126] [127]

See also

Opera browser platform variants:

Related other browsers:

Related topics:

Notes and References

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  2. Web site: Vincent . Lextrait . The Programming Languages Beacon, v10.3 . July 2010 . 11 June 2014 . dead . https://archive.today/20120530/http://www.lextrait.com/Vincent/implementations.html . 30 May 2012.
  3. Web site: Opera system requirements. Opera Software. 22 March 2018.
  4. Web site: About Opera – Innovation is our game – Opera. www.opera.com.
  5. Web site: Opera Limited American Depositary Shares (OPRA). NASDAQ.com.
  6. Web site: Chinese consortium buys Opera browser for $600 mn. phys.org. en-us. 2019-04-23.
  7. Web site: Russell . Jon . Opera Touch is a solid alternative to Safari on the iPhone . . 1 July 2024 . 2 October 2018.
  8. Web site: 2020-04-17. Best web browser 2020: Chrome, Edge, Firefox, and Opera go head-to-head. 2020-11-12. PCWorld. en.
  9. Web site: Opera update uses QR codes to sync data between PC and Android browsers. 2020-11-20. Engadget. 23 September 2020 . en.
  10. Book: Brügger. Niels. The SAGE Handbook of Web History. Milligan. Ian. 2018-12-10. SAGE. 978-1-5264-5546-8. en.
  11. Web site: Lardinois . Frederic . Opera launches a new mobile browser . . 1 July 2024 . 25 April 2018.
  12. Web site: 2020-06-09. Opera News Sets a New Record With 200 Million Users. 2021-01-14. MarTech Series. en-US.
  13. News: Opera Golden Brick . NY Times. 10 February 2016.
  14. Web site: Opera Announces $50 Million Share Repurchase Program . PR Newswire . Opera Limited . 21 March 2024 . English . 20 January 2022 . The Company plans to fund repurchases from its existing cash balance. Under the Program, the Company may repurchase its ADSs from time to time. .
  15. News: Opera completes repurchase of shares from 360 . 21 March 2024 . PR Newswire . PR Newswire . Opera Limited . 17 October 2022 . English . 360 has sold all its 46.75 million shares, the equivalent of 23.4 million ADSs or a 20.6% ownership stake in Opera, and is no longer a shareholder in Opera. 360's representative on Opera's Board of Directors, Mr. Hongyi Zhou, has also resigned with immediate effect..
  16. Web site: ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 . 2024-07-13 . www.sec.gov . UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION . en.
  17. News: Newman . Heather . Opera GX: Hands On With Opera's Slick, Speedy New Gaming Web Browser . 22 May 2024 . . June 11, 2019.
  18. Web site: 2020-02-14. From Norwegian research project to global multiplatform browser. Opera company profile. 2020-10-01. Adsider.
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  21. Web site: Affiliated Organization of Firefox and Mozilla. Mozilla Foundation. Mozilla Japan. 2006. 5 September 2010.
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  30. Nintendo DS Browser available to North American market. Opera Software. 8 June 2007. 11 June 2014.
  31. A Web Revolution in the Living room: Opera partners with Nintendo to put browser on the Wii game console. Opera Software. 10 May 2006. 11 June 2014.
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  37. Web site: Opera 11 alpha out: developers, start your extension engines . Emil . Protalinski . 21 October 2010 . Ars Technica.
  38. Web site: Opera 11.00 for Windows changelog. 11 June 2014. Opera Software.
  39. Web site: Opera 12.00 for Windows Changelog. Opera Software. 14 June 2012. 11 June 2014. https://archive.today/20120908/http://www.opera.com/docs/changelogs/windows/1200/. 8 September 2012. dead.
  40. Web site: Hey Presto, Opera switches to WebKit. Ars Technica. 13 February 2013. Condé Nast. 4 April 2013.
  41. Web site: Google going its own way, forking WebKit rendering engine. Ars Technica. 3 April 2013. Condé Nast. 4 April 2013.
  42. https://web.archive.org/web/20130607181604/http://my.opera.com/desktopteam/blog/opera-next-15-0-released Opera Desktop Team – Opera Next 15 Released!
  43. https://web.archive.org/web/20130607164906/http://my.opera.com/ODIN/blog/2013/05/28/a-first-peek-at-opera-15-for-computers Opera Developer News – A first peek at Opera 15 for Computers
  44. http://www.webpronews.com/the-chromium-powered-opera-is-finally-here-2013-05 The Chromium-Powered Opera Is Finally Here
  45. http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/05/opera-splits-mail-app-bringing-it-to-linux Standalone Opera Mail Client Coming to Linux
  46. News: Opera browser raises $115 million in initial public offering. Shankland. Stephen. July 27, 2018. CNET. July 27, 2018.
  47. News: Opera Announces $50 Million Share Repurchase Program . 21 March 2024 . PR Newswire . PR Newswire . Opera Limited . 20 January 2022 . English . The Company plans to fund repurchases from its existing cash balance. Under the Program, the Company may repurchase its ADSs from time to time..
  48. Web site: Opera completes repurchase of shares from 360 . PR Newswire . Opera Limited . 21 March 2024 . English . 17 October 2022 . 360 has sold all its 46.75 million shares, the equivalent of 23.4 million ADSs or a 20.6% ownership stake in Opera, and is no longer a shareholder in Opera. 360's representative on Opera's Board of Directors, Mr. Hongyi Zhou, has also resigned with immediate effect. .
  49. https://www.reddit.com/r/operabrowser/comments/5nk69m/presto_engine_source_code_available_on_github/ Presto engine source code available on GitHub
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  51. Web site: Opera Neon . . 11 January 2017 . Michael . Muchmore.
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  53. Web site: Kolondra . Krystian . 2018-01-04 . New year, new browser. Opera 50 introduces anti-Bitcoin mining tool . 2024-03-29 . Opera Desktop.
  54. Web site: Czajka . Joanna . 2019-04-09 . Opera introduces Reborn 3, the first desktop browser with Web 3, faster VPN and ad blocker . 2024-03-29 . Opera Desktop.
  55. Web site: Kocemba . Maciej . 2019-05-21 . Sign up to get early access to Opera GX, Opera's first gaming browser . 2024-03-29 . Opera Desktop.
  56. Web site: Kocemba . Maciej . 2019-06-11 . Opera opens early access to Opera GX, the world's first gaming browser . 2024-03-29 . Opera Desktop.
  57. Web site: Kocemba . Maciej . 2021-06-24 . Opera ships major new version of its desktop browser, codenamed R5 . 2024-03-29 . Opera Desktop.
  58. Web site: Mielczarczyk . Kornelia . 2022-01-19 . Opera 83 . 2024-03-29 . Opera Desktop.
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  61. Web site: Czajka . Joanna . 2023-04-25 . Opera unveils Opera One, an entirely redesigned browser . 2024-03-29 . Opera Desktop.
  62. Web site: Czajka . Joanna . 2023-06-20 . The future of browsing: Opera One, the first AI-powered browser is ready for download . 2024-03-29 . Opera Desktop.
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