| Old Welsh | |
| States: | Wales |
| Era: | Evolved into Middle Welsh about the 12th century |
| Familycolor: | Indo-European |
| Fam2: | Celtic |
| Fam3: | Insular Celtic |
| Fam4: | Brittonic |
| Ancestor: | Common Brittonic |
| Ancestor2: | Western Brittonic |
| Script: | Ogham, Latin |
| Iso3: | owl |
| Glotto: | oldw1241 |
| Glottoname: | Old Welsh |
| Linglist: | owl |
| Notice: | IPA |
Old Welsh (Welsh: Hen Gymraeg) is the stage of the Welsh language from about 800 AD until the early 12th century when it developed into Middle Welsh.[1] The preceding period, from the time Welsh became distinct from Common Brittonic around 550, has been called "Primitive"[2] or "Archaic Welsh".[3]
The phonology of Old Welsh is as follows.[4]
| Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||||
| Stop | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||||
| Fricative | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||
| Approximant | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||||||
| Lateral | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||||||||
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |
| Mid | pronounced as /link/ | (pronounced as /link/) (pronounced as /link/) | pronounced as /link/ | |
| Open | pronounced as /link/ |
The oldest surviving text entirely in Old Welsh is understood to be that on a gravestone now in Tywyn – the Cadfan Stone – thought to date from the 7th century, although more recent scholarship dates it in the 9th century.[5] A key body of Old Welsh text also survives in glosses and marginalia from around 900 in the Juvencus Manuscript and in Latin: [[De raris fabulis]]. Some examples of medieval Welsh poems and prose additionally originate from this period, but are found in later manuscripts; Y Gododdin, for example, is preserved in Middle Welsh. A text in Latin and Old Welsh in the Lichfield Gospels called the "Surrexit Memorandum" is thought to have been written in the early 8th century but may be a copy of a text from the 6th or 7th centuries.[6] [7]
Words in bold are Latin, not Old Welsh.
Latin: '''surexit''' tutbulc Latin: '''filius''' liuit haLatin: '''gener''' tutri dierchi tir telih haioid ilau elcu Latin: '''filius''' gelhig haluidt iuguret amgucant pel amtanndi ho diued diprotant Latin: '''gener''' tutri o guir imguodant ir degion guragon tagc rodesit elcu guetig Latin: '''equs tres uache, tres uache''' nouidligi namin ir ni be cas igridu dimedichat guetig hit did braut grefiat guetig nis minn tutbulc hai cenetl in ois oisau
Tudfwlch son of Llywyd and son-in-law of Tudri arose to claim the land of Telych, which was in the hand of Elgu son of Gelli and the tribe of Idwared. They disputed long about it; in the end they disjudge Tudri's son-in-law by law. The goodmen said to each other 'Let us make peace'. Elgu gave afterwards a horse, three cows, three cows newly calved, in order that there might not be hatred between them from the ruling afterwards till the Day of Judgement. Tudfwlch and his kin will not want it for ever and ever.
| Old Welsh | Modern Welsh | English | |
|---|---|---|---|
| tir | Welsh: tir | land | |
| lau | Welsh: llaw | hand | |
| haluidt | Welsh: a llwyth | and (the) tribe | |
| diued | Welsh: diwedd | end | |
| ir | Welsh: yr, y | the | |
| nouid | Welsh: newydd | new | |
| guetig | Welsh: wedi | after | |
| cas | Welsh: cas | hatred | |
| hit | Welsh: hyd | until | |
| did | Welsh: dydd | day | |
| braut | Welsh: brawd | judgement | |
| in ois oisou | Welsh: yn oes oesoedd | for ever and ever |
Page 141 (on which the text is written) also appears to hold more text written in Old Welsh below Latin, and a mysterious section where text appears to have been erased. No translations or transcripts have yet been offered for the text.
It is also unknown why the particular page was used for the glosses, as little or no text appears to have been added to any other of the Lichfield Gospels. It is possible that the page was chosen to conceal the later added information.