| Ipa Symbol: | ʌ |
| Ipa Number: | 314 |
| Decimal: | 652 |
| Xsampa: | V |
| Kirshenbaum: | V |
| Imagefile: | IPA Unicode 0x028C.svg |
| Braille: | 346 |
pronounced as /vowels/
The open-mid back unrounded vowel or low-mid back unrounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is (IPA|ʌ), graphically a rotated lowercase "v" (called a turned V but created as a small-capital (ᴀ) without the crossbar, even though some vendors display it as a real turned v). Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as a "wedge", "caret" or "hat". In transcriptions for English, this symbol is commonly used for the near-open central unrounded vowel and in transcriptions for Danish, it is used for the open back rounded vowel.
| Language | Word | Meaning | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ajië[1] | k'''ë''' | [{{IPA|kʌˀ}}] | 'pot' | Distinct from pronounced as //ə// | ||
| Catalan | Solsonès[2] | Catalan; Valencian: [[Catalan phonology|tard'''a''']] | pronounced as /[ˈtaɾð̞ʌ̃ː]/ | 'afternoon' | Realization of final unstressed pronounced as //ə// | |
| Emilian | most Emilian dialects[3] | Bulåggna | pronounced as /[buˈlʌɲːɐ]/ | 'Bologna' | It corresponds to a sound between pronounced as //ɔ// to pronounced as //ä//; written ò in some spellings | |
| lot | pronounced as /[lʌt]/ | 'lot' | It corresponds to a weakly rounded pronounced as /link/ in all other South African dialects. See South African English phonology | |||
| Natal | ||||||
| thought | pronounced as /[θʌːt]/ | 'thought' | For some speakers it may be rounded and closer. See English phonology | |||
| no | pronounced as /[nʌː]/ | 'no' | May be a diphthong pronounced as /[ʌʊ̯]/ instead. See South African English phonology | |||
| gut | 'gut' | In some dialects, fronted to pronounced as /link/, or fronted and lowered to pronounced as /link/. In Standard Southern British English, pronounced as /[ʌ]/ is increasingly heard in place of pronounced as /link/ to avoid the trap-strut merger. See English phonology and Northern Cities Vowel Shift | ||||
| Inland Northern American | ||||||
| Multicultural London | ||||||
| Newfoundland | ||||||
| Northern East Anglian | ||||||
| Philadelphia | ||||||
| Scottish | ||||||
| Some Estuary English speakers | ||||||
| Some Standard Southern British speakers | ||||||
| Picardy[4] | French: [[French orthography|al'''o'''rs]] | pronounced as /[aˈlʌʀ̥]/ | 'so' | Corresponding to pronounced as //ɔ// in standard French. | ||
| German: [[German orthography|m'''a'''chen]] | pronounced as /[ˈmʌχɴ̩]/ | 'to do' | Allophone of pronounced as //ʌ, ʌː// (which phonetically are central pronounced as /[{{IPAplink|ɜ}}, {{IPAplink|ɜː}}]/) before and after pronounced as //ŋ, kʰ, k, χ, ʁ//. Exact backness varies; it is most posterior before pronounced as //χ, ʁ//. | |||
| Haida: ḵw'''a'''áay | pronounced as /[qʷʰʌʔáːj]/ | 'the rock' | Allophone of pronounced as //a// (sometimes also pronounced as //aː//) after uvular and epiglottal consonants. | |||
| Irish: [[Irish orthography|'''o'''la]] | pronounced as /[ʌl̪ˠə]/ | 'oil' | See Irish phonology | |||
| pronounced as /[ˈɾʌ]/ | 'mark' | Varies between back pronounced as /[ʌ]/ and central pronounced as /link/. | ||||
| Kashmiri | pronounced as /[ʌz]/ | 'today' | Allophone of pronounced as /link/. Used only in monosyllables. Typical of the Srinagar variety. | |||
| pronounced as /[hʌʎ]/ | 'stream' | |||||
| Korean: [[Korean orthography|너]] / neo | pronounced as /[nʌ̹]/ | 'you' | See Korean phonology | |||
| Retracted counterpart of pronounced as //ə//. | ||||||
| Allophone of pronounced as //ə//; can be mid central pronounced as /link/ or close-mid back pronounced as /link/ instead. | ||||||
| असल/asal | pronounced as /[ʌsʌl]/ | 'good' | See Nepali phonology | |||
| Portuguese: [[Portuguese orthography|l'''e'''ite]] | pronounced as /[ˈɫ̪ʌjt̪ɨ̞]/ | 'milk' | Allophone of pronounced as //ɐ// before pronounced as //i// (forming a phonetic diphthong pronounced as /[ʌj]/). Corresponds to pronounced as /link/ in other accents. See Portuguese phonology | |||
| Russian: [[Russian orthography|гол'''о'''ва]]/golová | pronounced as /[ɡəɫ̪ʌˈvä]/ | 'head' | Corresponds to pronounced as /link/ in standard Moscow pronunciation; occurs mostly immediately before stressed syllables. See Russian phonology | |||
| Nasalized. Phonetic realization of the sequence pronounced as //am//, may be pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/ instead. See Tamil phonology | ||||||
| Xavante | pronounced as /[jʌm]/ | 'seed' | The nasal version pronounced as /[ʌ̃]/ also occurs. | |||
Before World War II, the pronounced as //ʌ// of Received Pronunciation was phonetically close to a back vowel pronounced as /[ʌ]/, which has since shifted forward towards pronounced as /link/ (a near-open central unrounded vowel). Daniel Jones reported his speech (southern British) as having an advanced back vowel pronounced as /[ʌ̟]/ between his central pronounced as //ə// and back pronounced as //ɔ//; however, he also reported that other southern speakers had a lower and even more advanced vowel that approached cardinal pronounced as /link/. In American English varieties, such as in the West, the Midwest, and the urban South, the typical phonetic realization of the phoneme pronounced as //ʌ// is an open-mid central pronounced as /link/. Truly backed variants of pronounced as //ʌ// that are phonetically pronounced as /[ʌ]/ can occur in Inland Northern American English, Newfoundland English, Philadelphia English, some of African-American English, and (old-fashioned) white Southern American English in coastal plain and Piedmont areas. However, the letter (IPA|ʌ) is still commonly used to indicate this phoneme, even in the more common varieties with central variants pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/. That may be because of both tradition and some other dialects retaining the older pronunciation.
pronounced as /navigation/