Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala Explained

Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala
Office:7th Director-General of the World Trade Organization
Term Start:1 March 2021
Predecessor:Roberto Azevêdo
Office1:Minister of Finance
President1:Goodluck Jonathan
Term Start1:17 August 2011
Term End1:29 May 2015
Predecessor1:Olusegun Olutoyin Aganga
Successor1:Kemi Adeosun
President2:Olusegun Obasanjo
Term Start2:15 July 2003
Term End2:21 June 2006
Predecessor2:Adamu Ciroma
Successor2:Nenadi Usman
Office3:Coordinating Minister for the Economy
President3:Goodluck Jonathan
Term Start3:17 August 2011
Term End3:29 May 2015
Predecessor3:Olusegun Olutoyin Aganga
Successor3:Position abolished
Office4:Minister of Foreign Affairs
President4:Olusegun Obasanjo
Term Start4:21 June 2006
Term End4:30 August 2006
Predecessor4:Oluyemi Adeniji
Successor4:Joy Ogwu
Birth Date:13 June 1954
Birth Place:Ogwashi Ukwu, Nigeria
Spouse:Ikemba Iweala
Children:4, including Uzodinma
Citizenship:Nigeria (1954–present)
United States (2019–present)[1]
Education:Harvard University (BA)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MA, PhD)

Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala (; born 13 June 1954[2]) is a Nigerian economist,[3] [4] [5] [6] who has been serving as the Director-General of the World Trade Organization since March 2021. She is the first woman and first African to lead the World Trade Organization as Director-General.[7] [8] [9]

She was previously on the boards of Danone, Standard Chartered Bank, MINDS: Mandela Institute for Development Studies, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security, One Campaign, GAVI: Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization, Rockefeller Foundation, R4D: Results for Development, ARC: African Risk Capacity and Earthshot Prize plus others.[10] [11] [12] [13] [14] She also previously sat on the Twitter Board of Directors, and stepped down in February 2021 in connection with her appointment as Director-General of the World Trade Organization.[15]

Okonjo-Iweala serves Brookings Institution as a non-resident distinguished fellow with the Africa Growth Initiative in their Global Economy and Development Program.[16] [17] She is a Commissioner Emeritus and Co-Chair of Global Commission on the Economy and Climate.[18] At The World Bank, she had a 25-year career as a development economist; rising to become Managing Director for Operations from 2007 to 2011. Okonjo-Iweala was the first Nigerian woman to serve two terms as Finance Minister of Nigeria; initially, under President Olusegun Obasanjo from 2003 to 2006; and secondly, under President Goodluck Jonathan from 2011 to 2015. Subsequently, from June to August 2006, she served as Minister for Foreign Affairs of Nigeria. In 2005, Euromoney named her Global Finance Minister of the Year.[19] [20] [21]

Early life and education

Okonjo-Iweala was born in Ogwashi-Ukwu, Delta State, Nigeria, where her father, Professor Chukwuka Okonjo, was the Obi (king) of the Obahai royal family of Ogwashi-Ukwu in Nigeria.[22]

Okonjo-Iweala briefly attended Queen's School, Enugu; she was later relocated to live and to further her education in St. Anne's School, Molete, Ibadan, Oyo State; and also attended the International School Ibadan, Oyo State. She arrived in the US in 1973 to study at Harvard University and graduated Latin: [[Latin honors|magna cum laude]] with an AB in Economics in 1976.[23] [24] She earned a master's degree in city planning in 1978 and obtained her PhD in regional economics and development in 1981 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with the thesis Credit policy, rural financial markets, and Nigeria's agricultural development.[25] She received an international fellowship from the American Association of University Women (AAUW), which supported her doctoral studies.[26]

Career

World Bank

Okonjo-Iweala had a 25-year career at the World Bank in Washington, D.C., as a development economist and rose to the No.2 position of Managing Director, Operations.[27] As managing director, she had oversight responsibility for the World Bank’s $81 billion operational portfolio in Africa, South Asia, Europe, and Central Asia. Okonjo-Iweala spearheaded several World Bank initiatives to assist low-income countries during the 2008–2009 food crises and later during the financial crisis. In 2010, she was the chair person of the IDA replenishment, the World Bank’s successful drive to raise $49.3 billion in grants and low-interest credit for the poorest countries in the world.[28] During her time at the World Bank, she was also a member of the Commission on Effective Development Cooperation with Africa, which was set up by Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen and held meetings between April and October 2008.[29]

In government

Okonjo-Iweala served twice as Nigeria's Finance Minister (2003–2006 and 2011–2015) and briefly acted as Foreign Minister in 2006. She was the first woman to hold both positions. During her first term as Finance Minister in the administration of President Olusegun Obasanjo, she spearheaded negotiations with the Paris Club that led to the wiping out of US$30 billion of Nigeria's debt, including the outright cancellation of US$18 billion.[30] In 2003, she led efforts to improve Nigeria’s macroeconomic management including the implementation of an oil-price based fiscal rule. Revenues accruing above a reference benchmark oil price were saved in a special account, the "Excess Crude Account," which helped to reduce macroeconomic volatility.[31] Okonjo-Iweala was also instrumental in helping Nigeria obtain its first ever sovereign credit rating (of BB minus) from Fitch Ratings and Standard & Poor’s in 2006. She also introduced the practice of publishing the federal, state, and local government shares of revenue from the country’s federal account. That action went a long way in increasing transparency in governance at all levels of government, particularly the sub-national level.[32] [33] Following her first term as Minister of Finance, she served two months as Minister of Foreign Affairs in 2006. She returned to the World Bank as a Managing Director in December 2007.[34]

In 2011, Okonjo-Iweala was re-appointed as Minister of Finance in Nigeria with the expanded portfolio of the Coordinating Minister for the Economy by President Goodluck Jonathan. In her second term as Finance Minister, Dr Okonjo-Iweala was responsible for leading reform that enhanced transparency of government accounts and strengthened institutions against corruption, including the implementation of the GIFMS (Government Integrated Financial Management System), the IPPMS (Integrated Personnel and Payroll Management System), and the TSA (Treasury Single Accounts). As of February 2015, the IPPIS platform had eliminated 62,893 ghost workers from the system and saved the government about $1.25 billion in the process.[35] [36]

Her legacy includes strengthening the country's public financial systems and stimulating the housing sector with the establishment of the Nigerian Mortgage Refinance Corporation (NMRC) in 2013.[37] Under her leadership, the National Bureau of Statistics carried out a re-basing exercise of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the first in 24 years, which saw Nigeria emerge as the largest economy in Africa.[38] She also empowered women and youth with the Growing Girls and Women in Nigeria Programme (GWIN), a gender-responsive budgeting system,[39] and the highly acclaimed Youth Enterprise with Innovation Programme (YouWIN); to support entrepreneurs, that created thousands of jobs.[40] [41] As part of Goodluck Jonathan's administration, she received death threats and endured the kidnapping of her mother when she tried to sanitise Nigeria’s fuel subsidy payments to some marketers in 2012.[42]

In addition to her role in government, Okonjo-Iweala served on the Commission on Growth and Development (2006–2009), led by Nobel Prize winner Professor Michael Spence. She was a member of the International Monetary and Finance Committee of the IMF (2003-2006 and 2011-2015) and the United Nations’ Secretary-General’s High-Level Panel on the Post-2015 Development Agenda (2012–2013). She also co-chaired the Global Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation with UK Secretary Justine Greening. [43] In 2012, she was a candidate for President of the World Bank, running against former Colombian finance minister Jose Antonio Ocampo and Dartmouth College President Jim Yong Kim; if elected, she would have become the organization's first female president.[44]

Later career

After leaving government, Okonjo-Iweala became a member of the International Commission on Financing Global Education Opportunity (2015–2016), chaired by Gordon Brown, and the Eminent Persons Group on Global Financial Governance, which was established by the G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors (2017–2018).[45] From 2014, she has been co-chairing the Global Commission for the Economy and Climate, with Nicholas Stern and Paul Polman.[46] She also served as Chair of the Board of Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance (2016–2020).

Okonjo-Iweala is the founder of Nigeria's first indigenous opinion-research organization, NOI-Polls.[47] She also founded the Centre for the Study of the Economies of Africa (C-SEA),[48] a development research think-tank based in Abuja, and is a Distinguished Visiting Fellow at the Center for Global Development and the Brookings Institution.[49]

Since 2019, Okonjo-Iweala has been part of UNESCO's International Commission on the Futures of Education, chaired by Sahle-Work Zewde.[50] Also since 2019, she has also been serving on the High-Level Council on Leadership & Management for Development of the Aspen Management Partnership for Health (AMP Health).[51] In 2020, the International Monetary Fund's Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva appointed her to an external advisory group to provide input on policy challenges.[52] Also in 2020, she was appointed by the African Union (AU) as special envoy to solicit international support to help the continent deal with the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as World Health Organization COVID-19 Special Envoy.[53]

In June 2020, Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari nominated Okonjo-Iweala as the country’s candidate to be director-general of the World Trade Organization (WTO).[54] She later advanced to the election's final round and eventually competed with Yoo Myung-hee. Ahead of the vote, she received the backing of the European Union for her candidacy.[55] In October 2020, the United States government indicated that it would not back Okonjo-Iweala's candidacy.[56] The WTO in its formal report said that Okonjo-Iweala "clearly carried the largest support by Members in the final round; and, enjoyed broad support from Members from all levels of development and from all geographic regions and has done so throughout the process" [57] On 5 February 2021, Yoo Myung-hee announced her withdrawal from the race in "close consultation with the United States."[58] According to a statement issued from the United States Trade Representative, “The United States takes note of today’s decision by the Republic of Korea’s Trade Minister Yoo Myung-hee to withdraw her candidacy for Director General of the WTO. The Biden-Harris Administration is pleased to express its strong support for the candidacy of Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala as the next Director General of the WTO."[59] Okonjo-Iweala was unanimously appointed as the next Director-General on 15 February.[60] She began her career as Director General of the WTO on 1 March 2021.[61]

In early 2021, Okonjo-Iweala was appointed as co-chair, alongside Tharman Shanmugaratnam and Lawrence Summers, of the G20 High Level Independent Panel (HLIP) on financing the global commons for pandemic preparedness and response and was one of the founders of the COVAX Facility, designed to get affordable vaccines to Low and Middle-Income Countries.[62] In July 2021, she joined the Multilateral Leaders Task Force on COVID-19 Vaccines, Therapeutics, and Diagnostics for Developing Countries, co-chaired by Tedros Adhanom and David Malpass.[63] In January 2022, Okonjo-Iweala joined The Group of thirty (G30), an independent body of distinguished policymakers from around the world.

In November 2024, she was re appointed to serve her second term as the Director-General of the World Trade Organization(WTO).[64]

Personal life

She is married to Ikemba Iweala, a neurosurgeon from Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria.[65] They have four children, including author Uzodinma Iweala.[66] [67] [68] [69] [70]

During her campaign to become the next Director-General of the WTO, it was revealed that Okonjo-Iweala became a US citizen in 2019 after spending several decades working and studying there.[71] Given the ongoing trade tensions between China and the US, analysts commented that the disclosure would be a contributing factor in shaping China’s attitude towards her.[72]

Other activities

Government agencies

International organizations

Corporate boards

Non-profit organizations

Recognition

Awards

Okonjo-Iweala has received numerous recognition and awards. She has been listed as one of the 50 Greatest World Leaders (Fortune, 2015),[109] the Top 100 Most Influential People in the World (TIME, 2014 and 2021),[110] the Top 100 Global Thinkers (Foreign Policy, 2011 and 2012),[111] the Top 100 Most Powerful Women in the World (Forbes, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2022 and 2023),[112] the 25 Most Influential Women in the World (Financial Times, 2021),[113] the Top 3 Most Powerful Women in Africa (Forbes, 2012), the Top 10 Most Influential Women in Africa (Forbes, 2011), the Top 100 Women in the World (The Guardian, 2011), the Top 150 Women in the World (Newsweek, 2011), the Top 100 most inspiring people in the World Delivering for Girls and Women (Women Deliver, 2011). She was listed among 73 "brilliant" business influencers in the world by Condé Nast International.[114]

In 2019, Okonjo-Iweala was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[115] She was also conferred High National Honours from the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire and the Republic of Liberia. She was also the recipient of Nigeria's second highest national honor Grand Commander of the Order of the Niger (GCON, 2022) and Nigeria's third highest National Honors Commander of the Federal Republic (CFR). She also received the Grand Cross of the Order of Rio Branco from the Federative Republic of Brazil in 2023. Other honors include:

Honorary degrees

Okonjo-Iweala has received honorary Doctorate Degrees from 21 universities worldwide, including some from the most prestigious colleges:

She has also received degrees from a host of Nigerian universities including Abia State University, Delta State University, Abraka, Oduduwa University, Babcock University, and the Universities of Port Harcourt, Calabar, and Ife (Obafemi Awolowo university). In 2019, Okonjo Iweala was awarded an honorary degree from Tel Aviv University.[149] In June 2024, Okonjo-Iweala received an honorary degree from the University of Oxford.[148]

Works

Books

Articles

Talks

See also

External links

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Notes and References

  1. Web site: Overly . Steven . U.S. backs Okonjo-Iweala, first woman and African, to head WTO . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210205233838/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/02/05/okonjo-iweala-head-wto-466262 . 5 February 2021 . 6 February 2021 . Politico.
  2. News: 2021-03-01 . Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala makes history at WTO . en-GB . BBC News . 2022-03-04.
  3. Web site: Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala . 5 February 2021 . Center For Global Development . 24 June 2021.
  4. Web site: DG Okonjo-Iweala Hits the Ground Running . WTO: World Trade Organization . 24 June 2021.
  5. Web site: Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala – The Rockefeller Foundation . The Rockefeller Foundation . 24 June 2021.
  6. Web site: 2022-04-02 . Russia-Ukraine War: My fears for Nigeria, other African countries — Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala . 2022-04-03 . Vanguard News . en-US.
  7. Web site: History Made as Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala Picked to Head the WTO . 26 February 2021 . Africa Renewal: United Nations Magazine . 24 June 2021.
  8. News: Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala Makes History at the WTO . March 2021 . BBC News . 24 June 2021.
  9. Web site: WTO Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala Discusses Vaccines . The World: Public Radio . 24 June 2021.
  10. Web site: Prince William and Earthshot Prize Council Members Sign Letter Encouraging Everyone to Give the Earth a Shot . MSN . 24 June 2021.
  11. Web site: Earthshot Prize Council: Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala . Earthshot Prize . 24 June 2021.
  12. Web site: Profile: Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala . Bloomberg . 24 June 2021.
  13. News: Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala: Results for Development . Results for Development . R4D: Results for Development . 24 June 2021.
  14. Web site: ARC Agency Governing Board – African Risk Capacity . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200520205839/https://www.africanriskcapacity.org/about/who-is-arc/arc-governing-board/ . 20 May 2020 . 12 May 2020 . en-US.
  15. Web site: MarketScreener . Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala to Step Down as Member of Board of Directors of Twitter, Inc., Effective February 28, 2021 MarketScreener . 2022-08-02 . www.marketscreener.com . 19 February 2021 . en.
  16. Web site: Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala: Non-resident Distinguished Fellow – Global Economy and Development, Africa Growth Initiative . 4 April 2018 . Brookings Institution . 24 June 2021.
  17. News: Abiodun Sanusi . 13 March 2022 . Nigerian women, global leaders . Punch .
  18. Web site: Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala: Co-Chair: Former Finance Minister of Nigeria . New Climate Economy: Global Commission on the Economy and Climate . 24 June 2021.
  19. Web site: Euromoney Finance Minister of the Year 2005: Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala: Nigeria . 31 August 2005 . Euromoney Magazine . 25 June 2021.
  20. Web site: Tribune . Emea . Nigeria's Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala Becomes First Female, African To Head The World Trade Organisation . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210217181008/https://emeatribune.uk/nigerias-ngozi-okonjo-iweala-becomes-first-female-african-to-head-world-trade-organisation/ . 17 February 2021 . 2021-02-16 . en-US.
  21. Web site: Oluwole . Victor . 2022-03-07 . 6 leadership lessons from WTO Director-General Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala . 2022-04-03 . Business Insider Africa . en.
  22. Web site: Chukwuka Okonjo - Biography . 2024-08-20 . Maths History . en.
  23. Web site: Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, former finance minister of Nigeria and former managing director of the World Bank, will deliver the 2020 Graduation Address . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200513211315/https://www.hks.harvard.edu/announcements/ngozi-okonjo-iweala-former-finance-minister-nigeria-and-former-managing-director . 13 May 2020 . 12 May 2020 . www.hks.harvard.edu . 2 March 2020 . en.
  24. Web site: Okonjo-Iweala . Ngozi . 2018-04-04 . Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200513205223/https://www.brookings.edu/experts/ngozi-okonjo-iweala-2/ . 13 May 2020 . 2021-02-17 . Brookings . en-US.
  25. Okonjo-Iweala . Ngozi . Credit policy, rural financial markets, and Nigeria's agricultural development . 1981 . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . en . Thesis . 1721.1/46400 . 08096642.
  26. Web site: 9 February 2006 . Nigeria receives its first sovereign credit ratings . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180702012538/https://www.cgdev.org/blog/nigeria-receives-its-first-sovereign-credit-ratings . 2 July 2018 . 8 May 2017 . Center for Global Development.
  27. Web site: 2 October 2013 . Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200804121037/https://live.worldbank.org/experts/ngozi-okonjo-iweala . 4 August 2020 . 12 May 2020 . World Bank Live . en.
  28. News: 15 December 2010 . World Bank's Fund for The Poorest Receives Almost $50 Billion in Record Funding . World Bank . live . 24 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180924190346/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2010/12/15/world-banks-fund-for-the-poorest-receives-almost-50-billion-in-record-funding . 24 September 2018.
  29. http://www.ft.dk/samling/20072/lovforslag/l188/pgf/6/spm/1/svar/570287/594322.pdf Commission on Effective Development Cooperation with Africa
  30. Web site: Nigerian Debt Relief . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160404194805/http://www.cgdev.org/initiative/nigerian-debt-relief . 4 April 2016 . 8 May 2017 . Center for Global Development.
  31. Web site: The African State and Natural Resource Governance in the 21st Century . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190618191157/http://www.nsi-ins.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/NgoziOkonjoIweala_Ottawa_Forum_ForDelivery.pdf#page=3 . 18 June 2019 . 8 May 2017 . The North-South Institute.
  32. Web site: Nigeria's Experience Publishing Budget Allocations: A Practical Tool to Promote Demand for Better Governance . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130608194747/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/Resources/244362-1193949504055/4348035-1298566783395/7755386-1298566794345/7755368-1298581402948/nigeria.pdf . 8 June 2013 . 8 May 2017 . World Bank.
  33. Web site: Songwe . Vera . Francis . Paul . Rossiasco . Paula . O'Neill . Fionnuala . Chase . Rob . 1 October 2008 . Nigeria's experience publishing budget allocations : a practical tool to promote demand for better governance . live . en . 1–4 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200318121200/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/220031468288952944/Nigerias-experience-publishing-budget-allocations-a-practical-tool-to-promote-demand-for-better-governance . 18 March 2020 . 18 March 2020.
  34. Web site: Okonjo-Iweala . Ngozi . 4 April 2018 . Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200513205223/https://www.brookings.edu/experts/ngozi-okonjo-iweala-2/ . 13 May 2020 . 12 May 2020 . Brookings . en-US.
  35. Web site: ICT4D Strategic Action Plan Implementation – Status Update and Illustrations Book . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160819105807/http://www.nitda.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/ICT4D-SAPI-Book.pdf#page=20 . 19 August 2016 . 8 May 2017.
  36. Web site: 10 May 2017 . Hats off to Okonjo-Iweala . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200804094855/https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20170510/281685434761568 . 4 August 2020 . This Day . pressreader.com.
  37. Web site: 17 May 2015 . Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Coordinating Minister of the Economy and Minister of Finance: Interview . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200508143041/https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/interview/ngozi-okonjo-iweala-coordinating-minister-economy-and-minister-finance-interview . 8 May 2020 . 13 March 2020 . Oxford Business Group.
  38. Web site: 5 April 2014 . Rebasing Makes Nigeria Africa's Biggest Economy . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170610050630/http://allafrica.com/view/group/main/main/id/00029897.html . 10 June 2017 . 8 May 2017.
  39. Web site: GWiN (Growing Girls and Women in Nigeria) Gets the Limelight! . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150526193722/https://v4c-nigeria.com/gwin-growing-girls-and-women-in-nigeria-gets-the-limelight . 26 May 2015 . 15 May 2017.
  40. Web site: David McKenzie . 8 September 2015 . What happens when you give $50,000 to an aspiring Nigerian entrepreneur? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170428010316/http://blogs.worldbank.org/impactevaluations/what-happens-when-you-give-50000-aspiring-nigerian-entrepreneur . 28 April 2017 . 8 May 2017 . Impact Evaluations.
  41. Web site: Youth Enterprise with Innovation . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111013144944/http://youwin.org.ng/ . 13 October 2011 . YouWIN.
  42. News: July 14, 2021 . Fuel subsidy thieves threatened my life, Okonjo-Iweala says . The Guardian. Nigeria .
  43. Web site: Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation Media Guide . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170224033605/http://effectivecooperation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Room-document-Media-guide.pdf#page=7 . 24 February 2017 . 8 May 2017.
  44. Elizabeth Flock, Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, World Bank presidential candidate, says she would focus on job creation, Washington Post (9 April 2012).
  45. https://www.globalfinancialgovernance.org/about-g20-epg/epg-members/ Members
  46. Web site: . Members of the Global Commission . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170418162215/http://newclimateeconomy.net/about/members-global-commission/ . 18 April 2017 . 17 April 2017 . NewClimateEconomy.net.
  47. Web site: Our Founder . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170706002836/http://www.noi-polls.com/root/index.php?pid=34&ptid=1&parentid=8 . 6 July 2017 . 8 May 2017.
  48. Web site: Center for the Study of the Economies of Africa Homepage . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210218041135/http://cseaafrica.org/ . 18 February 2021 . 21 February 2021 . Centre for the Study of the Economies of Africa.
  49. Web site: Nistoran . Nkiruka . 28 October 2020 . BREAKING: Dr. Okonjo-Iweala emerges new WTO Director General . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210129002324/https://nkirukanistoran.com/breaking-dr-okonjo-iweala-emerges-new-wto-director-general/ . 29 January 2021 . 22 January 2021 . NN News . en-US.
  50. https://en.unesco.org/futuresofeducation/international-commission International Commission on the Futures of Education
  51. https://www.leadmanagedevelop.org/council Members of the High-Level Council on Leadership & Management for Development
  52. Shalal, Andrea, and David Lawder (10 April 2020), IMF's Georgieva creates external advisory panel on pandemic Reuters.
  53. Rumney, Emma (12 April 2020), African Union appoints ex-Credit Suisse boss as envoy for virus support Reuters.
  54. Ana Monteiro (5 June 2020), Nigeria Nominates Okonjo-Iweala as WTO Director-General Bloomberg News.
  55. Jim Brunsden (26 October 2020) "The EU will back Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala as the next director-general of the World Trade Organization, boosting the Nigerian’s frontrunner status", Financial Times. .
  56. Web site: Kazeem . Yomi . The Trump White House is the last obstacle to a first African leader of the WTO . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201030010410/https://qz.com/africa/1923909/trump-blocks-nigerias-ngozi-okonjo-iweala-from-wto-trade-role/ . 30 October 2020 . 29 October 2020 . Quartz Africa . 28 October 2020 . en.
  57. Web site: JOB/GC/247 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201101023624/https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/FE_Search/FE_S_S009-DP.aspx?language=E&CatalogueIdList=267829,267830,267828,267831,267824,267833,267827,267837,267840,267832&CurrentCatalogueIdIndex=9&FullTextHash=371857150&HasEnglishRecord=True&HasFrenchRecord=True&HasSpanishRecord=True . 1 November 2020 . 29 October 2020 . docs.wto.org.
  58. Web site: Hanna . Ziady . Charles Riley . A Black woman will be the world's top trade official for the first time . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210205153444/https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/05/business/wto-nigeria-ngozi-okonjo-iweala/index.html . 5 February 2021 . 5 February 2021 . CNN. 5 February 2021 .
  59. Web site: 6 February 2021 . Just in: US finally okays Okonjo-Iweala for WTO DG . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210210004338/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/02/just-in-us-finally-okays-okonjo-iweala-for-wto-dg/ . 10 February 2021 . 10 February 2021 . Vanguard News . en-US.
  60. Web site: 15 February 2021 . Nigerian ex-finance minister Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala makes history as WTO's first female leader . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210215143704/https://www.straitstimes.com/world/united-states/wto-set-to-gain-new-chief-but-deep-issues-remain . 15 February 2021 . 15 February 2021 . The Straits Times . en.
  61. Web site: WTO . 17 June 2022 . WTO Director-General: Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala . World Trade Organization.
  62. https://www.mef.gov.it/en/ufficio-stampa/comunicati/2021/The-G20-establishes-a-High-Level-Independent-Panel-on-financing-the-Global-Commons-for-Pandemic-Preparedness-and-Response-00001/ Ministry of Economy and FinanceThe G20 establishes a High Level Independent Panel on financing the Global Commons for Pandemic Preparedness and Response
  63. https://www.who.int/news/item/30-07-2021-joint-statement-of-the-multilateral-leaders-task-force-on-covid-19-vaccines-therapeutics-and-diagnostics-for-developing-countries-following-its-second-meeting Joint Statement of the Multilateral Leaders Task Force on COVID-19 Vaccines, Therapeutics, and Diagnostics for Developing Countries following its Second Meeting
  64. https://3news.com/business/dr-ngozi-okonjo-iweala-gets-second-term-as-wto-director-general/
  65. Web site: Dr. Ikemba Iweala, MD | Washington, DC | Healthgrades . www.healthgrades.com.
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  71. News: 4 September 2020 . WTO Hopeful Okonjo-Iweala Balances Nigeria, U.S. Citizenships . live . 8 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200905173423/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-02/wto-hopeful-okonjo-iweala-balances-nigeria-u-s-citizenships . 5 September 2020.
  72. News: 4 September 2020 . Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala's US passport will not help her chances in WTO leadership race, Chinese trade experts say . Finbarr . Bermingham. South China Morning Post . live . 8 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200908185217/https://www.scmp.com/economy/global-economy/article/3100280/ngozi-okonjo-iwealas-us-passport-will-not-help-her-chances . 8 September 2020.
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  75. http://www.tiwb.org/about/governing-board/ Governing Board
  76. Web site: Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala appointed Chair-elect of Gavi Board . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170415201036/http://www.gavi.org/library/news/press-releases/2015/ngozi-okonjo-iweala-appointed-chair-elect-of-gavi-board/ . 15 April 2017 . 8 May 2017 . Gavi.org.
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  83. Web site: 19 July 2018 . Twitter Appoints Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala and Robert Zoellick to Board of Directors . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200502155822/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/twitter-appoints-ngozi-okonjo-iweala-and-robert-zoellick-to-board-of-directors-300684015.html?tc=eml_cleartime . 2 May 2020 . 18 March 2020 . PR Newswire.
  84. News: 28 July 2017 . Okonjo-Iweala named director at UK bank – Vanguard News . Vanguard News . Vanguard News . live . 5 August 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170805181542/http://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/07/okonjo-iweala-named-director-uk-bank/ . 5 August 2017.
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  89. https://www.r4d.org/about/board-of-directors/ Board of Directors
  90. https://www.r4d.org/news/nigerian-finance-minister-ngozi-okonjo-iweala-joins-r4d-board-directors/ Nigerian Finance Minister Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala Joins R4D Board of Directors
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  98. https://gbc-education.org/our-board/ Advisory Board
  99. https://www.theigc.org/about/people/senior-advisors/ Senior Advisors
  100. https://minds-africa.org/about-us/ Advisory Board
  101. https://www.mercycorps.org/who-we-are/our-team Global Leadership Council
  102. Web site: Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210126215529/https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/profile/ngozi-okonjo-iweala/ . 26 January 2021 . 15 February 2021 . The Rockefeller Foundation . en-US.
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  108. Web site: Leadership and Governance - World Economic Forum.
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  110. Web site: 24 April 2014 . Okonjo-Iweala, Dangote named among Time Magazine's 100 most influential people Premium Times Nigeria . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806001346/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/159357-okonjo-iweala-dangote-named-among-time-magazines-100-influential-people.html . 6 August 2020 . 15 February 2021.
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  114. Web site: Managing Director of The World Bank, Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Visiting Turkey . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200508215303/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2009/06/16/managing-director-of-the-world-bank-dr-ngozi-okonjo-iweala-visiting-turkey . 8 May 2020 . 5 May 2020 . World Bank.
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  118. Web site: WITA Webinar: Conversation with WTO Director General Candidate Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala of Nigeria. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210129210904/https://www.wita.org/events/wto-candidate-dr-ngozi-okonjo-iweala/. 29 January 2021. 23 January 2021.
  119. Web site: 31 August 2005. Finance minister of the year 2005: Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Nigeria. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201020150140/https://www.euromoney.com/article/b1320xywxmx4bk/finance-minister-of-the-year-2005-ngozi-okonjo-iweala-nigeria. 20 October 2020. 15 February 2021. Euromoney.
  120. Web site: A Conversation with Liberia's President Sirleaf and World Bank's Ngozi Nkonjo-Iweala. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201001050748/https://www.voanews.com/africa/conversation-liberias-president-sirleaf-and-world-banks-ngozi-nkonjo-iweala. 1 October 2020. 15 February 2021. Voice of America – English.
  121. Web site: 18 March 2016. 2016 Graduation Speaker: Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20181227141933/https://sipa.columbia.edu/news/2016-graduation-speaker-ngozi-okonjo-iweala. 27 December 2018. Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs.
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  123. Web site: 9 April 2014. Okonjo-Iweala honoured with David Rockefeller Bridging Leadership Award. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200804120944/https://businessday.ng/exclusives/article/okonjo-iweala-honoured-with-david-rockefeller-bridging-leadership-award/. 4 August 2020. 17 May 2020. Businessday NG.
  124. Web site: 2 December 2016. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala receives 2016 Global Fairness Award. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200331171307/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/ngozi-okonjo-iweala-receives-2016-global-fairness-award/. 31 March 2020. 19 May 2020. Vanguard News.
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  126. Web site: The Aspen Institute Madeleine K. Albright Global Development Lecture: Honorable Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala & Madeleine K. Albright. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210217142213/https://www.aspeninstitute.org/events/albright_okonjoiweala/. 17 February 2021. 15 February 2021. Aspen Institute.
  127. Web site: Swift. Jaimee. Zerweck. Stephanie. Amulega. Shamilla. 2 May 2017. Howard University Celebrated the Power and Resilience of Women on International Women's Day. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201130171630/https://newsroom.howard.edu/newsroom/article/7291/howard-university-celebrated-power-and-resilience-women-international-women-s. 30 November 2020. 15 February 2021. Howard University Newsroom.
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  129. Web site: Hakeem . Ajalogun . 3 December 2020 . Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala bags Forbes African of the Year, 2020 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201212144226/https://nairametrics.com/2020/12/03/ngozi-okonjo-iweala-bags-forbes-african-of-the-year-2020/ . 12 December 2020 . 10 December 2020 . Nairametrics.
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  132. Web site: 2022 Summit . www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  133. Web site: The 2022 United Nations Day Humanitarian Awards Gala Dinner . 1 November 2022 . United Nations Association of New York.
  134. Web site: 2023-06-28 . Pedro Pascal and World Bank's Ajay Banga among those named to Carnegie's 2023 Great Immigrants list . 2024-06-17 . AP News . en.
  135. Web site: Brown University will confer eight honorary degrees on May 28. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20171020191514/https://brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/2005-06/05-116. 20 October 2017. 8 May 2017. Brown University.
  136. Web site: Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala Commencement. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20191214214818/http://www.colby.edu/commencement/honorary-4/ngozi-okonjo-iweala/. 14 December 2019. 20 October 2017. Colby College.
  137. Web site: Honorary Degree Recipients. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180701055200/https://www.tcd.ie/registrar/honorary-degrees/recipients.php. 1 July 2018. 8 May 2017. Trinity College Dublin.
  138. Web site: 2009 Honorees Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180223021519/https://www.amherst.edu/news/specialevents/commencement/awards/2009/okonjo-iweala. 23 February 2018. 20 October 2017. Amherst College.
  139. Web site: 14 March 2013. Vice President Biden to speak at Penn's 257th Commencement Penn Current. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20171021004040/https://penncurrent.upenn.edu/2013-03-14/latest-news/vice-president-biden-speak-penn%E2%80%99s-257th-commencement. 21 October 2017. 20 October 2017. University of Pennsylvania.
  140. Web site: 15 May 2015 . Yale awards nine honorary degrees at Commencement 2015 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170704130717/http://news.yale.edu/2015/05/15/yale-awards-nine-honorary-degrees-commencement-2015 . 4 July 2017 . 8 May 2017 . Yale News.
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  143. Web site: Luiss Guido Carli | Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali, Roma. Luiss Guido Carli. 11 March 2023.
  144. NOIweala. 1523362900005429249. Honored to be the Commencement speaker at the American University School of International Service & Honorary Doctorate awardee.
  145. Web site: Dies Natalis .
  146. Web site: In Conversation with Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala .
  147. Web site: UvA honorary doctorate for top economist Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala . 30 November 2021 .
  148. Web site: Honorary degree recipients for 2024 announced | University of Oxford. 24 April 2024. www.ox.ac.uk.
  149. Web site: 17 May 2019 . Photo News: Okonjo-Iweala bags honorary PhD from Tel Aviv varsity . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190518085259/https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/05/17/photo-news-okonjo-iweala-bags-honorary-phd-from-tel-aviv-varsity/ . 18 May 2019 . 18 May 2019 . PM News.
  150. News: Fighting Corruption Is Dangerous by Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala . subscription . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180727085201/https://www.ft.com/content/1710b42a-4ef3-11e8-a7a9-37318e776bab . 27 July 2018 . 27 July 2018 . Financial Times. 6 May 2018 . Wallis . William .

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