Omusha Explained

, also umusa^[1] or umsa, was an Ainu greeting ritual that, like the related, became a ceremonial—of trade—full of the political symbolism of subservience, to the Matsumae Domain.^{[2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]}

Name

The word is understood to derive from the Ainu, referring to mutuality, and, translated and defined by John Batchelor as "to stroke the head in salutation".^{[8] [10]}

See also

• Invented tradition

Notes and References

1. Book: Ainu: Spirit of a Northern People . 1999 . Fitzhugh, William W. . Dubreuil, Chisato O. . . 0295979127 . 98 ff.
2. Reappraising the "Sakoku" Paradigm: The Ezo Trade and the Extension of Tokugawa Political Space into Hokkaidō . Walker, Brett L. . Journal of Asian History . . 1996 . 30 . 2 . 181 ff. 41931039.
3. Book: The Conquest of Ainu Lands: Ecology and Culture in Japanese Expansion,1590–1800 . Walker, Brett L. . . 2001 . 204–226 . 978-0520248342.
4. Ainu Ethnicity and the Boundaries of the Early Modern Japanese State . Howell, David L. . . . 1994 . 142 . 69–93. 10.1093/past/142.1.69. 651197.
5. The Ainu of Northern Japan: A Study in Conquest and Acculturation . Takakura Shinichirō . Harrison, John A. . . . 1960 . 50 . 4 . 1–88, esp. 35 ff., 68 f . 10.2307/1005795. 1005795 .
6. The Saghalien Trade: A Contribution to Ainu Studies . Harrison, John A. . . . 1954 . 10 . 3 . 283 f. 10.1086/soutjanth.10.3.3629131. 3629131.
7. Domination et dépendance: l'évolution du statut des chefs aïnous en Asie orientale (XVIIe-XVIIIe siècle) . French . Godefroy, Noémi . Extrême-Orient Extrême-Occident . . 2017 . 41 . 226 f. 26358426.
8. Encyclopedia: ja:オムシャ . Omusha . Japanese . . . 1979–1997.
9. Encyclopedia: ja:オムシャ . Omusha . Japanese . . 2001 . Shōgakukan.
10. Book: An Ainu-English-Japanese Dictionary . . . Tokyo . 1889 . 147, 260.