List of oldest buildings in Scotland explained

This article lists the oldest extant freestanding buildings in Scotland. In order to qualify for the list a structure must:

• be a recognisable building (defined as any human-made structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or continuous occupancy);
• incorporate features of building work from the claimed date to at least 1.5m (04.9feet) in height and/or be a listed building.

This consciously excludes ruins of limited height, roads and statues. Bridges may be included if they otherwise fulfill the above criteria. Dates for many of the oldest structures have been arrived at by radiocarbon dating and should be considered approximate.

The main chronological list includes buildings that date from no later than 1199 AD. Although the oldest building on the list is the Neolithic farmhouse at Knap of Howar, the earliest period is dominated by chambered cairns, numerous examples of which can be found from the 4th millennium BC through to the early Bronze Age.

Estimates of the number of broch sites throughout the country, which date from the Iron Age, range from just over 100 to over 500.^[1] However, only a small percentage are sufficiently well preserved for them to be included here and some of those that could be remain undated.

As there are relatively few structures from the latter half of the first millennium AD and a significant number from the 12th century, the latter group is placed in a sub-list. There are larger numbers of extant qualifying structures from 1200 onwards and separate lists for 13th-century castles and religious buildings are provided. As the oldest buildings in many of the council areas in the more urbanised Central Belt date from after the 14th century, a separate list showing oldest buildings by council area is provided.There is also a supplementary list of qualifying structures for which no confirmed date of construction is available and a short listing of substantial prehistoric structures that are not buildings as defined above.

Main list

Neolithic and Bronze Age

Building	Image	Location	Council area	First built	Use	Notes
Knap of Howar		Papa Westray		3700 BC	House	Oldest preserved stone house in north west Europe.^[2] ^[3] ^[4]
Midhowe Chambered Cairn		Rousay	Orkney	3500 BC	Tomb	A well-preserved example of the Orkney-Cromarty type on the island of Rousay.^[5]
Unstan Chambered Cairn		Stenness	Orkney	3450 BC	Tomb	Excavated in 1884, when grave goods were found, giving their name to Unstan ware.^[6] ^[7]
Knowe of Yarso chambered cairn		Rousay	Orkney	3350 BC	Tomb	One of several Rousay tombs. It contained numerous deer skeletons when excavated in the 1930s.^[8] ^[9] ^[10]
Quanterness chambered cairn		St Ola	Orkney	3250 BC	Tomb	The remains of 157 individuals were found inside when excavated in the 1970s.^[11]
Skara Brae		Sandwick	Orkney	3180 BC	Settlement	Northern Europe's best preserved Neolithic village.^[12] ^[13]
Tomb of the Eagles		South Ronaldsay	Orkney	3150 BC	Tomb	In use for 800 years or more. Numerous bird bones were found here, predominantly white-tailed sea eagle.^[14] ^[15]
Grey Cairns of Camster		Upper Camster		3000 BC or older	Tomb	A group of three cairns.^[16] ^[17]
Blackhammer Chambered Cairn		Rousay		3000 BC	Tomb	An Orkney–Cromarty chambered cairn, characterized by stalled burial compartments.^[18]
Taversoe Tuick chambered cairn		Rousay	Orkney	3000 BC	Tomb	Unusually, there is an upper and lower chamber.^[19]
Holm of Papa chambered cairn		Holm of Papa	Orkney	3000 BC	Tomb	The central chamber is over 20 metres long.^[20] ^[21]
Barpa Langass		North Uist	Na h-Eileanan Siar	3000 BC	Tomb	The best preserved chambered cairn in the Hebrides.^[22] ^[23]
Cuween Hill Chambered Cairn		Finstown	Orkney	3000 BC	Tomb	Excavated in 1901, when it was found to contain the bones of men, dogs and oxen.^[24] ^[25]
Cairnpapple Henge		Bathgate	West Lothian	3000 BC	Tomb	A Class II henge constructed around 3000 BC. It is designated a scheduled ancient monument with a small visitor centre.
Quoyness cairn		Sanday	Orkney	2900 BC	Tomb	An arc of Bronze Age mounds surrounds this cairn.^[26]
Maeshowe		Stenness	Orkney	2800 BC	Tomb	The entrance passage is 36feet long and leads to the central chamber measuring about 15feet on each side.^[27] ^[28]
Stanydale Temple		Mainland	Shetland	2500–2000 BC	Possibly a residence	The only surviving megalithic structure from prehistoric Shetland.^[29]
Crantit cairn		Kirkwall	Orkney	2130 BC	Tomb	Discovered in 1998 near Kirkwall.^[30] ^[31]
Rubha an Dùnain passage grave		Skye		2000 BC or older	Tomb	On a now uninhabited peninsula to the south of the Cuillin hills.^[32] ^[33] ^[34]
				2000 BC	Tomb	Similar to Maeshowe in design. The tomb was excavated in the 1840s by Flinders Petrie.^[35]
Corrimony chambered cairn		Drumnadrochit		2000 BC or older	Tomb	A Clava-type passage grave surrounded by a circle of 11 standing stones.^[36] ^[37]
Balnuaran of Clava		Nairn		2000 BC	Tomb	The largest of three is the north-east cairn, which was partially reconstructed in the 19th century. The central cairn may have been used as a funeral pyre.^[38] ^[39]
Vinquoy chambered cairn		Eday	Orkney	2000 BC	Tomb	At an elevated location on the north end of the island.^[40]
Glebe cairn		Kilmartin Glen	Argyll and Bute	1700 BC	Tomb	An early Bronze Age structure with two stone cists.^[41] ^[42]

Iron Age

Building	Image	Location	Council area	First built	Use	Notes
Dun Ringill		Strathaird, Skye	Highland	1st millennium BC	Semi-broch	Known to have been occupied in the medieval period by Clan Mackinnon. The ground floor living space is only 47 square metres.^[43] ^[44]
Old Scatness		Sumburgh	Shetland	400–200 BC	Broch and wheelhouse	Like Jarlshof the site was occupied by Iron Age peoples, Picts, and Vikings.^[45]
Dun Troddan		Glenelg	Highland	4th century BC to 1st century AD	Broch	One of the best-preserved brochs, the dry-stone walls surviving to over 7 m in height in places.^[46] ^[47]
Dun Telve		Glenelg	Highland	4th century BC to 1st century AD	Broch	The best preserved mainland broch, with walls surviving to 10 m, located only 500 metres from Dun Troddan.
Jarlshof		Sumburgh	Shetland	200 BC	Various	A complex of preserved wheelhouses, amongst the remains of a variety of much older and more recent buildings.^[48] ^[49]
Yarrows broch		Wick		200 BC	Broch	Situated on the edge of a loch, underwater stonework may indicate a docking area.^[50] ^[51]
Dun Vulan		Bornais	Na h-Eileanan Siar	150 BC	Broch	Originally 10m (30feet) in height, now reduced to walls of 1.52m (04.99feet). A Pictish house was later built within the walls.^[52] ^[53]
Dun Ardtreck		Minginish, Skye	Highland	115 BC	Semi-broch	Initial occupation appears to have been brief and to have "ended in violence and destruction".^[54]
Broch of Mousa		Mousa	Shetland	100 BC	Broch	Amongst the best-preserved prehistoric buildings in Europe.^[55] ^[56]
Ness of Burgi fort		Sumburgh	Shetland	100 BC	Blockhouse fort	Surviving to only 1.5 m in height, the blockhouse was once 22m long, but has suffered from cliff erosion.^[57] ^[58]
Midhowe Broch		Rousay	Orkney	1st century BC or older	Settlement	Lies opposite the Broch of Gurness overlooking Eynhallow Sound.^[59]
Broch of Burrian		North Ronaldsay	Orkney	1st century BC	Broch	May have had three distinct phases of occupation.^[60] ^[61]
Dun Beag		Bracadale, Skye	Highland	Late 1st millennium BC	Broch	Visited by Boswell and Johnson in the 18th century.^[62] ^[63]
Mine Howe		Tankerness	Orkney	100BC - 110AD	Souterrain	Once thought to be a broch, it was used for metal working and may have had a religious purpose.^[64]
Broch of Gurness		Evie	Orkney	60 AD or older	Settlement	Oldest confirmed dates are Roman pottery from 60 AD and radiocarbon dates for the late first century.^[65] ^[66]
Dun Mor Vaul		Tiree	Argyll and Bute	60 AD	Dun	The original structure dates to c. 445 BC. A fragment of a Roman glass bowl made in the Rhineland between AD 160 and 250 was discovered in the interior.^[67]
Broch of West Burrafirth		East of Sandness	Shetland	100 AD or older	Broch	The stone stands eight or nine courses high for much of the circumference.^[68] ^[69]
Antonine Wall		Central Lowlands	Falkirk, North Lanarkshire, East Dunbartonshire, West Dunbartonshire, and Renfrewshire	142 AD	Defensive Fortification	A defensive Wall built by the Roman Empire to mark the north-west frontier of the empire and to protect Britannia from the Caledonian tribes. The wall was abandoned in 162 AD.
Dun Fiadhairt		Duirinish, Skye	Highland	200 AD or older	Broch	A terracotta model of a bale of wool found at the site may reflect trade between the area and Romanised Britain.^[70] ^[71]
Edin's Hall Broch		Abbey St Bathans	Scottish Borders	100-140AD	Broch	Broch believed to have been constructed between the two Roman occupations of southern Scotland, on the site of a much earlier fort.^[72]
Dun Fiadhairt		Duirinish, Skye	Highland	200 AD or older	Broch	A clay model of a bale of wool, believed to be Roman, may reflect trade between the two cultures although a Roman fleet is known to have circumnavigated Scotland in the 1st century AD.
Broch of Borwick		Yesnaby	Orkney	200 AD?	Broch	On a cliff promontory, the seaward wall is badly eroded.^[73] ^[74]
Tappoch Broch		Torwood	Falkirk	3rd century AD?	Broch	Dating evidence is sparse, with no finds to link the broch to Roman occupation of nearby Antonine Wall resulting in the suggestion the broch either pre- or post- dates Roman occupation.^[75] ^[76]
Dun Cuier		Barra	Na h-Eileanan Siar	4th century AD	Galleried dun	A complex and controversial site, with two periods of occupation in the 4th and 7th centuries.^[77]

Early Historic period

Building	Image	Location	Council area	First built	Use	Notes
St Columba's Monastery		Eileach an Naoimh	Argyll and Bute		Monastic cells	The monastic site was founded in 542. The oldest remains include a double beehive cell and a grave associated with the mother of Columba. These are the oldest extant church buildings in Scotland and possibly Britain.^[78] ^[79] ^[80] ^[81]
Dun Carloway		Carloway	Na h-Eileanan Siar		Broch	Radiocarbon date is for a late period of occupation likely to be centuries after the building was completed.^[82]
Brough of Birsay		Birsay	Orkney		Settlement	Pictish remains date from the 5th century and the Norse period provides building work from 800-1200.^[83] ^[84]
St Oran's Chapel		Iona	Argyll and Bute		Chapel	Partly rebuilt and restored.^[85] Possibly built by Somerled c. 1164.^[86]
Brechin Cathedral Round Tower		Brechin	Angus		Round Tower	The tower probably predates the cathedral itself.^[87] ^[88]
Abernethy Round Tower		Abernethy	Perth and Kinross		Round Tower	The tower is 22m (72feet) high.^[89]

12th century

Building	Image	Location	Council area	First built	Use	Notes
St Rule's Tower		St Andrews	Fife	1123	Priory	Constructed by the Culdees prior to the granting of the church to the Augustinian order.^[90]
Inchcolm Abbey		Inchcolm	Fife	Founded 1123	Abbey	The substantial ruins date "from the 12th century" onwards.^[91]
Holyrood Abbey		Holyrood Palace	Edinburgh	c. 1130	Abbey	Founded in 1128 by David I but all that remains above ground of the original structure is the ruined nave. The rest of the building was replaced by the mid 13th century.^[92] ^[93]
St Margaret's Chapel		Edinburgh Castle	Edinburgh	1130	Chapel	The oldest building in Edinburgh.^[94]
Cubbie Roo's Castle		Wyre	Orkney	c. 1145	Castle	The ruins include a small square keep still extant to 8feet in height.^[95]
Castle Sween		Knapdale	Argyll and Bute	c. 1150	Castle	The main structure is a mid-12th-century quadrangle with later towers.^[96]
St Serf's Inch Priory		St Serf's Inch	Perth and Kinross	Post 1150	Priory	The remaining oblong structure dates from 12th century.^[97]
Jedburgh Abbey		Jedburgh	Scottish Borders	Post 1150	Abbey	The choir dates to the second quarter of the 12th century and the church was complete by the middle of the 13th century.^[98]
St. Magnus Cathedral		Kirkwall	Orkney	Commenced 1167	Cathedral	The building was raised in honour of Magnus Erlendsson, Earl of Orkney by Earl Rögnvald Kali.^[99]
Bishop's Palace, Kirkwall		Kirkwall	Orkney	c. 1167	Residence	Built for William the Old, Bishop of Orkney, Haakon IV of Norway died here in 1263.^[100]
Kilwinning Abbey		Kilwinning	North Ayrshire	1190	Abbey	An arch has a Norman style capital bearing two carved figures.^[101]
St Magnus Church		Egilsay	Orkney	Late 12th century	Church	A church existed here in 1116, but the current building, with its distinctive round tower, may date from later that century.^[102]
Kildalton Chapel		Islay	Argyll and Bute	Late 12th century	Church	The churchyard has a collection of grave slabs and contains the 8th-century Kildalton Cross.^[103]
St Blane's Church, Kingarth		Kingarth	Argyll and Bute	12th century	Church	A "12th-century Romanesque building consisting of a nave and chancel", the enclosing wall and parts of the church may be pre-Norse.^[104]

13th century

Castles

Building	Image	Location	Council Area	First Built	Use	Notes
Aberdour Castle		Aberdour	Fife		Castle	Base of a late-12th- or early-13th-century hall house incorporated into later buildings.^[105]
Dirleton Castle		Dirleton	East Lothian		Castle	The de Vaux towers are the oldest extant structures.^[106] ^[107]
Kildrummy Castle		Kildrummy	Aberdeenshire		Castle	Built mid 13th century, possibly by Gilbert de Moravia and fell under siege in 1306 during the Wars of Independence.^[108] ^[109]
Dunstaffnage Castle		Dunbeg, near Oban	Argyll and Bute		Castle	Built by Clan MacDougall on an older site.^[110] ^[111]
Duart Castle		Craignure, Mull	Argyll and Bute		Castle	Part of a chain of castles that line the Sound of Mull.^[112] ^[113]
Lauriston Castle		St Cyrus	Aberdeenshire		Castle	The charter dates from c. 1243, and some of the 13th-century structure is incorporated in later building works. Captured by Edward III of England in 1336.^[114]
Goblin Ha'		Gifford	East Lothian		Undercroft	Part of Yester Castle built by Sir Hugo de Gifford, reputedly a "wizard".^[115] ^[116]

Religious buildings

Building	Image	Location	Council Area	First Built	Use	Notes
Iona Nunnery		Iona	Argyll and Bute		Nunnery	"The remains, substantial and, at least in part, original were repaired in 1923".^[117]
Iona Abbey		Iona	Argyll and Bute		Monastery	The north transept "is the only part of this early church to survive reasonably intact".^[118]
Pluscarden Abbey		Elgin	Moray		Monastery	Originally Valliscaulian, now a Benedictine House.^[119]
Ardchattan Priory		Ardchattan	Argyll and Bute		Monastery	Also Valliscaulian, and dedicated to St May and St John the Baptist. Now ruined.^[120]
Fortrose Cathedral		Fortrose	Highland		Undercroft	The undercroft of the chapter house is only structure remaining from this date.^[121]
Inchmahome Priory		Inchmahome	Stirling		Priory	"Much of the 13th-century building remains."^[122]
Nave Island Chapel		Islay	Argyll and Bute		Church	The site is within an enclosure that is likely to be several centuries older, The chimney is an 18th-century addition made by kelp harvesters.^[123]
Kelso Abbey		Kelso	Scottish Borders		Abbey	Suffered significant damage during "The Rough Wooing".^[124]
Arbroath Abbey		Arbroath	Angus		Abbey	The tower dates from the 13th century.^[125]
Crossraguel Abbey		Maybole	South Ayrshire		Abbey	^[126]
Beauly Priory		Beauly	Highland		Monastery	Described by the monks as Prioratus de Bello Loco in 1230.^[127]
Sweetheart Abbey		New Abbey	Dumfries and Galloway		Abbey	A Cistercian monastery founded in 1275 by Dervorguilla of Galloway.^[128]
Dunstaffnage Chapel		Oban	Argyll and Bute		Chapel	Adjacent to Dunstaffnage Castle.
Balmerino Abbey		Balmerino	Fife		Abbey	Founded in 1231, badly damaged in the 16th century.^[129]
Culross Abbey		Culross	Fife		Abbey	Founded before 1217, parts of the nave are early-13th-century, but most of the original structures are c. 1300.^[130]

By council area

The following are amongst the oldest buildings in each council area of Scotland.

Building	Image	Location	Council area	Year Built	Use	Notes
St Machar's Cathedral		Old Aberdeen	Aberdeen City		Church	The nave and its two western towers were built between 1422 and 1440.^[131]
Kildrummy Castle		Kildrummy	Aberdeenshire		Castle	Built mid 13th century, possibly by Gilbert de Moravia and fell under siege in 1306 during the Wars of Independence.
Brechin Cathedral Round Tower		Brechin	Angus		Round Tower	The tower probably predates the cathedral itself.
Glebe cairn		Kilmartin Glen	Argyll and Bute		Tomb	An early Bronze Age structure with two stone cists.
Clackmannan Tower		Clackmannan	Clackmannanshire		Tower house	L-plan tower house extended in the 15th century.^[132]
Sweetheart Abbey		New Abbey	Dumfries and Galloway		Abbey	A Cistercian monastery founded in 1275 by Dervorguilla of Galloway.
St Mary's Tower		Nethergate	Dundee City		Church	Also known as "The Old Steeple"^[133] and described as "the oldest surviving building in Dundee".^[134]
		Mauchline	East Ayrshire			Built by Andrew Hunter, abbot of Melrose Abbey.^[135] ^[136]
Bardowie Castle		Bardowie, between Bearsden, Milngavie, and Torrance	East Dunbartonshire		Castle	16th-century tower with later additions.^[137]
Dirleton Castle		Dirleton	East Lothian		Castle	The de Vaux towers are the oldest extant structures.
Mearns Castle			East Renfrewshire		Tower house	Restored and now used by a local church.^[138]
St Margaret's Chapel		Edinburgh Castle	City of Edinburgh		Chapel
Tappoch Broch		Torwood	Falkirk		Broch	Likely post dates Roman occupation of nearby Antonine Wall.
St Rule's Tower		St Andrews	Fife		Priory	Constructed by the Culdees prior to the granting of the church to the Augustinian order.
Glasgow Cathedral		Glasgow	Glasgow		Cathedral	^[139]
Grey Cairns of Camster		Upper Camster	Highland		Tomb	A group of three cairns.
Newark Castle		Port Glasgow	Inverclyde		Castle	The original castle had a tower house within a barmkin entered through a large gatehouse.^[140]
Crichton Castle		Crichton	Midlothian		Tower house	The tower is the oldest section, with later additions.^[141] ^[142]
Pluscarden Abbey		Elgin	Moray		Monastery	Originally Valliscaulian, now a Benedictine House.
Barpa Langass		North Uist	Na h-Eileanan Siar		Tomb	The best preserved chambered cairn in the Hebrides.
Kilwinning Abbey		Kilwinning	North Ayrshire		Abbey	An arch has a Norman style capital bearing two carved figures.
Dalzell House		Motherwell	North Lanarkshire		Tower house	Substantial later additions.^[143]
Knap of Howar		Papa Westray			House	Oldest preserved stone house in north west Europe.
Abernethy Round Tower		Abernethy	Perth and Kinross		Tower	The tower is 22m (72feet) high.
Paisley Abbey		Paisley	Renfrewshire		Abbey	The main structure is a restoration of an earlier building destroyed in 1307, although a late-12th-century and a 13th-century doorway remain.^[144]
Jedburgh Abbey		Jedburgh	Scottish Borders		Abbey	The choir dates to the second quarter of the 12th century and the church was complete by the middle of the 13th century.
Old Scatness		Sumburgh	Shetland		Broch and wheelhouse	Like Jarlshof the site was occupied by Iron Age peoples, Picts, and Vikings.
Crossraguel Abbey		Maybole	South Ayrshire		Abbey
Bothwell Parish Church		Bothwell	South Lanarkshire		Church	Formerly St Brides Collegiate Church. The oldest visible structure is the choir, which dates from the 14th century.^[145]
Inchmahome Priory		Inchmahome	Stirling		Priory	"Much of the 13th-century building remains."
Glencairn House		Dumbarton	West Dunbartonshire		Tenement	Built for the Earl of Glencairn, now owned by the Council and described as "oldest building in West Dunbartonshire".^[146] ^[147]
Torphichen Preceptory		Torphichen	West Lothian		Church	The only house of the Knights Hospitallers of St John of Jerusalem in Scotland.^[148] ^[149]

Other structures

Undated buildings

The following are very old buildings that meet the qualifying criteria but for which no reliable date of construction has emerged.

Building	Image	Location	Council Area	First Built	Use	Notes
Calf of Eday cairns		Calf of Eday	Orkney	Neolithic and built in two phases.	Tomb	There are two preserved chambered tombs close together on this Orkney islet and a third in a ruinous state.
Huntersquoy cairn		Eday	Orkney	Neolithic	Tomb	A Bookan type cairn with an upper and lower storey.
Broch of Culswick		Sandsting	Shetland	Iron Age	Broch	Until the 18th century this was Shetland's second most complete broch, after Mousa.^[150] ^[151]
Burra Ness Broch		Yell	Shetland	Iron Age	Broch	The wall still stands 14' high in places.^[152]
Burroughston Broch		Shapinsay	Orkney	Iron Age	Settlement	Likely to "have been seen by seafaring Romans about two millennia ago."^[153]
Carn Liath		Golspie		Iron Age	Broch	^[154]
Clachtoll broch		Stoer	Highland	Iron Age	Broch	^[155]
Dun Dornaigil		South of Ben Hope	Highland	Iron Age	Broch	^[156]
Dun Hallin		Waternish, Skye	Highland	Iron Age	Broch	^[157]
Dun Grugaig		Glenelg	Highland	Iron Age	Semi-broch	^[158] ^[159]
Kintradwell broch		Brora	Highland	Iron Age	Broch	^[160]
Sallachy broch		Lairg	Highland	Iron Age	Broch	^[161]
Stairhaven		Luce Bay	Dumfries and Galloway	Probable Iron Age	Possible broch	Also known as Crow's Neith and Broken Castle.^[162]
Tirefour Castle		Lismore	Argyll and Bute	Iron Age	Broch	The walls have an average thickness of 4.5m (14.8feet) enclosing a court about 12.2m (40feet) in diameter. The wall still stands 3m (10feet) high.^[163]
Burghead Well		Burghead	Moray	Dark Age?	Baptistery?	This underground structure is unique in a Scottish context and is probably of Dark Age origin, although it may be older.^[164]
Restenneth Priory		Forfar	Angus		Monastery	Probably built on a much earlier site and the date of the extant structures is not clear.^[165] ^[166]

Other prehistoric constructions

The following are very old human constructions that do not fit the above criteria for a building.

Building	Image	Location	Council area	First built	Use	Notes
		Fetlar	Shetland	Possibly Neolithic	Wall	The wall ran for over 4km (02miles) and once divided the island in two. "Its date and precise purpose are unknown, but a considerable degree of antiquity is suggested."^[167]
		Hoy	Orkney	3rd millennium BC	Tomb	A megalithic chambered tomb carved out of a titanic block of Devonian Old Red Sandstone.^[168] ^[169]

See also

• Architecture of Scotland in the Prehistoric era
• Timeline of prehistoric Scotland
• Oldest buildings in the United Kingdom
• List of oldest known surviving buildings
• Newgrange, one of Ireland's oldest buildings dating from c. 3100 BC
• La Hougue Bie, one of Jersey's oldest buildings dating from c. 3500 BC

References

• Armit, Ian (1996) The archaeology of Skye and the Western Isles. Edinburgh University Press/Historic Scotland.
• Armit, I. (2003) Towers in the North: The Brochs of Scotland. Stroud. Tempus.
• Coventry, Martin (2008) Castles of the Clans. Musselburgh. Goblinshead.
• McDonald, R. Andrew (2007) The Kingdom of the Isles: Scotland's Western Seaboard c. 1100 – c. 1336. East Linton. Tuckwell Press.
• Miers, Mary (2008) The Western Seaboard: An Illustrated Architectural Guide. Rutland Press.
• Omand, Donald (ed.) (2003) The Orkney Book. Edinburgh. Birlinn.
• Wickham-Jones, Caroline (2007) Orkney: A Historical Guide. Edinburgh. Birlinn.

Notes and References

1. Armit (2003) p. 16
2. http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/propertyresults/propertyoverview.htm?PropID=PL_190 "Knap of Howar"
3. http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/knaphowar.htm "The Knap o' Howar, Papay"
4. Wickham-Jones (2007) p. 40.
5. http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/tombs/midhowe/index.html "The Midhowe Stalled Cairn, Rousay"
6. http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/propertyresults/propertydetail.htm?PropID=PL_296&PropName=Unstan%20Chambered%20Cairn "Unstan Chambered Cairn"
7. Wickham-Jones (2007) p. 48
8. Fraser, David (1980) Investigations in Neolithic Orkney. Glasgow Archaeological Journal. 7 p. 13. ISSN 1471-5767
9. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/2623/details/rousay+knowe+of+yarso/ "Rousay, Knowe of Yarso"
10. Wickham-Jones (2007) pp. 56-57
11. Wickham-Jones (2007) p. 50
12. Clarke, David (2000) Skara Brae; World Heritage Site. Historic Scotland.
13. Scottish Archaeological Research Framework (ScARF) National Framework. Neolithic: Places to Live and Ways of Living. Accessed May 2022.
14. http://www.tomboftheeagles.co.uk/ "Tomb of the Eagles"
15. Hedges, J. 1990. Tomb of the Eagles: Death and Life in a Stone Age Tribe. New Amsterdam Books. p. 73
16. http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=10839 "Grey Cairns of Camster"
17. http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/index/places/propertyresults/propertydetail.htm?PropID=PL_146&PropName=Grey%20Cairns%20Of%20Camster "Grey Cairns of Camster"
18. Web site: Blackhammer Chambered Cairn . Historic Environment Scotland . 4 January 2024.
19. http://www.orkneyjar.com/tombs/tav "The Taversoe Tuick, Rousay"
20. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Info_Board,_Holm_of_Papa_Westray_Cairn_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1364557.jpg "Info Board, Holm of Papa Westray Cairn"
21. Wickham-Jones (2007) pp. 62-63
22. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/10236/details/north+uist+barpa+langass/ "North Uist, Barpa Langass"
23. Armit (1996) p. 71
24. http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/tombs/cuween/index.html "The Cuween Hill Cairn, Firth"
25. http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/propertyresults/propertydetail.htm?PropID=PL_084&PropName=Cuween "Cuween Hill Chambered Cairn"
26. http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/tombs/quoyness/index.html "The Quoyness Cairn, Sanday"
27. Book: Childe, V. Gordon . W. Douglas Simpson . Illustrated History of Ancient Monuments: Vol. VI Scotland . Her Majesty's Stationery Office . 1952 . Edinburgh . pp.18-19
28. Book: Ritchie, Graham & Anna . Scotland: Archaeology and Early History . Thames and Hudson . 1981 . New York . 0-500-27365-0. p. 29
29. Web site: Stanydale Temple . Historic Environment Scotland . 21 January 2024.
30. https://archive.today/20121223214326/http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/c14/?numlink=141720&nmrsname=Crantit&sample_id= "C14 Radiocarbon dating for Crantit"
31. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/141720/details/crantit/ "Crantit"
32. Armit (1996) p. 73
33. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/11028/details/skye+rubh+an+dunain+viking+canal// "Skye, Rubh' An Dunain, 'Viking Canal' "
34. http://www.theheritagetrail.co.uk/early%20ages/clava_cairns.htm "The Cairns of Clava, Scottish Highlands"
35. Web site: Wideford Hill. Canmore. 8 January 2024.
36. http://www.glenaffric.org/corrimony.html "Corrimony Chambered Cairn & RSPB Nature Reserve"
37. http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/propertyresults/propertydetail.htm?PropID=PL_073&PropName=Corrimony%20Chambered%20Cairn "Corrimony Chambered Cairn"
38. "A Visitors’ Guide to Balnuaran of Clava: A prehistoric cemetery". (2012) Historic Scotland.
39. Bradley, Richard (1996) Excavation at Balnuaran of Clava, 1994 and 1995. Highland Council.
40. Uney, Graham (2010) Walking on the Orkney and Shetland Isles: 80 Walks in the Northern Isles. Cicerone Press. p. 71
41. http://www.saintsandstones.net/stones-glebe-journey.htm "Glebe cairn"
42. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/39537/details/kilmartin+glebe/ "Kilmartin Glebe"
43. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/11431/details/skye+dun+ringill/ "Skye, Dun Ringill"
44. Miers (2008) p. 215
45. http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/shetland/oldscatnessbroch/index.html "Old Scatness Broch"
46. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/11797/details/dun+troddan/ "Dun Troddan"
47. Miers (2008) p. 172
48. http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/propertyresults/propertyoverview.htm?PropID=PL_162 "Jarlshof Prehistoric & Norse Settlement"
49. Armit, Ian (1991) The Atlantic Scottish Iron Age: five levels of chronology. Proc Soc Antiq Scot 121 page 193
50. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/8982/details/yarrows/ "Yarrows"
51. "Yarrows Archaeological Trail". (2012) Highland Council.
52. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/9825/details/south+uist+bornish+dun+vulan/ "South Uist, Bornish, Dun Vulan"
53. Miers (2008) pp. 145-56
54. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/11064/details/skye+dun+ardtreck/ "Skye, Dun Ardtreck"
55. Fojut, Noel (1981)"Is Mousa a broch?" Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot. 111 pp. 220-228.
56. Armit (2003) p. 15
57. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/515/details/ness+of+burgi/ "Ness of Burgi"
58. http://www.stonepages.com/ancient_scotland/sites/burgi.htm "Ness of Burgi"
59. Armit (2003) p. 107
60. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/3679/details/north+ronaldsay+broch+of+burrian/ "North Ronaldsay, Broch of Burrian"
61. http://www.biab.ac.uk/contents/43115 "The Broch of Burrian, North Ronaldsay, Orkney"
62. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/11062/details/skye+dun+beag+struanmore/ "Skye, Dun Beag, Struanmore"
63. Miers (2008) p. 240
64. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/2998/details/tankerness+mine+howe/ "Mine Howe"
65. Armit (2003) p. 108
66. Moffat, Alistair (2005) Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History. London. Thames & Hudson. pp. 173-4.
67. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/21524/details/tiree+dun+mor+vaul/ "Tiree, Dun Mor, Vaul"
68. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/371/details/west+burra+firth/ "West Burra Firth"
69. MacKie, E W (1965) "The origin and development of the broch and wheelhouse building cultures of the Scottish Iron Age". Proc Prehist Soc. 31.
70. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/10925/details/skye+duirinish+dun+fiadhairt/ "Skye, Duirinish, Dun Fiadhairt"
71. Armit (2003) p. 117
72. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/58777/details/edin+s+hall/ Canmore. Retrieved 29 August 2012
73. http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/brochs/borwick/index.html "The Broch o' Borwick, Sandwick"
74. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/1660/details/yesnaby+broch+of+borwick/ "The Broch o' Borwick, Sandwick"
75. ."Torwood, Tappoch Broch". Canmore. Retrieved 6 August 2012
76. http://www.falkirklocalhistorysociety.co.uk/home/index.php?id=144 "Torwood or Tappoch Broch"
77. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/9710/details/barra+dun+cuier/ "Barra, Dun Cuier"
78. Pallister, Marian (2005) Lost Argyll: Argyll's Lost Heritage. Edinburgh. Birlinn. Pages 120 and 133.
79. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/22361/details/garvellachs+eileach+an+naoimh/ "Garvellachs, Eileach An Naoimh"
80. http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/B699722.pdf "Jura National Scenic Area"
81. http://data.historic-scotland.gov.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=2200:15:0::::BUILDING:11587 "St. Columba's Monastery"
82. Armit (1996) p. 246
83. Batey, Colleen "Vikings and Late Norse Orkney" in Omand (2003) pp. 53-54
84. http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/broughofbirsay/index.html "The Brough o' Birsay"
85. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/21617/details/iona+st+oran+s+chapel+and+reilig+odhrain+burial+ground/ "Iona, St Oran's Chapel And Reilig Odhrain Burial Ground"
86. http://www.gla.ac.uk/departments/gothic_open/html/w_church.htm "The Western church and Irish influence: Iona, Dunstaffnage and Skipness"
87. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/35055/details/brechin+cathedral/ "Brechin Cathedral"
88. Web site: Round Tower At South West Angle Of Cathedral Church Lane: Listed Building Report . Historic Scotland.
89. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/27914/details/abernethy+round+tower/ "Abernethy Round Tower"
90. http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/standrews/strules/index.html "St Rule's Tower"
91. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/50895/details/inchcolm+abbey/ "Incholm Abbey"
92. Web site: Holyrood Abbey and Palace gardens . https://archive.today/20120707162342/http://data.historic-scotland.gov.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=2300:35:4237007650032168::NO::P35_SELECTED_MONUMENT:10805 . dead . 7 July 2012 . Historic Scotland . 27 July 2012 .
93. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/52381/details/edinburgh+holyrood+palace+holyrood+abbey/ "Edinburgh, Holyrood Abbey"
94. http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/index/places/hire/weddings/weddings-edinburgh-castle/weddings-edinburgh-castle-st-margarets-chapel.htm "About St. Margaret's Chapel"
95. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/2665/details/wyre+cubbie+roo+s+castle/ "Cubbie Roo's Castle"
96. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/39028/details/castle+sween// "Castle Sween"
97. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/27872/details/loch+leven+st+serf+s+island+st+serf+s+priory+church/ "Loch Leven, St Serf's Island, St Serf's Priory Church"
98. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/57020/details/jedburgh+abbey/ "Jedburgh Abbey"
99. Crawford, Barbara E. "Orkney in the Middle Ages" in Omand (2003) pp. 69-70
100. http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/bishop.htm "The Bishop's Palace, Kirkwall"
101. McAleer, J. Philip (1995). Towards an architectural history of Kilwinning Abbey. Proc Soc Antiq Scot. 125 pp. 841-853.
102. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/2697/details/egilsay+st+magnus+s+church/ "Egilsay, St Magnus's Church"
103. http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/islay/kildalton/index.html "Kildalton Cross"
104. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/40292/details/bute+st+blane+s+church/ "Bute, St Blane's Church"
105. Tabraham, Chris, Scotland's Castles (BT Batsford/Historic Scotland, 1997,), p. 33
106. Coventry (2008) p. 582
107. http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/propertyresults/propertyoverview.htm?PropID=PL_089 "Dirleton Castle"
108. Coventry (2008) p. 449
109. http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/propertyresults/propertyoverview.htm?PropID=PL_169 "Kildrummy Castle"
110. Coventry (2008) p. 365
111. http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/propertyresults/propertyoverview.htm?PropID=PL_111 "Dunstaffnage Castle and Chapel"
112. Coventry (2008) p. 386
113. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/22662/details/mull+duart+castle/ "Duart Castle"
114. Coventry (2008) p. 562
115. Coventry (2008) p. 220
116. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/56062/details/yester+castle+and+goblin+ha "Yester Castle and Goblin Ha'"
117. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/21621/details/iona+iona+nunnery/ "Iona, Iona Nunnery"
118. McDonald (2007) p. 245
119. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/16094/details/pluscarden+abbey/ "Pluscarden Abbey"
120. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/23259/details/ardchattan+priory/ "Ardchattan Priory"
121. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/14324/details/fortrose+cathedral+square+fortrose+cathedral/ "Fortrose Cathedral"
122. http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/propertyresults/propertyoverview.htm?PropID=PL_157/ "Inchmahome Priory"
123. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/37472/details/islay+nave+island/ "Islay, Nave Island"
124. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/58418/details/kelso+bridge+street+abbey/ "Kelso, Bridge Street, Abbey"
125. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/222126/details/arbroath+abbey+regality+tower/ "Arbroath Abbey, Regality Tower"
126. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/40830/details/crossraguel+abbey/ "Crossraguel Abbey"
127. http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/beauly/beaulypriory/index.html "Beauly Priory"
128. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/65464/details/new+abbey+sweetheart+abbey/ "Sweetheart Abbey"
129. http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/balmerino/abbey/index.html "Balmerino Abbey"
130. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/48040/details/culross+culross+abbey/ "Culross Abbey"
131. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/20216/details/aberdeen+the+chanonry+st+machar+s+cathedral+and+churchyard/ "Aberdeen, The Chanonry, St Machar's Cathedral and Churchyard"
132. Web site: Clackmannan Tower, Listed Building Report . 2010-05-10 . Historic Scotland.
133. Web site: . Nethergate, City Churches, St Clement's, or Steeple Church, Category A Listing . 12 July 1963 . 27 March 2012 . Historic Scotland .
134. http://www.dundeestmarys.co.uk/history.html "Dundee Parish Church (St. Mary's)"
135. Web site: Mauchline Castle (Abbot Hunter's Tower): Listed Building Report. Historic Scotland . 2010-06-05.
136. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/42697/details/mauchline+castle+street+mauchline+castle/ "Mauchline Castle"
137. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/44505/details/bardowie+castle/ "Bardowie Castle"
138. Web site: Church Of Maxwell, Mearns Castle, Broom Road, By Newton Mearns, Listed Building Report . Historic Scotland . 20 May 2010.
139. Web site: Glasgow Cathedral.
140. http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/portglasgow/newarkcastle/ "Newark Castle"
141. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/53601/details/crichton+castle/ "Chrichton Castle"
142. http://data.historic-scotland.gov.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=2200:15:0::::BUILDING:754 "Chrichton Castle"
143. Web site: Dalzell House, Listed Building Report . Historic Scotland . 2010-05-13.
144. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/43139/details/paisley+abbey/ "Pailsey Abbey"
145. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/45691/details/bothwell+main+street+st+bride+s+collegiate+church/ "Bothwell, Main Street, St Bride's Collegiate Church"
146. http://www.lennoxherald.co.uk/lifestyle/latest-lifestyle/2009/01/30/provost-glencairn-house-can-be-a-tourist-attraction-114557-22796780/ "Provost: 'Glencairn House can be a tourist attraction'"
147. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/42350/details/dumbarton+81+high+street+glencairn+tenement/ "Dumbarton, 81 High Street, Glencairn Tenement"
148. http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/torphichen/preceptory/ "Torphicen Preceptory"
149. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/47978/details/torphichen+bowyett+torphichen+preceptory+and+torphichen+parish+church/ "Torphicen, Bowyett, Torphicen Preceptory and Torphicen Parish Church"
150. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/337/details/broch+of+culswick/ "Broch of Culswick"
151. Lamb, R.G. (1975) "The Burri Stacks of Culswick, Shetland, and other paired stack-settlements". PSAS.
152. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/1373/details/yell+burra+ness/ "Yell, Burra Ness"
153. C. Michael Hogan (2007) "Burroughston Broch". The Megalithic Portal. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
154. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/6833/details/carn+liath/ "Carn Liath"
155. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/4499/details/clachtoll/ "Clachtoll"
156. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/event/586669/ "Dun Dornaigil"
157. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/10905/details/skye+dun+hallin/ "Skye, Hallin"
158. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/11772/details/dun+grugaig+glenelg/ "Dune Grugaig, Glenelg"
159. Miers (2008) p. 173
160. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/6964/details/kintradwell/ "Kintradwell"
161. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/5069/details/sallachadh/ "Sallachadh"
162. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/62292/details/stair+haven/ "Stair Haven"
163. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/23082/details/lismore+tirefour+castle/ "Lismore, Tirefour Castle"
164. Burghead Well (1968) Ancient Monuments of Scotland. Crown copyright leaflet.
165. http://www.angus.gov.uk/history/features/buildings/2006-02-restenneth.htm "Restenneth Priory"
166. http://www.rcahms.gov.uk/pls/portal/newcanmore.newcandig_details_gis?inumlink=33745 "Restenneth Priory"
167. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/1465/details/fetlar+funziegirt/ "Fetlar, Funziegirt"
168. http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/tombs/dwarfiestane/ "The Dwarfie Stane, Hoy"
169. Wickham-Jones (2007) p. 54