National Olympic Committee Explained

A National Olympic Committee (NOC) is a national constituent of the worldwide Olympic movement. Subject to the controls of the International Olympic Committee, NOCs are responsible for organizing their people's participation in the Olympic Games. They may nominate cities within their respective areas as candidates for future Olympic Games. NOCs also promote the development of athletes and the training of coaches and officials at a national level within their geographies.

National Olympic Committees

As of 2023, there are 206 National Olympic Committees.^[1] These include each of the 193 member states of the United Nations, one UN observer state (Palestine^[2]), two states without UN recognition (Kosovo^[3] and Taiwan^[4]) and one associated state of New Zealand (the Cook Islands^[5]).

There are also nine dependent territories with recognized NOCs: four territories of the United States (American Samoa,^[6] Guam,^[7] Puerto Rico,^[8] and the United States Virgin Islands^[9]), three British Overseas Territories (Bermuda,^[10] the British Virgin Islands,^[11] and the Cayman Islands^[12]), one constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (Aruba^[13]) and one special administrative region of China (Hong Kong^[14]).

Prior to 1996, rules for recognizing dependent territories or constituent countries as separate countries within the IOC were not as strict as those within the United Nations, which allowed these territories to field teams separately from their sovereign state. Following an amendment to the Olympic Charter in 1996, NOC recognition can only be granted after recognition as an independent country by the international community.^[15] Since the rule does not apply retroactively, the dependent territories and constituent countries which were recognized before the rule change are allowed to continue sending separate teams to the Olympics, while the Faroe Islands^[16] and Macau^[17] send their own Paralympic teams.

The only state which thus qualifies to participate in the future is the Vatican City, a UN observer state. Niue, an associated state of New Zealand, could also be eligible as it conducts its own foreign relations and participates independently in UN specialized agencies and treaties,^[18] though this is unclear.^[19] Currently, all other remaining states are ineligible to join the IOC as they are not recognized by a majority of United Nations member countries.^[20] Constituent countries and dependent territories such as Curaçao, the Faroe Islands, Gibraltar, Greenland, Macau, New Caledonia and French Polynesia can also no longer be recognized, so athletes from these territories can only participate in the Olympics as part of their parent nation's national team. This rule also applies to territories experiencing a change in status – the Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee was dissolved at the 123rd IOC session in July 2011 as the Netherlands Antilles ceased to exist in 2010.^{[21] [22]}

For those countries and territories that are part of the Commonwealth of Nations, their National Olympic Committees usually also serve as the members of the Commonwealth Games Association, though not for the constituent countries of the United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland), nor for Canada or Australia, who maintain separate organisations for Commonwealth and Olympic sport. For the other Commonwealth members, their NOCs are responsible for organising and overseeing their national teams at the Commonwealth Games.^{[23] [24]}

Listed NOCs

This section lists the current:

• 206 National Olympic Committees who are recognised by the International Olympic Committee, and so are the members of the Association of National Olympic Committees.
• 7 National Olympic Committees who are recognised by their continental Olympic associations, but are not recognised by the International Olympic Committee (Italics).

The ANOC members are eligible to enter the Olympic Games. Some National Olympic Committees who are members of a continental Olympic association but not ANOC members compete in continental-level and subregional-level tournaments. These committees, however, are not allowed to participate in the Olympic Games.

The five continental Olympic associations are:

• Africa – Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa (ANOCA)
• America – Pan American Sports Organization (PASO)
• Asia – Olympic Council of Asia (OCA)
• Europe – European Olympic Committees (EOC)
• Oceania – Oceania National Olympic Committees (ONOC)

The IOC runs the Summer Olympic Games and the Winter Olympic Games as competitions in which all IOC-recognized NOCs can participate. Each continent also runs its own championships for their members:

• ANOCA – African Games
• PASO – Pan American Games and Pan American Winter Games
• OCA – Asian Games and Asian Winter Games
• EOC – European Games
• ONOC – Pacific Games

While not continental unions in themselves, the Union of Arab National Olympic Committees (UANOC) and International Committee of Mediterranean Games (CIJM) organize multi-sport events between Arabic-speaking countries and Mediterranean countries respectively. All 22 National Olympic Committees that form the UANOC and the 26 from CIJM are also members of either the ANOCA, EOC or OCA and are eligible to send their athletes to either the African, European or Asian Games. National Olympic Committees from the UANOC and CIJM are noted in the list below.

Africa (ANOCA)

Algeria^1 ^2 Angola Benin Botswana ^3 Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon ^3 Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros^1 Congo DR Congo

Côte d'Ivoire Djibouti^1 Egypt^12 Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini ^3 Ethiopia Gabon ^3 Gambia ^3 Ghana ^3 Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya ^3 Lesotho ^3

Liberia Libya^12 Madagascar Malawi ^3 Mali Mauritania^1 Mauritius ^3 Morocco^12 Mozambique ^3 Namibia ^3 Niger Nigeria ^3 Rwanda ^3 São Tomé and Príncipe

Senegal Seychelles ^3 Sierra Leone ^3 Somalia^1 South Africa ^3 South Sudan Sudan^1 United Republic of Tanzania ^3 Togo ^3 Tunisia^12 Uganda ^3 Zambia ^3 Zimbabwe ^3

1: National Olympic Committee is a member of the UANOC.
2: National Olympic Committee is a member of the CIJM.
3: National Olympic Committee is also National Commonwealth Games Association

Americas (Panam Sports)

Antigua and Barbuda^1 Argentina Aruba Bahamas^1 Barbados^1 Belize^1 Bermuda^1 Bolivia Brazil British Virgin Islands Canada^1

Cayman Islands^1 Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica^1 Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada^1 Guatemala

Guyana^1 Haiti Honduras Jamaica^1 Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis^1

Saint Lucia^1 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines^1 Suriname Trinidad and Tobago^1 United States of America Uruguay Venezuela Virgin Islands, US

1: National Olympic committee also a member of the Commonwealth Games Federation

Asia (OCA)

Afghanistan Bahrain^1 Bangladesh^5 Bhutan Brunei^5 Cambodia People's Republic of China^[25] Hong Kong, China^[26] India^5 Indonesia Iran Iraq^1

Japan Jordan^1 Kazakhstan DPR Korea Republic of Korea Kuwait^1 Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon^14 Macau, China^2 Malaysia^5 Maldives^5

Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman^1 Pakistan^5 Palestine^1 Philippines Qatar^1 Saudi Arabia^1 Singapore^5 Sri Lanka^5 Syria^14

Chinese Taipei^3^[27] Tajikistan Thailand Timor-Leste Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates^1 Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen^1

1: National Olympic Committee is a member of the UANOC.
2: National Olympic Committee is a member of the OCA but not an ANOC member.
3: Official name used by the IOC, ANOC and OCA for the Republic of China (Taiwan).
4: National Olympic Committee is a member of the CIJM.
5: National Olympic committee also the national Commonwealth Games Association.

Europe (EOC)

Albania^2 Andorra^2 Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina^2 Bulgaria Croatia^2 Cyprus^23 Czechia^[28] Denmark

Estonia Finland France^2 Georgia Germany Great Britain Greece^2 Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel^1 Italy^2 Kosovo^2

Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta^23 Republic of Moldova Monaco ^2 Montenegro ^2 Netherlands North Macedonia ^2 Norway Poland Portugal ^2

Romania Russian Federation^4 San Marino ^2 Serbia ^2 Slovakia Slovenia ^2 Spain ^2 Sweden Switzerland Türkiye ^2^[29] Ukraine

1: Israel was a member of the OCA, but was expelled from the organization between 1952 to 1981. Joined the EOC in 1994.
2: National Olympic Committee is a member of the CIJM.
3: National Olympic committee also the national Commonwealth Games Association.
4: National Olympic Committee is suspended by the IOC.^[30]

Oceania (ONOC)

American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati

Marshall Islands FS Micronesia Nauru New Caledonia^1 New Zealand Niue^1

Norfolk Island^1 Northern Mariana Islands^1 Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands

French Polynesia^1 Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Wallis and Futuna^1

1: National Olympic Committee is an associate member of the ONOC but not an ANOC member.

Notes

Divisions

The NOCs are all members of the Association of National Olympic Committees (ANOC), which is also split among five continental associations:

		Association	NOCs	Oldest NOC	Newest NOC
		Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa	54	Egypt (1910)	South Sudan (2015)
		Pan American Sports Organization	41	United States (1894)	Dominica (1993) Saint Kitts and Nevis (1993) Saint Lucia (1993)
		Olympic Council of Asia	44^[31]	Japan (1912)	Timor-Leste (2003)
		European Olympic Committees	50	France (1894)	Kosovo (2014)
		Oceania National Olympic Committees	17	Australia (1895)	Tuvalu (2007)

See the article for each continental association for the complete lists of all NOCs.

Unrecognized National Olympic Committees

The Faroe Islands and Macau both have recognized National Paralympic Committees and compete at the Paralympic Games. However, neither territory's National Olympic Committee is recognized by the IOC, so they cannot participate in the Olympics.^[32] Macau remains recognized by the Olympic Council of Asia and takes part in the Asian Games.

Other existing countries/regions with unrecognized Olympic committees: Catalonia,^[33] Gibraltar,^[34] French Polynesia, Niue,^[35] New Caledonia,^[36] Curaçao,^{[37] [38]} Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Martinique, Sint Maarten, the Northern Mariana Islands, Anguilla, Montserrat, Turks & Caicos Islands,^[39] Transnistria, Kurdistan,^{[40] [41]} Northern Cyprus,^[42] Somaliland,^[43] Abkhazia,^[44] and Native Americans.^{[45] [46]}

It was reported in 2014 that South Ossetia intend to establish a National Olympic Committee.^[47]

Olympic Sport

Name of organization	Sport	Non-IOC member is member in world level	Non-IOC member is only member in continental level	Case of Great Britain
FIFA	Association football	Anguilla, Montserrat, Turks and Caicos Islands, Curaçao, Macau, China, Faroe Islands, Gibraltar, Tahiti, New Caledonia	Northern Mariana Islands, Sint Maarten, Saint-Martin, Guadeloupe,, French Guiana, Bonaire, Reunion (club competitions only), Zanzibar (club and CECAFA competitions only)^[48] ^[49] ^[50])	England, Scotland, Wales,
World Aquatics	Swimming	Anguilla, Curaçao, Sint Maarten, Macau, China, Faroe Islands, Gibraltar, Northern Mariana Islands		As Great Britain
World Athletics	Athletics	Tahiti, Norfolk Island, Gibraltar, Macau, China, Anguilla, Montserrat, Turks and Caicos Islands,	New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna, Niue, Martinique, Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Sint Maarten, Curaçao	As Great Britain
World Archery Federation	Archery	Tahiti, Norfolk Island, Falkland Islands, Macau, China, Faroe Islands		As Great Britain
Badminton World Federation	Badminton	Curaçao, Tahiti, Gibraltar, Greenland, Falkland Islands, Macau, China, Faroe Islands, Saint Helena, Norfolk Island, Isle of Man, Reunion, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, New Caledonia, Martinique, Northern Mariana Islands, Wallis and Futuna		England, Scotland, Wales
FIBA	Basketball	Montserrat, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tahiti, Norfolk Island, Macau, China, Gibraltar		As Great Britain
International Boxing Association (amateur)	Amateur boxing	Anguilla, Tahiti, Sint Maarten, Curaçao, Macau, China, Gibraltar		England, Scotland, Wales
International Canoe Federation	Canoeing	Sint Maarten, Tahiti, Macau, China		As Great Britain
International Cycling Union	Cycling	Sint Maarten, Curaçao, Macau, China Vatican		As Great Britain
World DanceSport Federation	DanceSport	Macau, China		England, Scotland, Wales
International Federation for Equestrian Sports	Equestrian			England, Scotland, Wales
International Federation of Sport Climbing	Sport Climbing	Macau, China	New Caledonia	As Great Britain
International Fencing Federation	Fencing	Macau, China		As Great Britain
International Golf Federation	Golf			England, Scotland, Wales
International Gymnastics Federation	Gymnastics			England, Scotland, Wales
International Handball Federation	Handball	Faroe Islands, Greenland, French Guiana, Tahiti, New Caledonia, Northern Mariana Islands, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Macau, China		As Great Britain, but England and Scotland are association members
International Hockey Federation	Field hockey	Macau, China, Gibraltar		England, Scotland, Wales; but Great Britain is adherent member
International Judo Federation	Judo	Macau, China, Niue, Norfolk Island, New Caledonia, Tahiti, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Reunion, Faroe Islands, Curaçao		As Great Britain
International Modern Pentathlon Union	Modern pentathlon			As Great Britain
World Rowing Federation	Rowing	Gibraltar		As Great Britain
World Rugby	Rugby union	Niue	New Caledonia, Tahiti, Wallis and Futuna, Macau, China, Martinique, Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Curaçao, Reunion, Mayotte	England, Scotland, Wales
World Sailing	Sailing	Tahiti, Netherlands Antilles		As Great Britain
International Shooting Sport Federation	Shooting sports	Faroe Islands, Macau, China		As Great Britain
International Surfing Association	Surfing	Hawaii, Tahiti, Channel Islands		England, Scotland, Wales
ITTF	Table tennis	Jersey, Guernsey, Gibraltar, Greenland, Faroe Islands, Macau, China, Tahiti, Falkland Islands, Sint Maarten, Northern Mariana Islands, New Caledonia, Niue, Tokelau, Wallis and Futuna		England, Scotland, Wales
World Taekwondo	Taekwondo	Isle of Man, Macau, China, New Caledonia, Tahiti, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Vatican		As Great Britain
ITF	Tennis	Tahiti, Curaçao, Macau, China, Anguilla, Bonaire, Norfolk Islands, Northern Mariana Islands	Sint Maarten, Martinique, Guadeloupe, French Guiana	As Great Britain
World Triathlon	Triathlon	Gibraltar, Macau, China, New Caledonia, Tahiti, Northern Mariana Islands		As Great Britain
Fédération Internationale de Volleyball	Volleyball	Macau, China, Gibraltar, Greenland, Faroe Islands, Tahiti, Northern Mariana Islands, Martinique, Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Bonaire, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten, Saint-Martin, Curaçao		England, Scotland, Wales
International Weightlifting Federation	Olympic weightlifting	Zanzibar, Niue, New Caledonia, Tahiti, Wallis and Futuna, Northern Mariana Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands, Curaçao		Great Britain, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales
United World Wrestling	Amateur wrestling	Tokelau, Niue, Tahiti, Northern Mariana Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands, Curaçao		As Great Britain
International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation	Bobsleigh and Skeleton			As Great Britain
International Biathlon Union	Biathlon	Greenland		As Great Britain

Association of IOC Recognized International Sports Federations

Name of organization	Sport	Non-IOC member is member in world level	Non-IOC member is only member in continental level	Case of Great Britain
World Pool-Billiard Association	Pool (cue sports)	North Cyprus, Bonaire, Curaçao, Tahiti, Macau, China		As Great Britain
International Billiards and Snooker Federation	Snooker and English billiards (amateur)	Isle of Man		None
Union Mondiale de Billard	Carom billiards	North Cyprus, Isle of Man, Curaçao		None
Tug of War International Federation	Tug of War	Channel Islands, Basque Country, Macau, China		England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland
International Wushu Federation	Wushu	New Caledonia, Macau, China		As Great Britain
Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques	Underwater sport	Tahiti, Northern Mariana Islands		As Great Britain
World Squash Federation	Squash	Guernsey, Jersey, Isle of Man, Gibraltar, Macau, China, New Caledonia, Tahiti, Norfolk Island		England, Scotland, Wales
Union Internationale Motonautique	Powerboating	Macau, China		As Great Britain
Federation of International Polo	Polo			England
International Orienteering Federation	Orienteering	Macau, China		As Great Britain
International Life Saving Federation	Lifesaving	Macau, China, Faroe Islands		As Great Britain
World Skate	Roller sports	Macau, China		As Great Britain
International Federation of Muaythai Associations	Muay Thai	Macau, China, Tahiti		As Great Britain
World Lacrosse	Lacrosse	Catalonia, Curaçao, Haudenosaunee, Macau, China,		England, Scotland, Wales
International Floorball Federation	Floorball	Macau, China		As Great Britain
World Flying Disc Federation	Flying Disc	Macau, China		As Great Britain
International Bowling Federation	Bowling	Catalonia, Macau, China, Jersey, Gibraltar, Northern Mariana Islands, Curaçao		Great Britain, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland
World Karate Federation	Karate	Macau, China, Martinique, New Caledonia, Tahiti, Wallis and Futuna, Curaçao		Great Britain is full member, but Home Nations participate separately as England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland
World Bridge Federation	Contract bridge	Faroe Islands, Macau, China, Reunion, Martinique, Guadeloupe		England, Scotland, Wales
International Federation Icestocksport	ice stock sport			As Great Britain
International Waterski & Wakeboard Federation	(3-Event Waterskiing), Wakeboard, Barefoot, Show Skiing, Cable Wakeboard, Cableski, Ski Racing, and Disabled Skiing			As Great Britain
World Association of Kickboxing Organizations	Kickboxing	Macau, China		As Great Britain
Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme	Motorcycle racing	Macau, China		As Great Britain
FIDE	Chess	Faroe Islands, Macau, China, Netherlands Antilles, Guernsey, Jersey, Isle of Man,		England, Scotland, Wales
International Racquetball Federation	Racquetball	Catalonia, Saipan		England
Fédération Internationale de Sambo	Sambo			As Great Britain
International Ski Mountaineering Federation	Ski Mountaineering			As Great Britain
International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation	Climbing and Mountaineering			As Great Britain
International Sumo Federation	Sumo			As Great Britain
International Cricket Council	Cricket	, Isle of Man, Jersey, Guernsey, Gibraltar, Saint Helena, Faroe Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands, Falkland Islands	Nevis, Anguilla, Montserrat, Sint Maarten	England, Scotland

See also

• Refugee Olympic Team at the Olympics
• Independent Olympians at the Olympic Games
• National Paralympic Committee
• List of IOC country codes
• District of Columbia Olympic Committee
• Commonwealth Games Association

References

Sources

• Web site: National Olympic Committees . . 21 January 2008 .
• Association of National Olympic Committees website

Notes and References

1. Web site: National Olympic Committees . International Olympic Committee.
2. Web site: Palestine . International Olympic Committee.
3. Web site: Kosovo . International Olympic Committee.
4. Web site: Chinese Taipei . International Olympic Committee.
5. Web site: Cook Islands . International Olympic Committee.
6. Web site: American Samoa . International Olympic Committee.
7. Web site: Guam .
8. Web site: Puerto Rico . International Olympic Committee.
9. Web site: Virgin Islands, US . International Olympic Committee.
10. Web site: Bermuda . International Olympic Committee.
11. Web site: Virgin Islands, British . International Olympic Committee.
12. Web site: Cayman Islands . International Olympic Committee.
13. Web site: Aruba . International Olympic Committee.
14. Web site: Hong Kong, China . International Olympic Committee.
15. Web site: Overseas Territories (3rd February 2012) . Publications.parliament.uk . 2014-01-23.
16. Web site: Faroe Islands . 2023-02-12 . International Paralympic Committee . en.
17. Web site: Macao, China . 2023-02-12 . International Paralympic Committee . en.
18. Web site: Status of Treaties – Niue . United Nations Treaty Collection. 1975-12-02 . 2023-10-17.
19. Web site: Niue . insidethegames.biz . 2012-10-30 . 2023-10-17.
20. Web site: 127th IOC Session comes to close in Monaco. International Olympic Committee. 9 December 2014. 6 August 2016. The NOC of Kosovo met the requirements for recognition as outlined in the Olympic Charter. These include the sport and technical requirements as well as the definition of "country" as defined in Rule 30.1 – "an independent State recognised by the international community". Kosovo is recognised as a country by 108 of the 193 UN Member States..
21. Web site: Executive Board concludes first meeting of the new year. 13 January 2011. 13 January 2011. olympic.org ("Official website of the Olympic movement").
22. Web site: Curtain comes down on 123rd IOC Session. Olympic.org.
23. Web site: Belize - National Olympic Committee (NOC). 27 July 2021.
24. Web site: Seychelles Olympic and Commonwealth Games Association: ANOC.
25. https://olympics.com/ioc/people-s-republic-of-china
26. https://olympics.com/ioc/hong-kong-china
27. https://olympics.com/ioc/chinese-taipei
28. https://olympics.com/ioc/czechia Czechia
29. https://olympics.com/ioc/turkiye Türkiye
30. https://olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-executive-board-suspends-russian-olympic-committee-with-immediate-effect IOC Executive Board suspends Russian Olympic Committee with immediate effect
31. The OCA includes 45 NOCs; the Macau Sports and Olympic Committee is not recognized by the IOC and Macau does not compete at the Olympic Games.
32. Web site: For the Faroe Islands, Paralympics offer rare chance to wave the flag on global stage . 25 August 2021 . The Japan Times . 27 November 2021 .
33. Book: Hargreaves, John. Freedom for Catalonia? : Catalan nationalism, Spanish identity and the Barcelona Olympic Games. 2000. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 9780521586153. [Online-Ausg.]..
34. Web site: andalucia.com . andalucia.com . 20 June 2012.
35. Web site: Full Page – Niue Island Sports Association and National Olympic Committee – FOX SPORTS PULSE . Sportingpulse.com . 2014-01-23.
36. Web site: New Caledonia National Olympic Committee . SportingPulse . 16 August 2010.
37. Web site: Centro Caribe Sports Members . . 2023-08-21.
38. Web site: ODESUR CON's . . 2023-08-21.
39. Web site: CANOC Members . canoc.net . 26 October 2023 .
40. Web site: Display Article . Kurdishglobe.net . 16 January 2010 . 16 August 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110716183114/http://www.kurdishglobe.net/displayArticle.jsp?id=11301963491D9371927E24F3508532C6 . 16 July 2011 .
41. Web site: Archived copy . 10 October 2009 . 17 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201017023204/http://www.sportcountries.org/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/conference_2008/INSCRITS_DEFINITIU.pdf . dead .
42. Web site: Turkish Cypriots denied access to London Olympics 2012 . 6 March 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150402180615/http://cyprusscene.com/2012/08/11/743/ . 2 April 2015 . dead .
43. Web site: Website ka wasaaradda Dhalinyaradda Iyo Ciyaaraha Somaliland - Homepage . Somalilandolympics.org . 18 January 2010 . 16 August 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130618230851/http://somalilandolympics.org/ . 18 June 2013 .
44. Web site: Smoltczyk . Alexander . The ABC Republic: Abkhazia Attempts to Invent Itself . Der Spiegel. 2009-08-27 . 2014-01-23.
45. Web site: Native Americans seek recognition . Nativevoices.org . 27 February 2006 . 16 August 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110928082652/http://www.nativevoices.org/articles/native_plympic_team.htm . 28 September 2011 .
46. Web site: Jim Thorpe's Sons Bolster Native American Olympic Dream : Fri, 10 Jul 2009 : eNewsChannels . Enewschannels.com . 10 July 2009 . 16 August 2010.
47. Web site: В Южной Осетии продолжат работу над созданием национального олимпийского комитета - Политика, выборы, власть - Новости - ИА REGNUM . Regnum.ru . 2014-01-23 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140219002141/http://www.regnum.ru/news/fd-abroad/polit/1757978.html . 19 February 2014 .
48. News: Zanzibar loses membership in Caf U-turn . BBC Sport .
49. Web site: Senior Challenge Cup - CECAFA FOOTBALL . 13 July 2014 .
50. Web site: Ethiopia score five against Zanzibar in CECAFA Senior Women's Championship .