See main article: Cyrillic alphabets and Cyrillic script.
| Early Cyrillic alphabet | |
| Also Known As: | Словѣньска азъбоукꙑ |
| Type: | Alphabet |
| Time: | From in Bulgaria[1] |
| Languages: | Old Church Slavonic, Church Slavonic, old versions of many Slavic languages |
| Fam1: | Egyptian hieroglyphs[2] |
| Fam2: | Phoenician alphabet |
| Fam3: | Greek alphabet (with influence from the Glagolitic alphabet) |
| Children: | Cyrillic script |
| Sisters: | Latin alphabet Coptic alphabet Armenian alphabet |
| Iso15924: | Cyrs |
| Sample: | Early Cyrillic alphabet.svg |
| Direction: | Varies |
The Early Cyrillic alphabet, also called classical Cyrillic or paleo-Cyrillic, is an alphabetic writing system that was developed in Medieval Bulgaria in the Preslav Literary School during the late 9th century. It is used to write the Church Slavonic language, and was historically used for its ancestor, Old Church Slavonic. It was also used for other languages, but between the 18th and 20th centuries was mostly replaced by the modern Cyrillic script, which is used for some Slavic languages (such as Russian), and for East European and Asian languages that have experienced a great amount of Russian cultural influence.
The earliest form of manuscript Cyrillic, known as ustav, was based on Greek uncial script, augmented by ligatures and by letters from the Glagolitic alphabet for consonants not found in Greek.[3]
The Glagolitic alphabet was created by the Macedonian monk Saint Cyril, possibly with the aid of his brother Saint Methodius, around 863.[3] Most scholars agree that Cyrillic, on the other hand, was created by Cyril's students at the Preslav Literary School in the 890s as a more suitable script for church books, based on uncial Greek but retaining some Glagolitic letters for sounds not present in Greek.[4] [5] [6] At the time, the Preslav Literary School was the most important early literary and cultural center of the First Bulgarian Empire and of all Slavs:[5]
Unlike the Churchmen in Ohrid, Preslav scholars were much more dependent upon Greek models and quickly abandoned the Glagolitic scripts in favor of an adaptation of the Greek uncial to the needs of Slavic, which is now known as the Cyrillic alphabet.The earliest Cyrillic texts are found in northeastern Bulgaria, in the vicinity of Preslav—the Krepcha inscription, dating back to 921,[7] and a ceramic vase from Preslav, dating back to 931.[5] Moreover, unlike the other literary centre in the First Bulgarian Empire, the Ohrid Literary School, which continued to use Glagolitic well into the 12th century, the School at Preslav was using Cyrillic in the early 900s.[8] The systematization of Cyrillic may have been undertaken at the Council of Preslav in 893, when the Old Church Slavonic liturgy was adopted by the First Bulgarian Empire.[9]
American scholar Horace Lunt has alternatively suggested that Cyrillics emerged in the border regions of Greek proselytization to the Slavs before it was codified and adapted by some systematizer among the Slavs. The oldest Cyrillic manuscripts look very similar to 9th and 10th century Greek uncial manuscripts, and the majority of uncial Cyrillic letters were identical to their Greek uncial counterparts.[1]
The Cyrillic alphabet was very well suited for the writing of Old Church Slavic, generally following a principle of "one letter for one significant sound", with some arbitrary or phonotactically-based exceptions.[3] Particularly, this principle is violated by certain vowel letters, which represent pronounced as /[j]/ plus the vowel if they are not preceded by a consonant.[3] It is also violated by a significant failure to distinguish between /ji/ and /jĭ/ orthographically.[3] There was no distinction of capital and lowercase letters, though manuscript letters were rendered larger for emphasis, or in various decorative initial and nameplate forms.[10] Letters served as numerals as well as phonetic signs; the values of the numerals were directly borrowed from their Greek-letter analogues.[3] Letters without Greek equivalents mostly had no numeral values, whereas one letter, koppa, had only a numeric value with no phonetic value.[3]
Since its creation, the Cyrillic script has adapted to changes in spoken language and developed regional variations to suit the features of national languages. It has been the subject of academic reforms and political decrees. Variations of the Cyrillic script are used to write languages throughout Eastern Europe and Asia.
The form of the Russian alphabet underwent a change when Tsar Peter the Great introduced the civil script (Russian: гражданский шрифт|graždanskiy šrift, or Russian: гражданка, Russian: graždanka), in contrast to the prevailing church typeface, (Russian: церковнославя́нский шрифт| cerkovnoslavjanskiy šrift) in 1708. (The two forms are sometimes distinguished as paleo-Cyrillic and neo-Cyrillic.) Some letters and breathing marks which were used only for historical reasons were dropped. Medieval letterforms used in typesetting were harmonized with Latin typesetting practices, exchanging medieval forms for Baroque ones, and skipping the western European Renaissance developments. The reform subsequently influenced Cyrillic orthographies for most other languages. Today, the early orthography and typesetting standards remain in use only in Church Slavonic.
A comprehensive repertoire of early Cyrillic characters has been included in the Unicode standard since version 5.1, published April 4, 2008. These characters and their distinctive letterforms are represented in specialized computer fonts for Slavistics.
| Image | Unicode | Name (Cyrillic) | Name (translit.) | Translit. international system[11] | Translit. ALA-LC[12] | IPA | Numeric value | Origin | Meaning of name | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| А а | azŏ | a | a | pronounced as /[ɑː]/ | 1 | Greek alpha Α | me (spiritually) | ||||
| Б б | buky | b | b | pronounced as /[b]/ | Greek beta in Thera form | letters | |||||
| В в | vědě | v | v | pronounced as /[v]/ | 2 | Greek Beta Β | know | ||||
| Г г | glagoli | g | g | pronounced as /[ɡ]/ | 3 | Greek Gamma Γ | talk | When marked with a palatalization mark, this letter is pronounced pronounced as /[ɟ]/; this occurs only rarely, and only in borrowings. | |||
| Д д | dobro | d | d | pronounced as /[d̪]/ | 4 | Greek Delta Δ | good | When marked with a palatalization mark or followed by a palatalizing vowel (ю, ѭ, or ꙗ, and sometimes ѣ), this letter is pronounced pronounced as /[dʲ]/; some manuscripts do not mark palatalization, in which case it must be inferred from context. | |||
| Є є | jest’ | e | e | pronounced as /[ɛ̠]/ | 5 | Greek Epsilon Ε | is - exists, world | Pronounced pronounced as /[jɛ]/ when not preceded by a consonant. | |||
| Ж ж | živěte | ž | zh | pronounced as /[ʒ]/ | Glagolitic Zhivete Ⰶ | live | |||||
| Ѕ ѕ | dzělo | d︠z︡ | ż | pronounced as /[d̪z̪]/ | 6 | Greek Stigma Ϛ | very | The form ꙃ had the phonetic value pronounced as /[dz]/ and no numeral value, whereas the form ѕ was used only as a numeral and had no phonetic value. Since the 12th century, ѕ came to be used instead of ꙃ.[13] [14] In many manuscripts з is used instead, suggesting lenition had taken place. | |||
| З з, Ꙁ ꙁ | zemlja | z | z | pronounced as /[z̪] ~ [z]/ | 7 | Greek Zeta Ζ | earth | The first form developed into the second. | |||
| И и | íže | í,j | í,ĭ | pronounced as /[iː]/ | 8 | Greek Eta Η | harmony, balance | ||||
| І і, Ї ї | īžei,ìnit' | ī,ì | ī,ì | pronounced as /[i] ~ [j]/ | 10 | Greek Iota Ι | and | ||||
| К к | kakó | k | k | pronounced as /[k]/ | 20 | Greek Kappa Κ | as | When marked with a palatalization mark, this letter is pronounced pronounced as /[c]/; this occurs only rarely, and only in borrowings. | |||
| Л л | ljudìjĕ | l | l | pronounced as /[l]/
| 30 | Greek Lambda Λ | people | When marked with a palatalization mark or followed by a palatalizing vowel (ю, ѭ, or ꙗ, and sometimes ѣ), this letter is pronounced pronounced as /[ʎ]/; some manuscripts do not mark palatalization, in which case it must be inferred from context. | |||
| М м | myslite | m | m | pronounced as /[m]/ | 40 | Greek Mu Μ | think | ||||
| Н н | našĕ | n | n | pronounced as /[n]/
| 50 | Greek Nu Ν | ours | When marked with a palatalization mark or followed by a palatalizing vowel (ю, ѭ, or ꙗ, and sometimes ѣ), this letter is pronounced pronounced as /[ɲ]/; some manuscripts do not mark palatalization, in which case it must be inferred from context. | |||
| О о | onŏ | o | o | pronounced as /[o]/ | 70 | Greek Omicron Ο | he/it | ||||
| П п | pokoj | p | p | pronounced as /[p]/ | 80 | Greek Pi Π | calm | ||||
| Р р | r'ci | r | r | pronounced as /[r]/
| 100 | Greek Rho Ρ | language | When marked with a palatalization mark or followed by a palatalizing vowel (ю or ѭ), this letter is pronounced pronounced as /[rʲ]/; some manuscripts do not mark palatalization, in which case it must be inferred from context. This palatalization was lost rather early in South Slavic speech. | |||
| С с | slovo | s | s | pronounced as /[s]/ | 200 | Greek lunate Sigma Ϲ | word/speech | ||||
| Т т | tverdo | t | t | pronounced as /[t]/ | 300 | Greek Tau Τ | hard | When marked with a palatalization mark or followed by a palatalizing vowel (ю, ѭ, or ꙗ, and sometimes ѣ), this letter is pronounced pronounced as /[c]/; some manuscripts do not mark palatalization, in which case it must be inferred from context. | |||
| Ѹ ѹ, Ꙋ ꙋ | oukŏ/ukŏ | ou/u | оу/ꙋ=ou, у=u | pronounced as /[ou/u]/ | Greek Omicron-Upsilon ΟΥ / Ꙋ | learning | The first form developed into the second, a vertical ligature. A less common alternative form was a digraph with izhitsa: Оѵ оѵ. | ||||
| Ф ф | fěrtŏ | f | f | pronounced as /[f]/ or possibly pronounced as /[p]/ | 500 | Greek Phi Φ | pride | This letter was not needed for Slavic but used to transcribe Greek Φ and Latin ph and f. It was probably, but not certainly, pronounced as pronounced as /[f]/ rather than pronounced as /[p]/; however, in some cases it has been found as a transcription of Greek π. | |||
| Х х | chěrŏ | ch | kh | pronounced as /[x]/ | 600 | Greek Chi Χ | When marked with a palatalization mark, this letter is pronounced pronounced as /[ç]/; this occurs only rarely, and only in borrowings. | ||||
| Ѡ ѡ Ѿ ѿ | ōmŏ ōtŏ | ѡ=ō ѿ=ō͡t | ѡ=ō ѿ=ō͡t | pronounced as /[o]/ | 800 | Greek Omega ω | great, from | This letter was rarely used, mostly appearing in the interjection "oh", in the preposition ‹otŭ›, in Greek transcription, and as a decorative capital. | |||
| Ц ц | ce | c | t͡s | pronounced as /[ts]/ | 900 | Glagolitic Tsi Ⱌ | goal, objective | See also: Ꙡ ꙡ. | |||
| Ч ч | červl' | č | ch | pronounced as /[tʃ]/ | 90 | Glagolitic Cherv Ⱍ | edge | This letter replaced koppa as the numeral for 90 after about 1300. | |||
| Ш ш | ša | š | sh | pronounced as /[ʃ]/ | Glagolitic Sha Ⱎ | space | |||||
| Щ щ | šta | št | sht | pronounced as /[ʃt]/ | Glagolitic Shta Ⱋ | protection | This letter varied in pronunciation from region to region; it may have originally represented the reflexes of pronounced as /[tʲ]/. It was sometimes replaced by the digraph шт. Pronounced pronounced as /[ʃtʃ]/ in Old East Slavic. Later analyzed as a Ш-Т ligature by folk etymology, but neither the Cyrillic nor the Glagolitic glyph originated as such a ligature. | ||||
| Ъ ъ | jerŏ | ŏ/ŭ | ″ | pronounced as /[ŏ]/ or pronounced as /[ŭ]/ | Glagolitic Yer Ⱏ | process of creation | After č, š, ž, c, dz, št, and žd, this letter was pronounced identically to ь instead of its normal pronunciation. | ||||
| Ꙑ ꙑ | jery | y | y | pronounced as /[ɯ]/ or pronounced as /[ɯji]/ or pronounced as /[ɯjĭ]/ | Ъ + І ligature. | ongoing process | Ꙑ was the more common form; rarely, a third form, ы, appears. | ||||
| Ь ь | jerĕ | ĕ/ĭ | ' | pronounced as /[ĕ]/ or pronounced as /[ĭ]/ | Glagolitic Yerj Ⱐ | ended process | This letter loses its pronunciation and becomes a palatalization mark when it follows these letters: д,л,н,р,т. | ||||
| Ѣ ѣ | jat' | ě | i͡e | pronounced as /[ije]/ | Glagolitic yat Ⱑ | unity of heaven and earth | Pronounced [ja] when not preceded by a consonant. In western South Slavic dialects of Old Church Slavonic, this letter had a more closed pronunciation, perhaps pronounced as /[ɛ]/ or pronounced as /[e]/. This letter was written only after a consonant; in all other positions, ꙗ was used instead. An exceptional document is Pages of Undolski, where ѣ is used instead of ꙗ. | ||||
| Ꙗ ꙗ | jar' | ja/ă | i͡a/ă | pronounced as /[ja:/ă]/ | І-А ligature | specific group,things | This letter was probably not present in the original Cyrillic alphabet. | ||||
| Ѥ ѥ | jĕdo/edo | jĕ/e | i͡e/e | pronounced as /[jɛ꙼/ɛ]/ | І-Є ligature | touch with the entire | This letter was probably not present in the original Cyrillic alphabet. | ||||
| Ю ю | junŏ | ju | i͡u | pronounced as /[ju]/ | І-ОУ ligature, dropping У | motion against flow | There was no pronounced as /[jo]/ sound in early Slavic, so І-ОУ did not need to be distinguished from І-О. After č, š, ž, c, dz, št, and žd, this letter was pronounced pronounced as /[u]/, without iotation. | ||||
| Ѫ ѫ | ǫd' | ǫ | ǫ | pronounced as /[ɔ̃]/ | Glagolitic Ons Ⱘ | wisdom given as heritage | Called юсъ большой (big yus) in Russian. | ||||
| Ѭ ѭ | jǫta | jǫ | i͡ǫ | pronounced as /[jɔ̃]/ | І-Ѫ ligature | rejection | After č, š, ž, c, dz, št, and žd, this letter was pronounced pronounced as /[ɔ̃]/, without iotation. Called юсъ большой йотированный (iotated big yus) in Russian. | ||||
| Ѧ ѧ | jęnŏ | ę | ę | pronounced as /[ɛ̃]/ | 900 | Glagolitic Ens Ⱔ | image | Pronounced pronounced as /[jɛ̃]/ when not preceded by a consonant. Called юсъ малый (little yus) in Russian. | |||
| Ѩ ѩ | jęta | ję | i͡ę | pronounced as /[jɛ̃]/ | І-Ѧ ligature | expansion of understanding | This letter does not exist in the oldest (South Slavic) Cyrillic manuscripts, but only in East Slavic ones. It was probably not present in the original Cyrillic alphabet. Called юсъ малый йотированный (iotated little yus) in Russian. | ||||
| Ѯ ѯ | ksi | ks | k͡s | pronounced as /[ks]/ | 60 | Greek Xi Ξ | xi (letter name) | These two letters were not needed for Slavic but were used to transcribe Greek and as numerals. | |||
| Ѱ ѱ | psi | ps | p͡s | pronounced as /[ps]/ | 700 | Greek Psi Ψ | psi (letter name) | ||||
| Ѳ ѳ | Thita | f̀/th | ḟ | pronounced as /[t]/, or pronounced as /[f]/, or possibly pronounced as /[θ]/ | 9 | Greek Theta Θ | theta (letter name), nature | This letter was not needed for Slavic but was used to transcribe Greek and as a numeral. It seems to have been generally pronounced pronounced as /[t]/, as the oldest texts sometimes replace instances of it with т. Normal Old Church Slavonic pronunciation probably did not have a phone pronounced as /[θ]/. | |||
| Ѵ ѵ | ižica | ỳ/ü/v/t | ẏ/ü/v/t | pronounced as /[i]/, pronounced as /[y]/, pronounced as /[v]/ | 400 | Greek Upsilon Υ | small yoke/Izhe | This letter was used to transcribe Greek upsilon and as a numeral. It also formed part of the digraph оѵ. | |||
| Ҁ ҁ | qopa | — | none | 90 | Greek Koppa Ϙ | koppa (letter name) | This letter had no phonetic value, and was used only as a numeral. After about 1300, it was replaced as a numeral by črĭvĭ. |
In addition to the basic letters, there were a number of scribal variations, combining ligatures, and regionalisms used, all of which varied over time.
Sometimes the Greek letters that were used in Cyrillic mainly for their numeric value are transcribed with the corresponding Greek letters for accuracy: ѳ = θ, ѯ = ξ, ѱ = ψ, ѵ = υ, and ѡ = ω.
Each letter had a numeric value also, inherited from the corresponding Greek letter. A titlo over a sequence of letters indicated their use as a number; usually this was accompanied by a dot on either side of the letter.[3] In numerals, the ones place was to the left of the tens place, the reverse of the order used in modern Arabic numerals.[3] Thousands are formed using a special symbol, (U+0482), which was attached to the lower left corner of the numeral.[3] Many fonts display this symbol incorrectly as being in line with the letters instead of subscripted below and to the left of them.
Titlos were also used to form abbreviations, especially of nomina sacra; this was done by writing the first and last letter of the abbreviated word along with the word's grammatical endings, then placing a titlo above it.[3] Later manuscripts made increasing use of a different style of abbreviation, in which some of the left-out letters were superscripted above the abbreviation and covered with a pokrytie diacritic.[3]
Several diacritics, adopted from Polytonic Greek orthography, were also used, but were seemingly redundant[3] (these may not appear correctly in all web browsers; they are supposed to be directly above the letter, not off to its upper right):
trema, diaeresis (U+0308)
varia (grave accent), indicating stress on the last syllable (U+0300)
oksia (acute accent), indicating a stressed syllable (Unicode U+0301)
titlo, indicating abbreviations, or letters used as numerals (U+0483)
kamora (circumflex accent), indicating palatalization (U+0484); in later Church Slavonic, it disambiguates plurals from homophonous singulars.
dasia or dasy pneuma, rough breathing mark (U+0485)
psili, zvatel'tse, or psilon pneuma, soft breathing mark (U+0486). Signals a word-initial vowel, at least in later Church Slavonic.
Combined zvatel'tse and varia is called apostrof.
Combined zvatel'tse and oksia is called iso.
or payerok (U+A67D, U+033E), indicating an omitted 'jerŭ' (ъ) after a letter.[15]
Punctuation systems in early Cyrillic manuscripts were primitive: there was no space between words and no upper and lower case, and punctuation marks were used inconsistently in all manuscripts.[3]
ano teleia (U+0387), a middle dot used to separate phrases, words, or parts of words[3]
Full stop, used in the same way[3]
Armenian full stop (U+0589), resembling a colon, used in the same way[3]
Georgian paragraph separator (U+10FB), used to mark off larger divisions
triangular colon (U+2056, added in Unicode 4.1), used to mark off larger divisions
diamond colon (U+2058, added in Unicode 4.1), used to mark off larger divisions
quintuple colon (U+2059, added in Unicode 4.1), used to mark off larger divisions
Greek question mark (U+037E), similar to a semicolon
Some of these marks are also used in Glagolitic script.
Used only in modern texts
comma (U+002C)
full stop (U+002E)
exclamation mark (U+0021)