Opal card explained

Location:New South Wales, Australia:
Launched:
  • Adult cards:
  • Child/Youth cards:
  • Senior/Pensioner cards:
  • Concession cards:
  • School student cards:
  • Contactless payment trial:
  • OpalPay:
Service 1:Ferries:
Service 2:Trains:
Service 3:Buses:
Service 4:Light rail:
Sales Location 1:Online
Sales Location 2:Telephone
Sales Location 3:Retailers
Currency:AUD
Stored Value:Pay as you go
Credit Expiry:12 years
Maximum Credit:$250
Automatic Recharge:Available for registered cards
Variant 1:Adult
Variant 2:Child/Youth
Variant 3:Senior/Pensioner
Variant 4:Concession
Variant 5:School student
Variant 6:Employee
Technology 1:Contactless smart card by Cubic MiFare DESFire EV1
Manager:Transport for NSW
Homepage:transportnsw.info/tickets-opal/opal

Opal is a contactless smartcard fare collection system for public transport services in the greater Sydney area and most other urban areas of New South Wales, Australia. Operation of the Opal system is managed by Transport for NSW. First launched in late 2012, Opal is valid on Transport for NSW's metro, train, bus, ferry and light rail services that operate in Sydney and the neighbouring Central Coast, Hunter Region, Blue Mountains, Illawarra and Southern Highlands areas. Opal equipment was designed from the start to support a variety of cards, but launched with the captive Opal cards.

Opal cards are the standard method of paying for fares on the Opal system. The card is a credit card-sized smartcard which includes a microchip and internal RFID aerial, allowing the card to communicate with readers. The microchip enables value to be loaded onto the card, as well as allowing the journey details to be recorded and the appropriate fare deducted from the stored value on the card. Passengers 'tap on' and 'tap off' any services whenever they travel through the public transport network.[1] Opal cards can also be used to pay for fares on selected third party transport services via a facility known as OpalPay.

After a gradual rollout from 2017, the Opal system has accepted contactless payment via credit and debit card and linked devices with the same fares and benefits as an adult Opal card since 2019.

History

See main article: History of public transport ticketing in New South Wales. Sydney has used a number of automated ticketing systems since the opening of the Eastern Suburbs Railway in June 1979. The Sydney Automated Fare Collection System (AFC) was rolled out across all government-run CityRail (train) and State Transit Authority (bus and ferry) services in Greater Sydney between 1988 and 1993. The system featured loose integration between the different modes of transport, a complex fare structure and excluded private operators. By being limited to the services provided by the government agencies, most bus services in the outer western, northern and southern parts of Sydney, plus all bus services of the Blue Mountains, Central Coast, and Illawarra regions were excluded from the system.

A unified brand for the majority of public transport tickets was introduced in April 2010. MyZone was designed to simplify the fare system and remove one of the stumbling blocks to the introduction of a smart card.[2] The AFC system was retained where it was in use, but tickets could also be used on private buses – and subsequently on light rail – by presenting a ticket to the bus driver or tram conductor.

Tcard

A replacement for the AFC based on smart card technology, named Tcard, was first announced by the government in 1996, with the aim of having a system in place before the 2000 Sydney Olympics. The contract was awarded to ERG Group, but was delayed until 2002 due to a lawsuit from the losing bidder Cubic, which was labelled dishonest by the presiding Supreme Court of New South Wales judge.[3]

In 2001, Cubic launched a court action against the government but the case exposed an improper relationship between its then managing director and a RailCorp employee alleged to have leaked tender secrets to Cubic.

Ruling against Cubic in 2002, the NSW Supreme Court judge Michael Adams found it was ''guilty of reprehensible conduct'' and had shown a ''lack of good faith and positive dishonesty'' in the tender process.[3]

The development and rollout of the system was beset with difficulties, leading the government to terminate the contract in November 2007.[4] The government sued ERG for $77 million who counter sued for $215m.[5] The claim was settled in February 2012.[6]

Opal launch

After terminating the Tcard contract, the government quickly moved to reset the smartcard project.[7] It called for expressions of interest for the second attempt at the project in August 2008.[8] In April 2010 the government awarded the contract to the Pearl Consortium, whose members are the Commonwealth Bank, Cubic and Downer EDI.[9] [10] The initial contract ran until September 2024.[11] It was later extended until September 2026.[12]

In September 2011 the new name for the system was announced as 'Opal', chosen from a selection of 665 names. Transport for NSW said Opal was chosen because it was 'uniquely Australian',[13] short, and easy to say. As well as the opal being Australia's national gemstone, the black opal is the New South Wales gemstone symbol.[14]

Rollout

See main article: Opal card rollout dates. The initial Opal rollout commenced on the Neutral Bay to Circular Quay ferry service in late 2012 and was completed two years later when the Inner West Light Rail was added to the network. During this period, Opal was progressively rolled out to all ferry services operating under a New South Wales Government service contract, Sydney suburban and intercity train services, all bus services operating under a Metropolitan or Outer Metropolitan service contract and on Sydney's light rail line.

Mode Rollout commenced Rollout completed
Ferry[15] [16] (Sydney)[17] [18]
(Newcastle)[19]
Train[20] [21] [22]
Bus[23] [24]
Light rail[25] [26] [27] [28]

Withdrawal of paper tickets

Single trip ticket machines were rolled-out during 2016. Opal replaced all pre-existing paper tickets, with these tickets being withdrawn in stages, with the process completed on 1 August 2016:[29]

Services that accept Opal

The Opal network comprises:

Opal will also be accepted on the Parramatta Light Rail network when it opens.

Card and ticket types

Reusable Opal cards come in five different types, each with their own colour. These are: Adult (black), Child/Youth (green), Senior/Pensioner (gold), Concession (silver), Employee (blue) and School (light blue).[36] [37] [38] Reusable Opal cards can be ordered online or over the phone. Adult and Child/Youth cards are also available from retail outlets, such as convenience stores, newsagents, supermarkets and at Service NSW centres.[39] [40]

The Adult fare card was the first card to be released, becoming available in December 2012. On 6 April 2014, the Child/Youth card was made available.[41] These cards had to be ordered either online or over the phone. From 28 July until the end of September 2014, temporary kiosks were set up at major railway stations and shopping centres, as unregistered Adult and Child/Youth cards were made available for the first time.[42] [43] Opal retailers have distributed unregistered Adult and Child/Youth cards since 10 August 2014.[44]

The Senior/Pensioner card was made available for ordering online or by phone on 3 November 2014.[45] [46] Between 11 November and 5 December 2014, temporary kiosks were set up at shopping centres to allow seniors and pensioners to order their Opal cards.[47] The Concession card is available to eligible apprentices, trainees, tertiary students and job seekers.[48] Concession cards became available to tertiary students on 2 February 2015. To be eligible for the Concession Opal, students must be enrolled full-time at a participating institution.[49] Students need to give consent for their institution to share enrolment details with Transport for NSW.[50] [51] [52] As of 14 June 2015 the cards were available for students at over 80 institutions.[53] The Concession Opal became available to eligible NSW job seekers from 29 June 2015.[54] [55]

Free Travel Cards

There are a number of cards that do not have any stored value for individuals with free travel entitlements. These cards are plastic MIFARE Ultralight C cards.

The School card is provided to students with entitlements to free transport to/from school under the School Student Transport Scheme. Owing to the light rail's heritage as a privately run enterprise, free travel for school students was traditionally not available on this mode. The School Opal was introduced on light rail from July 2016.[56]

A grey Opal card is available for holders of a free travel Vision Impaired Person's Travel Pass. The card can be used to open ticket gates at stations and ferry wharves without requiring staff assistance.[57]

Employee cards are used by certain public service employees (e.g. Police, Sydney Trains staff) entitled to free travel on some or all public transport services. Prior to June 2021, employee cards were grey.[58]

Single trip tickets

Non-reusable (single trip) Opal tickets were introduced on 1 August 2016, replacing all remaining paper tickets. These are only valid on the day of purchase for a single trip only, and only two ticket types are available: Adult and Child/Youth.[59] Single ticket prices are significantly higher than the applicable fare on a reloadable card to discourage their use.

Single trip tickets can be bought from top up machines at most train stations, ferry wharves and light rail stops. Tickets issued from these machines are cardboard MIFARE Ultralight C cards.

In the past, single trip tickets were also available on buses. These were simply thermal paper receipts and did not need to be validated. As with prior to Opal, these tickets were not available on PrePay routes or stops.[60] Starting in 2018, PrePay routes became known as 'Opal only' routes and many more routes became designated as 'Opal only', with no tickets sold on board.[61] [62] All remaining routes became Opal only on 25 March 2020 due to COVID concerns.[63]

Contactless payments

A trial supporting direct contactless payments from debit and credit cards was introduced on 6 July 2017. This allows passengers to tap on or off using their card or a mobile device linked to their card's account, thereby removing the need to use an Opal card or ticket. The trial began on the F1 Manly ferry service, initially only for holders of Mastercard contactless cards. All passengers were charged the price of an adult Opal single trip ticket.[64] On 12 March 2018, the trial was expanded to include all Sydney Ferries and Sydney light rail services, and support for Visa and American Express cards was also added.[65] [66] On 26 November 2018, it was further expanded to cover all Sydney Trains and NSW TrainLink intercity services.[67] The contactless fare structure was also changed to charge normal Opal peak hour fares, and support for the daily, weekly and Sunday caps was introduced. However contactless payments could not be used to benefit from or pay for Weekly Travel Rewards, Transfer Discounts, Off-peak train fare discounts, Trip Advantage and free access to Opal park & ride carparks.[67] [68] On 29 July 2019, all Opal benefits except park & ride and on demand services, were extended to contactless payments.[69] [70] The rollout of contactless payment to Opal controlled buses commenced on 2 August 2019 and was complete by the end of September 2019.[71] [72] [73] For detailed rollout information see Contactless rollout on buses.

The technology is based on a system developed by Cubic Transport Systems on licence from Transport for London.[74] [75]

Opal Digital Card

On 8 December 2020, registrations opened to trial an Opal Digital Card where the Opal Card is loaded onto mobile devices such as phones and watches, which can then be used to tap on/tap off, instead of using a physical card. This is available for Adult Opal fares only, initially on Apple and Samsung devices with Android 8.0 or later, with Google devices to be added at a later date. The trial which will run for 12 months, is limited to 10,000 users. It can not be used on OpalPay services or park & ride.[76] [77] [78] The trial ended, with all trial cards disabled and refunded, on 12 December 2021.[79]

Expiry

When originally launched, adult cards were scheduled to expire after nine years.[80] This has since been extended to 12 years.[81]

Fares

Opal integrates ticketing on all modes of public transport; however, it does not fully integrate fares. The fare types for reusable cards and contactless payments are metro/train, bus/light rail and ferry. All modes except ferries offer separate peak period and off-peak fares. All fares are calculated based on the distance travelled and are for single trips only. Opal's non-reusable single trip tickets use the same mode groupings as the standard fares but offer no off-peak fares and are more expensive than the equivalent standard fare.

The following tables list Opal fares:

^= $2.50 cap applies for Senior/Pensioner cardholders

A surcharge is levied when using the two privately operated stations serving Sydney Airport:

As there are no return or periodical options available, reusable Opal cards and contactless payments include a number of caps to reduce the cost for frequent travellers:[82]

Other key discounts include:

Fares have increased on the first Monday in July (although October in 2023) generally matching inflation, but with some adjustment from government directives. The caps for Senior/Pensioner cards, the transfer discount and the Weekly caps (since introduced) have not changed since 2016.

Being a distance-based system, Opal users are required to tap on on all modes & tap off on all modes (apart from the F1 Manly Ferry) to ensure the correct fare is charged. If a user only taps at one end of their journey, a default fare will be charged, corresponding to the maximum fare on that mode of travel. However, a lower default fare applies if it is not possible to reach the maximum fare on the route for which the tap on took place. If the user fails to tap off, the default fare is charged after exceeding the maximum journey time (5 hours for most train trips) or when tapping on at a gated station for the next journey. Users do not need to tap off on the F1 Manly Ferry, as the fare is charged when tapping on.

An off-peak discount applies to encourage travel outside of peak times. This discount originally only applied to train trips only, but from 6 July 2020, it was enabled on bus and light rail as well. The discount is currently set at its original level of 30%. It was temporarily increased to 50% between 6 July and 5 October 2020. Peak times were originally between 07:00 to 09:00 (for Sydney Trains stations), 06:00 to 08:00 (for most intercity stations) and 16:00 to 18:30 (for all stations) on weekdays. Even earlier peak times applied at certain intercity stations located very far from Sydney. Peak times were widened to (6:00 for intercity stations) 6:30 to 10:00 and 15:00 to 19:00 on weekdays on 6 July 2020.[83]

Transport Officers and NSW Police, who randomly patrol services, are equipped with portable card readers and mobile phone based readers.[84]

Trips, journeys and transfers

Fares are categorised in two ways: a trip is a single unit of travel, from tap on to tap off; a journey is a collection of at least 1 trip taken within a short space of time of each other. Trips will be counted as one journey if a passenger taps on for a new trip within 1 hour of tapping off from their previous trip (on the Manly ferry the time limit is 130 minutes from tap on). Trips are used to calculate fares. Fares for consecutive trips involving the same mode of transport are combined so the passenger is charged as if they have taken just one trip, from its origin to ultimate destination – this is known as Trip Advantage.[85] Journeys involving transfers between modes generally attract separate fares for each mode. The exception is the Stockton ferry in Newcastle, which is classified as a bus.[86] A journey can consist of a maximum of eight trips.

Changes to fare calculation

Since 5 September 2016, a discount has applied when changing modes during a journey, other than metro/train which are treated as the same mode.[87]

In 2014, the government stated that when the CBD and South East Light Rail opened in 2019, passengers would pay a single fare for a journey involving the use of both light rail and buses, however this was before the introduction of the transfer discount and ultimately not implemented.[88]

Previously once a journey count of eight was reached during the week (Monday to Sunday), travel was free for the remainder of the week. This discount was changed to half-price travel on 5 September 2016 and removed altogether on 16 October 2023.[87] When an Opal customer completes eight trips on the same mode of transport (even within the 1-hour transfer), a new journey commences. The number of trips required to force the creation of a new journey was increased from four trips to eight trips in March 2016 to reduce the number of short trips made simply to complete a journey and reach the journey limit.[89] [90] [91]

Topping up

Placing money onto an Opal card is known as topping up. As of January 2016, there are over 2,000 Opal card retailers that provide top up services across New South Wales.[92] There are also top up machines at railway stations, light rail stops, and ferry wharves. Opal cards may also be linked to a credit or debit card, allowing users to top up their balance online or by phone.[93] When linked to a credit or debit card, Opal cards can be configured to automatically top up the balance when it falls below a pre-set amount (auto top up), currently $10.

Card type! colspan="3"
Minimum top up amountMaximum card balance
Top up location
RetailerTop up machineAuto top up/Online/Phone
Adult$20$20$10$250
Senior/Pensioner$2.50$5$5$250
All others$10$10$5$150

Infrastructure

Top up machines

Over 350 top up machines are installed at railway stations, light rail stops and ferry wharves throughout the Opal area.[29] [94] [95] The first generation machines can only provide top ups with a debit or credit card. Second generation machines provide top ups and can also sell single trip tickets. There are two types of second-generation machines – the difference between the types is the ability to accept cash in addition to electronic payment. On 11 March 2015, the first top up machines became available at the recently opened Edmondson Park and Leppington railway stations.[96] This had been extended to nearly 100 stations and wharves by July 2015.[97] In 2016, the second generation machines are being installed with 58 of the credit card only and 118 of the cash and credit card machines installed as at 23 June 2016.[98]

Opal readers

Opal readers are used to tap on or off. They are installed atop existing ticket barriers, or mounted on a stand-alone pole at railway stations, light rail stops or ferry wharves, or integrated into light or power poles. Buses are the exception, with readers installed on the bus itself. The rollout of Opal technology has seen a new style of gates introduced at a number of major stations.[99] When tapping on or off, all readers display the current balance of the card or an error message if the tap failed to work. Tap offs also display the fare deducted for the trip.[100] A trip that is part of an existing journey will display "transfer" when tapping on. For contactless cards and school cards a green tick is shown.

Non-adult Opal cards have their own distinct 'ding' when tapping on or off, in addition to having a light mounted atop a train station or ferry wharf barrier lit up, allowing for Transport Officers and police to identify and enforce correct fares.

The design of the cigar-shaped Opal poles won the Transport category of the Sydney Design Awards, the Australian International Design Award and the Powerhouse Museum Design Award.[101] [102] [103]

Supporting products and services

Transport for NSW operates the Opal website and a phone hotline for customer service, card top ups, orders and inquiries. It provides an "Opal Travel" app for Android and iOS devices. The app includes a trip planning facility, allows Opal card top ups and provides access to Opal card data.[104] Android devices that include near field communication hardware can scan an Opal card to access live data, including the card's balance, tap status (tapped on/off), weekly travel reward status, top up status and card number.[105]

Beginning in January 2018, an Opal Park & Ride trial scheme was introduced at selected commuter car parks.[106] Passengers are able to park their cars for free for up to 18 hours if they take public transport and use the carpark using the same Opal card.[107] The scheme is intended to reduce the number of spaces used by those who aren't catching public transport.

Transport for NSW also sells a number of mobile phone case accessories that incorporate a pocket for the Opal card.[108]

OpalPay

First introduced in December 2017, OpalPay is a facility allowing Opal cards to be used to pay fares on a number of privately owned services that operate independently from Transport for NSW's contracted services, and on on-demand minibus services.[109] Fares on these services are set by the owner of the service and Opal's regular discounts do not apply. Concession fares are accepted on some services. OpalPay can be accepted on some private ferry services and On Demand bus services.[109]

Reception and usage

By June 2016, 7.7 million cards had been issued. The most widely used card types (in descending order) were Adult, Senior/Pensioner, Child/Youth and Concession.[110]

Two billion trips had been taken on the Opal network by May 2018. An average of 13 million trips were taken each week and there were more than 3.7 million Opal cards in active use.[111]

Transport for NSW has stated that customers forget to tap off after about 3% of journeys, so they are charged the default fare.[112]

The Opal electronic ticketing system has won a range of awards reflecting excellence in design for its unique card reader poles used at ungated ferry wharves, light rail stops and railway stations. In addition, the project and its implementation were recognised for excellence by Infrastructure Partnerships Australia. On 12 March 2014, Opal was awarded Australia's 2014 Smart Infrastructure Project of the Year.[113] [114]

The introduction of Opal caused debate over the different fare structures of Opal and the former MyZone paper tickets. Despite being cheaper than single cash fares, Opal single fares were more expensive than the bus and ferry TravelTens, and Opal provides no equivalent to the all-you-can-use MyTrain or MyMulti periodical tickets.[115] An unofficial fare comparison site called Opal or Not claimed that more than half of all the public transport trips it compared were more expensive using Opal than with paper tickets.[115] [116] Transport for NSW disputes the site's findings, calling it "riddled with errors" and stating that only 7% would "potentially" pay more, but refused to release the analysis behind that figure.[115]

In addition, the initial lack of transfer benefits was criticised. Corinne Mulley, the chair of the Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies, described the launch of the card as a "missed opportunity" since, at the time, Opal retained many of the "interchange penalties" of paying for transfers, and Opal was more expensive than MyMulti for some multi-modal commuters.[117] Transport Minister Gladys Berejiklian rejected the criticism, stating that "we believe that customers should pay for the mode they are using".[118]

Privacy

Significant privacy issues have been raised, as Opal travel information is available to government departments without a warrant.[119] Among those who have expressed concerns have been New South Wales Privacy Commissioner Elizabeth Coomb, the Combined Pensioners and Superannuants Association of NSW, and the University of Sydney.[119]

During the Opal card customer trial period, all Opal cards were required to be registered with the customer's personal information. This allowed for feedback and issues to be recorded against an individual's account. Registered cards offer the ability to protect the balance and transfer it to a new card, if a card is lost, stolen or damaged. Data is made available to other NSW government departments and law enforcement agencies.[120] Concerns about privacy have been repeatedly raised in the mainstream media, with commentators questioning the extent to which user data can be accessed by authorities.[121] [122] [123] Since July 2014, unregistered adult and child/youth Opal cards have been available.[124] In December 2014, University of Sydney delayed collaboration with the new Opal card system, citing privacy concerns,[125] whereas Macquarie University, University of New South Wales and Australian Catholic University had already agreed to provide the "student data" to the card network.

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: On what services can I use the Opal card?. transportnsw.info. Transport for NSW. 23 July 2019. 5 July 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190705085143/https://transportnsw.info/tickets-opal/opal#/login/. live.
  2. News: Louise . Hall . West . Andrew . Inner-city commuters hit by hefty fare shake-up . https://web.archive.org/web/20230528154842/https://www.smh.com.au/national/innercity-commuters-hit-by-hefty-fare-shakeup-20100201-n8v1.html . 28 May 2023 . 5 November 2012 . 2 February 2010 . . live.
  3. News: Cubic Branded Dishonest by NSW Supreme Court Judge. Clennell, Andrew. Besser, Linton. Sydney Morning Herald. 4 November 2010. 30 November 2011. 17 February 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180217204227/http://www.smh.com.au/technology/enterprise/smartcard-operator-branded-dishonest-20100411-s0w2.html. live.
  4. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/australian-it-old/nsw-ends-erg-tcard-contract/story-e6frganf-1111114841467 "NSW ends TRG Tcard contract"
  5. News: Court orders government to hand over Tcard documents . 9 June 2010 . Elisabeth . Sexton . https://web.archive.org/web/20231109110557/https://www.smh.com.au/business/court-orders-government-to-hand-over-tcard-documents-20100608-xtmg.html . 9 November 2023 . live . Sydney Morning Herald.
  6. News: NSW taxpayers 'spared $200m loss' as Tcard trial aborted . 17 February 2012 . Sydney Morning Herald . https://web.archive.org/web/20231109110937/https://www.smh.com.au/technology/nsw-taxpayers-spared-200m-loss-as-tcard-trial-aborted-20120217-1tdfd.html . 9 November 2023 . live . registration .
  7. News: Besser. Linton. Tcard: Here we go again. Sydney Morning Herald. 3 June 2008. 3 June 2008. 5 July 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080705091743/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/tcard-here-we-go-again/2008/07/02/1214950853856.html. live.
  8. http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/07/03/2292988.htm?site=nsw "NSW revives failed Tcard project"
  9. News: Pearl Consortium wins NSW Tcard contract. 12 April 2010. iTwire. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195536/http://www.itwire.com/it-industry-news/strategy/38211-pearl-consortium-wins-nsw-tcard-contract. 3 March 2016.
  10. News: London's Oyster creator scores Tcard contract . Aston . Heath . 11 April 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231109111127/https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/shell-of-a-task-londons-oyster-creator-scores-tcard-contract-20100410-s02z.html . 9 November 2023 . Sydney Morning Herald . live .
  11. https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/commuters-get-reprieve-from-opal-fare-rises-as-changes-considered-20230621-p5dia5.html Commuters get reprieve from Opal fare rises as changes considered
  12. https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/what-s-opal-next-gen-operator-tapped-to-stay-on-longer-as-568m-upgrade-hits-hurdles-20240604-p5jj27.html#:~:text=Transport%20for%20NSW%20confirmed%20that,in%20the%20next%20few%20months. What's next Opal Gen: Operator tapped to stay on longer as $568m upgrade hits hurdles
  13. Web site: Opal a gem for Public Transport. Transport for New South Wales. 2012-12-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20130410125503/http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/news/opal-gem-public-transport. 2013-04-10. dead.
  14. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-09-13/new-name-the-ticket-for-sydney-transport/2882672 "New name's the ticket for Sydney transport"
  15. News: Test of city's ticket to ride will decide if Opal is Coalition's trump card . Sydney Morning Herald . 26 November 2012 . 30 November 2012 . 28 November 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121128050504/http://www.smh.com.au/it-pro/government-it/test-of-citys-ticket-to-ride-will-decide-if-opal-is-coalitions-trump-card-20121125-2a1mj.html . live .
  16. News: Enthusiasm but few takers on Opal launch day . Sydney Morning Herald . 7 December 2012 . 7 December 2012 . 9 December 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121209053846/http://www.smh.com.au/it-pro/government-it/enthusiasm-but-few-takers-on-opal-launch-day-20121207-2azgi.html . live .
  17. Web site: Opal card rollout on Sydney Ferries . https://web.archive.org/web/20130825140859/https://www.opal.com.au/en/about-opal/what-services-can-i-use-it-on/Ferries/ . 25 August 2013 . dead . Transport for NSW
  18. News: Opal smartcard comes to more Sydney commuters . Jacob . Saulwick . 30 August 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231109105843/https://www.smh.com.au/technology/opal-smartcard-comes-to-more-sydney-commuters-20130830-hv1kz.html . 9 November 2023 . . live .
  19. Web site: Opal card rolling out as 11 paper tickets in Newcastle retired . transport.nsw.gov.au . https://web.archive.org/web/20141126042739/http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/media-releases/opal-card-rolling-out-11-paper-tickets-newcastle-retired . 26 November 2014 . dead ., Transport for NSW, Retrieved 19 November 2014
  20. Web site: Opal rollout begins for train customers . https://web.archive.org/web/20130609034948/http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/media-releases/opal-roll-out-begins-train-customers . 9 June 2013 . dead . Transport for NSW 2 June 2013
  21. http://www.smh.com.au/it-pro/government-it/the-end-of-ticket-queues-minister-announces-opal-trial-20130602-2njjs.html The end of ticket queues: Minister announces Opal trial
  22. http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/sydney-confidential/gladys-berejiklian-says-opal-available-at-all-city-intercity-stations-april-11/story-fni0cvc9-1226865016322 Gladys Berejiklian says Opal available at all city, intercity stations April 11
  23. http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/media-releases/opal-card-trial-bus-customers-begins Opal card trial for bus customers begins
  24. Web site: Opal available on all trains from today as bus rollout kicks off . https://web.archive.org/web/20140413124453/http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/media-releases/opal-available-all-trains-today-bus-rollout-kicks . 13 April 2014 . dead. Transport for NSW 11 April 2014
  25. News: Opal card use on Sydney light rail starts on December 1 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231110031917/https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/opal-card-use-on-sydney-light-rail-starts-on-december-1-20141122-11ru1j.html . 10 November 2023 . 23 November 2014 . registration . live . Jacob . Saulwick. Sydney Morning Herald 23 November 2014
  26. Web site: Opal to go live on light rail months ahead of schedule . https://web.archive.org/web/20141126035145/http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/media-releases/opal-go-live-light-rail-months-ahead-schedule . 26 November 2014 . dead. Transport for NSW 24 November 2014
  27. Web site: Opal rollout extends to light rail . https://web.archive.org/web/20141006071610/http://www.transportnsw.info/sites/en/transport-status/news/2014/opal-rollout.page . 6 October 2014 . dead. Transport Info NSW 25 November 2014
  28. Web site: Job done – Opal rollout complete . Transport for NSW . 1 December 2014 . 1 December 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141208182001/http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/media-releases/job-done-opal-rollout-complete . 8 December 2014 . dead .
  29. Web site: The last paper tickets to be wrapped up on August 1. Transport for NSW. 4 July 2016. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160706072443/http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/media-releases/last-paper-tickets-be-wrapped-august-1. 6 July 2016.
  30. Web site: 3 November 2014 . 11 paper tickets no longer sold in Newcastle from 20 November . https://web.archive.org/web/20141208163145/http://www.transportnsw.info/sites/en/transport-status/news/2014/newcastle-mst.page . 8 December 2014 . transportnsw.info. 3 November 2014
  31. Web site: Time to tap into Opal – majority of paper tickets to be phased out . https://web.archive.org/web/20150804034237/http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/media-releases/time-tap-opal-majority-paper-tickets-be-phased-out . 4 August 2015 . dead. Transport for NSW 4 August 2015
  32. http://www.transportnsw.info/sites/en/transport-status/news/2015/ticket-retirement-0116.page Most paper tickets no longer sold from 1 January 2016
  33. https://www.opal.com.au/en/fares-and-benefits/no_more_paper_tickets/ From 1 January 2016 no longer sold
  34. News: Students join NSW Opal concession ride. https://web.archive.org/web/20231110033342/https://www.smh.com.au/national/tertiary-students-tap-on-with-opal-20150201-13383s.html. 10 November 2023 . 1 February 2015 . 10 November 2023 . live . registration . Jessica . Sier . Sydney Morning Herald.
  35. Web site: Transport for NSW . Customer Experience Division . 2023-09-12 . Opal comes to Manly Fast Ferry . 2023-10-17 . transportnsw.info . en.
  36. Web site: Opal card types . transportnsw.info . 10 November 2023 . 10 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231110034700/https://transportnsw.info/tickets-opal/opal/opal-card-types . live.
  37. Web site: Opal Card images . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140625025459/http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/b2b/media/20121125%20Opal%20card%20images.pdf . 25 June 2014., Transport for NSW
  38. https://www.opal.com.au/en/about-opal/types-of-opal-cards/ Types of Opal cards
  39. http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/media-releases/opal-cards-now-available-1000-retailers-including-7-eleven-and-woolworths Opal Cards now available from 1,000 retailers including 7-Eleven and Woolworths
  40. https://www.opal.com.au/en/about-opal/using-my-opal-card/how-do-i-top-up-my-opal-card/ How do I top up my Opal card?
  41. News: New Opal card for children released ahead of school holidays. Transport for NSW. 6 April 2014. 10 May 2014. 8 May 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140508012448/http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/media-releases/new-opal-card-children-released-ahead-school-holidays. live.
  42. http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/media-releases/opal-card-pop-kiosks-now-located-28-major-sydney-stations Opal card pop-up kiosks now located at 28 major Sydney stations
  43. http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/media-releases/opal-cards-available-1000-retail-outlets-shopping-centres-and-even-more-pop-kiosks Opal cards available at 1,000 retail outlets, shopping centres and even more pop-up kiosks
  44. http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/opal-cards-to-be-sold-at-1000-stores-as-paper-tickets-go-20140803-1000j9.html#ixzz39MktfxcZ Opal cards to be sold at 1000 stores as paper tickets go
  45. http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/media-releases/new-gold-opal-card-250-daily-cap-available-seniors-and-pensioners New Gold Opal Card with $2.50 daily cap available for seniors and pensioners
  46. http://www.gazette.legislation.nsw.gov.au/so/download.w3p?id=Gazette_2014_2014-95.pdf Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales Number 95
  47. http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/media-releases/opal-rolls-out-more-450-buses-northern-sydney-seniorpensioner-information-kiosks Opal rolls out to more than 450 buses in Northern Sydney as Senior/Pensioner information kiosks start
  48. https://www.opal.com.au/en/news/opalnews/news_18december2014.html Concession Opal card starts rolling out for university students
  49. https://transportnsw.info/tickets-opal/ticket-eligibility-concessions/child-student-concessions/tertiary-students Tertiary Students
  50. https://www.opal.com.au/en/fares-and-benefits/opal_for_tertiary_students/ Concession Card Launch
  51. http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/media-releases/tertiary-students-tap-opal-today Tertiary students tap on with Opal from today
  52. News: Tertiary students tap on with Opal . Jessica . Sier . 1 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150203041526/http://www.smh.com.au/national/tertiary-education/tertiary-students-tap-on-with-opal-20150201-13383s.html . Sydney Morning Herald . 3 February 2015 . registration . live. Sydney Morning Herald 1 February 2015
  53. https://www.opal.com.au/en/fares-and-benefits/opal_for_tertiary_students/ Transforming ticketing for tertiary students
  54. https://www.opal.com.au/en/fares-and-benefits/job_seekers/ Opal for job seekers
  55. http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/media-releases/opal-takes-centre-stage-central Opal takes centre stage at Central
  56. Web site: Opal cards – Primary and secondary school students. Transport for NSW. 4 August 2019. 21 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180721110202/https://www.opal.com.au/en/about-opal/opal-for-school-students/faqs-school-students/. live.
  57. Web site: Transport for NSW 2015-16 Annual Report Volume 1. Transport for NSW. 18 November 2016. 86. https://web.archive.org/web/20161118164655/http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/b2b/publications/tfnsw-annual-report-2015-16-volume-1.pdf. 2016-11-18. dead.
  58. Web site: Transport for NSW. Customer Experience Division. Employee Opal Cards are changing. 2022-02-02. transportnsw.info. en. 3 February 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220203014627/https://transportnsw.info/news/2021/employee-opal-cards-are-changing. live.
  59. Web site: 1 August 2016. It's Opal time – paper tickets no longer sold or accepted from today. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160809005755/http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/media-releases/its-opal-time-paper-tickets-no-longer-sold-or-accepted-today. 9 August 2016. Transport for NSW.
  60. Web site: PrePay buses. 15 July 2018. Transport Info NSW. 15 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180715094633/https://transportnsw.info/travel-info/ways-to-get-around/bus/prepay-buses. live.
  61. https://web.archive.org/web/20181127003706/https://transportnsw.info/news/2018/more-sydney-buses-moving-to-opal-only-services More Sydney buses moving to Opal only services
  62. https://transportnsw.info/news/2019/most-buses-in-north-west-of-sydney-are-moving-to-opal-only-services Most buses in the North West of Sydney are moving to Opal only services
  63. Web site: 2020-03-25. TfNSW Advice Regarding Coronavirus – Bus Services Handling of Cash. 2022-02-02. Dion's Bus Service. en-AU. 2 February 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220202050939/https://dions.com.au/tfnsw-advice-regarding-coronavirus-bus-services-handling-of-cash/. live.
  64. Web site: Contactless payments on Sydney Ferries Manly Service. Opal. 7 July 2017. 6 July 2017. 5 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190405065230/https://www.opal.com.au/en/news/opalnews/news_6july2017.html. dead.
  65. News: O'Sullivan. Matt. Credit card payments for trips expanded across ferries, light rail. 12 March 2018. The Sydney Morning Herald. 12 March 2018. 13 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180313031638/https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/credit-card-payments-for-trips-expanded-across-ferries-light-rail-20180312-p4z3xo.html. live.
  66. Web site: Contactless payments available on light rail and Sydney Ferries. Opal. Transport for NSW. 12 March 2018. 12 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180313031457/https://www.opal.com.au/en/news/opalnews/news_12March2018.html. 13 March 2018.
  67. https://web.archive.org/web/20181126134829/https://transportnsw.info/news/2018/more-ways-to-pay-on-trains-ferries-light-rail More ways to pay on trains, ferries and light rail
  68. https://www.cubic.com/news-events/news/cubic-and-transport-new-south-wales-extend-contactless-payment-sydneys-trains Cubic and Transport for New South Wales Extend Contactless Payment to Sydney’s Trains
  69. https://transportnsw.info/tickets-opal/opal/contactless-payments Contactless payments
  70. https://www.commbank.com.au/guidance/newsroom/cba-tfnsw-tap-and-go-busses--201907.html Savings for commuters using contactless payments
  71. https://www.smh.com.au/politics/nsw/sydney-buses-to-allow-payment-by-credit-card-20190728-p52bj6.html Sydney buses to allow payment by credit card
  72. https://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/news-and-events/articles/contactless-transport-payments-hit-road Contactless transport payments hit the road
  73. https://transportnsw.info/news/2019/contactless-payments-on-bus-services Contactless payments on bus services
  74. Web site: Sydney to use Transport for London open payment technology. Railway Gazette International. 20 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160604173205/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/technology/single-view/view/sydney-to-use-transport-for-london-open-payment-technology.html. 4 June 2016.
  75. Web site: Licencing London's contactless ticketing system. Transport for London. 13 July 2016. 31 May 2018. 1 December 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032915/https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2016/july/licencing-london-s-contactless-ticketing-system. live.
  76. https://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/news-and-events/media-releases/opal-digital-card-convenience-for-customers Opal digital card: convenience for customers
  77. https://transportnsw.info/news/2020/opal-digital-card-trial-now-open#homepage Opal digital card trial now open
  78. https://transportnsw.info/tickets-opal/opal/opal-digital-card#accordion-where-it-can-be-used-content Opal digital card: Where it can be used
  79. Web site: Transport for NSW. Customer Experience Division. Opal digital card trial. 2022-02-02. transportnsw.info. en. 3 February 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220203123342/https://transportnsw.info/tickets-opal/opal/opal-digital-card-trial. dead.
  80. https://web.archive.org/web/20181105030831/https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/opal-card-transition-what-you-need-to-know-20140827-1096na.html Opal card transition: what you need to know
  81. https://web.archive.org/web/20231230080133/https://transportnsw.info/document/2114/opal-terms-of-use.pdf Opal Terms of Use
  82. https://transportnsw.info/tickets-opal/opal/opal-benefits
  83. https://transportnsw.info/news/2020/changes-to-off-peak-fares-from-5-october#homepage Opal fare changes from 5 Octobery
  84. Web site: Fare compliance – tickets. transportnsw.info. 2015-09-05. Transport for NSW. https://web.archive.org/web/20150818005442/http://www.transportnsw.info/en/tickets/conditions/fines.page. 2015-08-18. dead.
  85. https://transportnsw.info/tickets-opal/opal/opal-card-benefits Opal card benefits
  86. Web site: Opal in Newcastle. https://web.archive.org/web/20141219062756/https://www.opal.com.au/en/about-opal/opal_in_newcastle//. dead. 19 December 2014. 13 February 2019.
  87. Web site: Opal multi-mode travel will become cheaper. Transport for NSW. 19 May 2016. 23 June 2016. 21 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180721120649/https://www.opal.com.au/en/news/opalnews/news2_19May2016.html. dead.
  88. Web site: Opal to go live on light rail months ahead of schedule. Transport for NSW. 24 November 2014. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20141126035145/http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/media-releases/opal-go-live-light-rail-months-ahead-schedule. 26 November 2014.
  89. Web site: Opal loophole – If you're determined enough, you can travel full fare all week for less than $20.. Reddit. 16 June 2014 . mubd1234. 9 March 2015. 23 September 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140923195643/http://www.reddit.com/r/sydney/comments/289kx1/opal_loophole_if_youre_determined_enough_you_can. live.
  90. Web site: Opal card shuttle: Sydney Light Rail stops in Pyrmont help commuters beat the system. The Sydney Morning Herald. 9 August 2015. 15 April 2015. Saulwick. Jacob. Kontominas. Bellinda. 24 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924213737/http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/opal-card-shuttle-sydney-light-rail-stops-in-pyrmont-help-commuters-beat-the-system-20150413-1mk2r1. live.
  91. Web site: Opal runners tapped out for a fairer system. Transport for NSW. 21 March 2016. 21 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160324102403/http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/media-releases/opal-runners-tapped-out-fairer-system. 24 March 2016. dead. dmy-all.
  92. http://www.retailers.opal.com.au/list.html Opal card retailer list
  93. Web site: Top up. opal.com.au. 7 July 2016. 29 July 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160729045335/https://www.opal.com.au/en/get-an-opal-card/top-up. live.
  94. http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/media-releases/opal-top-machines-be-rolled-out-early-2015 Opal top up machines to be rolled out from early 2015
  95. http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/opal-topup-machines-coming-to-nsw-train-stations-ferry-wharves-light-rail-stops-20141209-1234tj.html Opal top up machines coming to NSW train stations, ferry wharves, light rail stops
  96. https://www.opal.com.au/en/where-can-i-use-it/find-an-opal-card-top-up-machine/ Top up machines now available
  97. Web site: Find an Opal card top up machine . https://web.archive.org/web/20231110042543/https://www.opal.com.au/en/get-an-opal-card/find-an-opal-card-top-up-machine/ . 10 November 2023 . live . Transport NSW Information Retrieved 4 May 2016
  98. https://www.opal.com.au/en/get-an-opal-card/opal-single-trip-tickets/ Opal single trip tickets – Customer trial
  99. Web site: Fare dodgers to face new hurdles at ticket gates . https://web.archive.org/web/20160616162627/http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/media-releases/fare-dodgers-face-new-hurdles-ticket-gates . 16 June 2016 . dead . Transport for New South Wales 27 August 2015
  100. Web site: How To Check The Balance Of Your Opal Card? . Shehar . Yar . 15 December 2022 . WeQuestion . 10 February 2023 . 10 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231110052315/https://wequestion.com.au/knowledgebase/how-to-check-balance-of-your-opal-card/ . live.
  101. Web site: Opal Card Ticket Reader . 21 March 2014 . 21 March 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140321072045/http://sydneydesignawards.com.au/SDA2013/entry_details.asp?ID=12334&Category_ID=5275 . live .
  102. Web site: Good Design Australia 2013 - Opal Card Ticketing Reader . 2014-03-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140321072344/http://www.gooddesignaustralia.com/awards/past/entry/opal-card-ticketing-reader/?year=2013 . 2014-03-21 . dead .
  103. Web site: Cubic Opal Card System's Reader Wins Third Award; Now Featured at Sydney's Powerhouse Museum . 7 November 2013 . San Diego, California . 2014-03-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140321073412/http://cts.cubic.com/AboutUs/News/News/tabid/434/ID/276/Cubic-Opal-Card-Systems-Reader-Wins-Third-Award-Now-Featured-at-Sydneys-Powerhouse-Museum.aspx . 2014-03-21 . dead .
  104. Web site: Opal Travel App. opal.com.au. Transport for NSW. 4 September 2016. 11 June 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160611103327/https://www.opal.com.au/en/get-an-opal-card/opal-travel-app/. live.
  105. Web site: Where can I use it?. Opal. 2015-09-05. Transport for NSW. https://web.archive.org/web/20150711104804/https://www.opal.com.au/en/where-can-i-use-it/. 2015-07-11. dead.
  106. Web site: Opal park & ride securing more parking for public transport customers. Transport for NSW. 4 August 2018. 6 August 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180806135429/https://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/news-and-events/media-releases/opal-park-ride-securing-more-parking-for-public-transport-customers. 6 August 2018. live.
  107. Web site: Transport Park&Ride car parks. Transport Info NSW. 6 August 2018.
  108. Web site: Transport for NSW – Online Shop . 2019-05-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170510121200/http://shop.transportnsw.info/ . 2017-05-10 . dead .
  109. Web site: How OpalPay fares work. Transport for NSW. 23 July 2019. 12 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190612141545/https://transportnsw.info/tickets-opal/opal/opalpay. live.
  110. Web site: Transport for NSW 2015-16 Annual Report Volume 1. Transport for NSW. 18 November 2016. 18. https://web.archive.org/web/20161118164655/http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/b2b/publications/tfnsw-annual-report-2015-16-volume-1.pdf. 2016-11-18. dead.
  111. Web site: Opal celebrates two billion customer trips and $160 million in savings . transport.nsw.gov.au . Transport for NSW . en-AU . 1 May 2018 . 6 September 2018 . 6 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180906233728/https://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/news-and-events/media-releases/opal-celebrates-two-billion-customer-trips-and-160-million-savings . live .
  112. Web site: Opal take-up rate soars. 22 May 2014. Sydney Morning Herald. 25 May 2014. 25 May 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140525064913/http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/opal-takeup-rate-soars-20140522-38rf6.html. live.
  113. Web site: Opal wins National Infrastructure Award . 13 March 2014 . nsw.gov.au. https://web.archive.org/web/20140321141652/http://www.nsw.gov.au/news/opal-wins-national-infrastructure-award . 21 March 2014 . dead.
  114. Web site: Sydney's Smart Card Wins Smart Infrastructure Award . 21 March 2014 . 27 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190327113812/https://minister.infrastructure.gov.au/wt/releases/2014/March/wt035_2014.aspx . dead .
  115. News: Take-up of Opal card low as site shows trips are more expensive. Jacob . Saulwick . Sydney Morning Herald . 5 March 2014. 26 March 2014. 10 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231110051518/https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/takeup-of-opal-card-low-as-site-shows-trips-are-more-expensive-20140305-346kl.html. live.
  116. Web site: Opal or Not . https://web.archive.org/web/20200115134219/http://www.opalornot.com/ . 15 January 2020 . usurped. Opal or Not website Retrieved 7 November 2014
  117. News: Fares fair for some, but Opal is not the ticket for all. Jacob . Saulwick . 13 October 2013. 24 February 2014. 10 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231110044043/https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/fares-fair-for-some-but-opal-is-not-the-ticket-for-all-20131011-2vdum.html. live . Sydney Morning Herald.
  118. News: Opal smartcard debuts on Sydney buses. Jacob . Saulwick . Sydney Morning Herald . 26 September 2013. 26 March 2014. 10 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231110044341/https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/opal-smartcard-debuts-on-sydney-buses-20130926-2ufpj.html. live.
  119. http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/student-opal-card-privacy-concerns-limit-university-participation-20141228-12c0y9.html Student Opal card privacy concerns limit university participation
  120. Web site: Opal Privacy Policy. 2015-03-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20150402151301/https://www.opal.com.au/en/asset/c96bc3e6-b501-4180-a018-1096503a625e/privacy_policy.pdf. 2015-04-02. dead.
  121. News: Riemer. Kai. Privacy has taken a back seat amid the Opal debate . 11 June 2013. 9 June 2014. Sydney Morning Herald. 19 November 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131119211806/http://www.smh.com.au/comment/privacy-has-taken-a-back-seat-amid-the-opal-debate-20130610-2o09a.html. live.
  122. News: Sydney Opal card travel history can be accessed by police. Josh . Taylor . 29 June 2014. 30 June 2014. 4 July 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140704005517/http://www.zdnet.com/au/sydney-opal-card-travel-history-can-be-accessed-by-police-7000031048/. live.
  123. News: No warrants needed to access Opal card records. registration . Ben . Grubb . 15 July 2014. Sydney Morning Herald. 15 July 2014. 10 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231110045207/https://www.smh.com.au/technology/no-warrants-needed-to-access-opal-card-records-20140708-zt02j.html. live.
  124. News: Unregistered Opal cards now available from retailers. 2014-11-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20141009225547/http://www.transportnsw.info/en/transport-status/news/2014/unregistered-opal-cards.page. 2014-10-09. dead.
  125. News: Student Opal card privacy concerns limit university participation. Pallavi . Singhal. 29 December 2014. 10 November 2023. 23 December 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231110033416/https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/student-opal-card-privacy-concerns-limit-university-participation-20141222-12c0y9.html. live.

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